Internet Basics eu thas become an integral part of our lives in the world today. This technological marvel, with its features is accessed by most of us almost on a daily basis, be it to look for some information, ailing, for paying bills, for accessing social networking sites like www.acebook.com, tcom, for chatting, and much more. The World Wide Web (WWW), which is a part of the las grown at an amazing speed and continues to grow. As technology is improving, the Web is ded as an indispensable tool in areas of education, business and entertainment. There are Sof pages on the Web, with thousands more being added every hour.The Internet has become Most important factor to influence the future of the world. Let us try to understand this gical wonder better. Snes = DEFINITION AND HisTorRY is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard 01 Suite (TCP/IP) to service billions of users worldwide by allowing continuous jon between computers across the world. is the largest network in the world that connects thousands of smaller individual networks Is of computers with each other to facilitate communications, How did such a huge network existence? Let us take a brief look at the history and development of the Internet. Description The Internet began in 1969, when scientists under a project of the US military agency ARPA, linked computers of three Universities-the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Utah;and the Stanford Research Institute toassist them in conducting basic research through information sharing, This project was known as the ARPAnet. By December 1971 ARPAnet linked 23 host ‘computers to each other,and went'public’ in 1972. E-mail was first developed in 1971 by RayTomilinson. He also made the deeision to use the "@" symbol to separate the username from the (which later became known as the domain name). The fir: program called MSG was developed by JohnVittal in 1975. emailel ‘two host computers 1e sstablished between them. 1974 saw ‘of a comr that would allow different networks to orth exch other. Within a matter of a few years this led to the ‘the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol of protocols .In 1982, the ARPAnet adopted TCP/IP. All the lon to the TCPIIP suite of protocols. « _ 4 in Name Servers (DNS) were introduced. New domain chas .com (commercial), .edu (educational), ete., were introduced in to.org (international organisation) and a series of country codes like a, jp for Japan us for the United States of America and so on. the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) ws ed to serve as the backbone to the ARPAnet and other scientific lany private and commercial networks also emerged. ats | “World Wide Web (WWW)” was coined by Tim Berners-Lee in en he was working to develop the standards for HTML, HTTP. and s. In 1991, the fist web page was developed. In 1993, the first graphic eae Mosaic was released. The Netscape Navigator browser was din 1994. Web surfing started in the same year. , NSFnet and several private networks merged together to form the we know it today, in 1995. In the same year eBay and tarted activities online. The first webmail service known as aunched in 1996. The search engine google was launches ‘social networking, blogging and micro-blogging sites on 2003 onwards.They have seen a phenomenal growth eS net the largest computer network in the world. ic rs. It is a global data communication system. |¢ tts of millions of networks~including private ernment networks. These networks are ‘optical networking technologies. F the initial ways is the dialup nt types of technologies a"°Connection P connection uses a modem that is hooked uj ’ p to the and dials in using a phone line. While itis the cheapest ‘connect to the Internet, itis very slow and the quality of 100, is not very good. The Internet speeds range from 2400 bps.The connection is often lost and the data is limited. Digital Subscriber Line. This is always dto the Internet,so you do not have to dial up to connect. ot use a phone line, therefore it does not tie up your phone it does use a phone network. It is considered to be d Internet, which means that it has high speed. It was the step towards improving the transmission of data and voice. peeds range from 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps. There are different ies of DSL such as SDSLVDSL andADSL. Internet Connection Internet connections are possible through Cable TV lines. hares coaxial cables that you use to watch TV, without affecting ir TV's performance. The Cable Internet connection uses TV for data transmission. It can be as fast as 27 Mbps. The ernet connection can be shared among multiple users. ithe more the number of users,the slower the connection. Internet Connection Internet is one of the newest types of Internet s.It uses radio frequencies to connect to the Internet. It ys connected to the Internet, much like the DSL, as long as within an area that has coverage. Not all areas have ‘and it can bea little more expensive than other types of rections. Examples of wireless Internet connection are Over Satellite Connection Satellite (loS) uses the communication satellites ‘to connect to the Internet. The satellites act as je earth to the satellite and se of the distance that the ion may. ower than Cable Internet Connection 8 ec2 5 Wireless Internet Connectionider (ISP) (ISP), also sometimes referred to as Internet Access Provider [provides its