Topic: Humans and other species

How are humans keep on harming

and using animals in their researches?

Introduction

Humans have developed, we may look different from each

others and animals. But there is no doubt that we were animals
once, Humans are mammals who belong to the species of
Homo-Sapiens. We tried to change ourselves which was only
achieved by our curiosity, Humans are curious they want to do
new things. But to carry out all these ideas we need help, Help
of animals because they share most of their characteristic to us,
they are similar to us. For ex: Monkeys, chimpanzees and
gorillas share more than 80% of their DNA to us Humans.
Because they act as "models" for specific parts of biological
processes, animals are utilized in research and experimentation.
This helps to progress behavioral and biomedical sciences,
which benefits human health and life. Before any human
research is permitted
Animals used for researches
Animals are used in studies so that humans can see how the experiment will affect them.
NASA sent a dog named Laika into space on November 13th, 1957 to see what would happen to
a human if they did the same. After six hours in space, the dog's heart stopped and she passed
away.
Additionally, they conduct scientific studies and trials on animals like rats, monkeys, and rabbits
to develop medicinal treatments and vaccinations. Biomedical research requires the use of
animals for a variety of reasons, including the following: Humans and animals are biologically
quite similar. In fact, more than 98% of the DNA in humans and mice is the same. Several of the
same health problems that individuals experience, like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, etc.,
have an impact on animals. There is some debate over the significance of animal research's
contribution to the majority of medical developments, and the majority of animal studies do not
result in bettering human health. Researchers found that translating medical treatments created
for animals to humans was rare, and they cautioned patients and doctors against doing so. Their
findings from significant animal research were found to be rarely applicable to the treatment of
human disease. Clinical researchers should anticipate subpar replication of even excellent animal
findings.
The history of cancer research is rooted in the success of treating mouse cancer. For decades,
we've been able to treat cancer in mice, but it hasn't been successful in humans.
Dr. Richard Klausner, former director of the US National Cancer Institute

Before any human research is permitted, U.S. federal rules mandate that non-human animal
research be carried out to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of experimental therapies.
The benefits of this research and testing extend beyond us humans; hundreds of medications and
therapies created for human use are now regularly administered at veterinary clinics, extending
the lifespan and improving the health of animals.

Using Animals in Conventional Indian Medicine

 The World Health Organization estimates that between 70 and 80 percent of people
worldwide use traditional folk remedies. A number of researchers, including Madan
Mohan Mahawar, DP Jaroli, Chandra S. Negi, Jhampa Chakrawarthy, and P. Oudhia,
have shown that animal parts, including feathers, scales, antlers, carapace, and bones, are
widely used in the treatment of various illnesses. Numerous ethnobiologists gather data
on zootherapy from different Indian tribes. The easternmost region of India, Arunachal
Pradesh, is home to numerous ethnic groups and is rich in natural resources. Scientists
 Jhampa Chakrawarthy, V. Benno Meyer-Rochow, and Sampat Ghosh discovered that
nyishi and gala tribes and villagers employed 32 species of vertebrates as medicinal
remedies; mammals made up 50% of the vertebrate population, followed by birds (22%),
fish (17%), reptiles 8%), and amphibians 3%. The most frequent conditions treated were
fevers, aches and pains, malaria, typhoid, smallpox, diarrhea, jaundice, and early pelvic
aches.

Kachuga tentori Hard shell Turtle Use for skin burns.

Ash of carapus mixed with coconut oil

Equus cabalus Horse The meat is believed to be promote of

carpulence, strength and eyesight

Canis aureus indicus Jackal The meat is believed to use paralysis and
arthritis while the blood is given to the
patients suffering from asthma.

Results
About 109 animals from various parts of India were reported to be used in traditional medicine
during the examination of source data.

 In various parts of India, traditional medicine has documented 207 therapeutic

applications for about 109 different animals.

 The majority of animals utilized for medical purposes are mammals, whilst the least
amount are amphibians.

 The greatest number of animal species have been utilized to treat respiratory conditions
including cold cough and asthma.

There is also Indian folk medicine known as ayurveda, If we translate ayurveda in

English it would be “knowledge of life”. In ayurveda usually plants are used but in some
cases animals are used but they are not harmed instead their waste products are used to
cure diseases. For Ex:- Cow urine commonly known as “Gaumutra” is used to kill
harmful bacterias and germs.

Banned animal testing

Canada has followed a number of other nations and US jurisdictions in outlawing the practice of
testing cosmetics on animals, the choice was made public by the Canadian government on
Tuesday. According to the news release, Bill C-47 changes the Food and Drugs Act to prohibit
the sale of cosmetic items that are based on data from animal testing as well as the testing of
cosmetic products on animals.
According to the press release, cosmetics experimentation on animals is "rarely conducted in
Canada."
However, several organizations no longer provide drugs for use in animal experiments.
The FDA no longer requires all drugs to be tested on animals before human trials, The need that
medications under development be tested on animals before being administered to subjects in

human trials has been removed by a recent U.S. statute. Animal rights activists have long called
for this kind of action, and some in the pharmaceutical sector have countered that using animals
for research may be costly and useless. The measure, which was signed by President Biden in
December as a component of a broader spending deal, does not explicitly forbid the testing of
new medications on animals. Rather, it only eliminates the necessity for drug manufacturers to
test new drugs on animals prior to conducting human trials. Businesses are still able to test
medications on animals if they so want.

Unreliable Animal Testing

Despite seeming safe and effective in animal tests, 92% of medications fail in human clinical
trials, frequently for safety reasons or because they are ineffective.
medications for urology have the lowest approval rate (only 4% of those that enter clinical trials
are approved), followed by medications for the heart (5% approval rate), cancer (5% approval
rate), and neurology (6% approval rate).According to research, testing a drug's safety