customers access to the Internet. The ISP connects to its ‘one of a data transmission technologies such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem, p d connections.Some of the Internet Service Providers of India are @ device that converts a computer's outgoing data into a format that can be transferre< ne lines. Modems can also convert the incoming data into a format that the comp different types of modems are: internal modems, external modems, voice/dar2 b. A browser is an application that provides th all the information on the WorldWide ‘on behalf of its user: In other words, a tion that allows one to view pages on browsers are available today and res. Some of the common Web y Sake mane GIs WORLD WIDE ‘WEB? idWideWeb (abbreviated as WWW or the Web) is the most: commonly used term when about the Internet Itisa s hyper g stem of Internet servers that support hypertext to access several Protocols ona single interface. i 1" le b (WWW) is a standard linked information system accessible across the range of connected to the Internet. It is the most widely used service of the Internet, which is gh a software called the Web browser. M orld Wide Web is like a huge digital library with innumerable articles, and tutorials stored in the form of Web pages on many computers aroul = Thousands of new Web pages/Websites are added to the WWW evi amix of text, graphics and multimedia. journals, e-books, news, ind the world, called Web ery hour. Web pages can BO YOU KNOW. he World Wide Web (WWW) was developed in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee, with assistance from Caillau, while both were working at the European Particle Physics Lab (CERN) in iizerland. Tim Berners-Lee is the founder and currently the director of the World Wide Web Onsortium (W3C); an international organization that develops web standards, ites and Web Pages [he term Web page refers to an HTML document Itis the basic unit of the WWW. AWeb page may different components like text, graphics, audio, video, animations, hyperlinks, buttons, forms and jes, etc. Web pages are published on almost any subject imaginable. They can be created by a person an ization.A wide range of software like MicrosoftVisual Studio, Adobe Dreamweaver, etc.are yailable that provide a variety of tools for the construction of the Web pages. MS-Word also provides 0 the facility to save documents in the HTML format. site comprises of one or more inter-linked ges.The relationship between aWebsite anda is akin to that of a book and a page of the ne domain. For example if there is a company 3s the Website “abccompany.com” then this will have several Web pages like Home.html, tml, Contactus.html, Products.html, html, FAQs.html and others.A Web page is page of a Website. For example, s is 2 Web page of the Website The Fone Pestiisgiade)ot de weber www.navdeepublications.com REMEMBER» ded by them. The main categories cereal networking tes e-commerce stesandS0Owith the help get the desired modem (or some other an Internet Service Provider ition you want. +h hypertext link leads to another in sequence.on ware interested in on theDRESSING SYSTEM ul html document) has its own address on the Internet, which is ca ource Locator. Every Website or Web page is identified and this name.To access a Website on the WWW. you have to enter its URL the address of that particular HTML document where it can be found on theWeb. another over the Internet, computers convert a URL like www.cbse.nic.in to sses (like 164.100.107.32).You may type in either the URL or the IP address of a to get to its homepage. $e parts: http://www.organization name.top level domain suffix.Country name suffix the communication protocol __Top-level domain suffix to receive the document hetp://www.cbse.nic.in/welcome.htm aa | The orgainzation name The country name suffix Name of the html document use the URL to retrieve a file from the server: This file is downloaded to the user's the client, and displayed on the monitor connected to the machine. Because of this detween clients and servers, the Internet is a client-server network. p-level domains (TLDs) Hf Commercial enterprise amil US. Military entities _| Educational institution -net Network access provider | US. Government entity org Usually non-profit organizations 's of domain names have been assigned to identify and locate files stored on servers in id the world. These are referred to as country codes, and have been standardized by | Standards Organization as ISO 31 66.Some of them areas follows: ‘Codes Domains Japan ach Switzerland United Arab Emiratesember for using URLs ' . a have to be careful about the following things: Starts with a protocol prefix like “http//”, but most browsers will type those ‘you. Some other common Internetprotocolsare fep://,gopher:/,telnet:/,and irc!) “b, AURLis usually in some kind of English, but numbers are also allowed. c AURLnever has any spaces in it. “d. AURLfor the most part,isall lower case. fe. AURLuses forward slashes (/) and dots (.) to separate its parts. f, AURLis NOT the sameasan email address. Do YouKNow @& The operation of the WWW depends upon three main software components: 1. The Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) which is scripting language and describes how a page should look, 2. A Web browser that can interpret an HTML and display it on a computer screen and 3. The Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) that enables a browser to send requests for pages across the Internet and returns an HTML description to it. How DOES THE WWW work? Have you ever wondered how exactly a Web page that you requested for finds its way into your browser and onto your computer screen? The process is largely dependent on Web servers. Let us understand how it works. Observe how a web page on WWW reaches your computer. 1, Toaccess a website, you first enter its address, called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator),in the Address bar of your browser. The htp:/indicates that the browser and web server will communicate using Hypertext Transfer Protocol The www indicates a resource on the World Wide Web. J The cpsglobal.org is a domain name. It identifies which computer (calleda web server), hosts the site 2. Your web browser sends the request to the appropriate web server on ‘the Internet. The server sends back the requested page. The web server locates the files, then downloads: ‘them to your computer. Your browser ur Web browser 3 connects to a server page. and requests a page. 4. Server machine Your machine running the Web browser &bject that has link (called hy (surf from one web page language” means using th interpreted by the web bi fo another web page over the huge WorldWide Web. In HTML the © tags to define the layout and elements of the document that can be rowser as per the specifications.So, we can define the HTMLas: Geveloping language that uses hyperlinks to connect web pages and tags to define the ut of the web documents, Given below is an example of HTML code and its output ina web browser Example: sHTML> SHEAD> My FirstWeb Page My First Web Page Output of HTML code HTML code 1 _ INTERNET PROTOCOLS f 4 Protocol or communication protocol is a set of rules or standards that computers follow to Communicate with each other in a networked environment. Protocols form the backbone of the communication that takes place between two computers on the Internet. There are many protocols that are used for exchanging information between computers over the Internet. Each protocol has its ‘own method of how data is formatted when sent and what to do with it once received, how that data is pressed or how to check for errors in the data. Some common protocols in use today for computers TCP/IP HTTR HTTPS, FTR, SFTP, Telnet, SSH, SCP, etc.Letus earn about some of them one-by-one. ‘P/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) PAP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the communication protocol for the jet. It defines the rules that computers and other network devices must follow to communicate h other over the Internet. Browsers and servers use TCP/IP to connect to the Internet. A STCP/IP to access a server. A server uses TCP/IP to send HTML data back to a browser. am uses TCP/IP to connect to the Internet for sending and receiving e-mails. Your *122.173.197.91” is apart of the standard TCP/IP protocol (and sois your domain name). Protocol) is a “connection-less” communication protocol. IP does not occupy the ‘line between two computers. It reduces the need for network lines. Each line can be ication between many diferent computers at the same time. With IR messages (or ken up into small independent “packets” and sent between computers via the ible for “routing” each packet to its correct destination. QaIP network (suchas the Internet). puter, which initiates the connection, is referred to as the local computer, and the Onnected to, which accepts the connection, is referred to as the remote or host, le Femote computer can be physically located in the next room, the next town or in ; A software called a telnet client is used to make a connection to a telnet server te host). Once your telnet client establishes a connection to the remote host,your client al terminal,allowing you to communicate with the remote host from your computer. pepe Pe ey Telnet tee! CT Via the > peme <_Internet i Remote computer REMEMBER. es the use of a username and password, which means you need to have previously set Sp. the remote computer. In some cases, however, computers with Telnet will allow: with restricted access. ansfer Protocol) a to copy files between two computers that are on the same local network, often you ire" a drive or folder and copy the files the same way you would copy files from one place ir own PC. But if you want to copy files from one computer to another that is halfway | you would probably use your Internet connection. However, for security reasons,it mon to share folders over the Internet. File transfers over the Internet use special ich one of the oldest and most widely-used is FTP. FTP, short for "File Transfer insfer files between any computers that have an Internet connection, and also work using totally different operating systems. ” Files Using FIP protocol that uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocol layer to uter to aWeb Server. Transferring files from a .g" and transferring them from a server 2 Internet, anyone can view it. FTP is ‘computer from theWeb servers.Copy Protocol) Oe opy Protocol (SCP) is anetwork protocol designed for secure transferring of files across (Internet) This protocol can be used to securely transfer files between a local computer and te computer (host) or between two remote computers. It runs over a secure channel (SSH) for and uses the same mechanisms for authentication. An SCP client is identified and Icated by an SCP server via a SSH connection. A client sends a request to the server for g the files (downloading) or sends files to the server (uploading). SCP usesTCP port 22 by default. P (Secure FTP) Protocol or Secure File Transfer Protocol (also known as SSH File Transfer Protocol) is a secure of File Transfer Protocol (FTP). It facilitates files access and files transfer over a Secure Shell ) data steam.Itis part of the SSH protocol FTP was designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as an extended version of SSH 2.0,for }e secure transferring of files over the Internet. It encrypts data and commands to protect sensitive lormation such as passwords, debit/credit card details, etc.SFTP works similar to the FTP but it runs era secure channel (SSH) data. > requires that the client user must be authenticated by the server and the data transfer must! lace overa secure channel (SSH) ming interrupted transferring files,removing remote files, directory listings and so on. SFTP. dito be more platform-independent and is available on most platforms. However, the speed of to SFTPis slower than the SCP due to the back and forth data encryption nature of SFT. USED IN E-MAILS used to send and receive e-mails from one computer to another computer over a network ‘et. Let us learn about some important protocols used in sending and retrieving e-mails. imple Mail Transfer Protocol) e of sending emails. Often emails are sent to an email server (SMTP server), then to sand finally to its destination. SMTP can only transmit pure text. It cannot transmit binary sounds or movies. ce Protocol) is used by email programs to retrieve ‘emails from an email P all your emails are downloaded to your email nects to your email server:“TIS (Internet Information Server): IIS is Microsoft's proprietary Web server software, and is included with their Windows NT-based operating systems. Itis free, and is required for the use of ASP code ina Website. It also provides FTP functionality, and an easy-to-use management console foradministrators. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): It is an Internet standard for electronic mail (E-mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. 6 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line): It is one form of the Digital Subscriber Line technology; a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voice band modem can provide. Q.2. Laleema Chakradhar wants a broadband connection for accessing her mails and staying informed about the latest happenings in the field of Biotechnology. Can you suggest two Internet Service Providers in India who can be approached for the same? Ans. BSNL, Airtel Q.3. Identify the domain name(s) and URL(s) from the following list: a. yoga@yoga.com b. doYogaEveryday.com c. www.doYogaEveryday.com/old/index.html d. www-PerformingArts_schools.org/backlink.htm e. 192,168.0.1 f.http://cbse.nic.in Ans. bandfaredomain names canddare URLs Q.4. Suman works in a Multinational Company and needs to work online from home as well. She therefore requires a fast Internet connection. What type of Internet connection in your opinion would be best suited to her needs? Apart from browsing on the Internet, she will be required to eile files to/from remote sites. Which protocol will help her to perform this Ans. For a faster Internet connection, the Broadband or Cable connections are preferred. So $ € i ‘0 Sui should go in for either the Cable Connection or the ADSL connection. " = ‘The FTP will help her with the uploading and downloading of files. Q.5. List the different ways to connect to the Internet. oS Generally, there are two ways to connect to the Internet; me Wired Broadband connection like Dial-Up, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), Cable In "Wireless Broadband connection ike Wi , Satellite connection and Wi-Max.b. Acommon Website dA commercial Website b. News Website d. Word Processor Graphing Package domain name ending with orgbelongsto: a. Aneducational institution, b—An organization. ¢. Asitethatishighly organized. d. Acommercial Website. is the largest network that connects billions of | computers with each other worldwide, b. Wireless internet connection uses Aadia frequencies to connect computers to the Internet. ce A is an application that helps users to access web Pages stored on the web server. BAS U2 0P LAB is acollectionof webpages thataremBeroté domaial e. Webpages onasite are linked tear trough — hg lia. £, Moving from one web page to another by clicking on hypertext links over the world wide web Lael iscalled. BA is a device that converts a computer's outgoing data into a format that can be transferred via telephone lines. h. The domainname ending with edurepresentsa/an_zolucalional_ website. i. A set of rules or standards that computers follow to communicate with each other over a networkis called. i 4 pe iaPantocalultiel peat ill netwalehwen cient aaletiete a x protocol provides users with a secure login to the remote computer. _ Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False in the a. i: aR cy serio downed one hs ta user’smachine. . SMTPis used for exchanging e-mails between computers. fA) ‘SCP protocol does not provide secure transferring of files over the Internet. HTML isa markup language invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990. URL isthe unique address ofa webresource overthe World Wide Web, Chrome is a web browsing software.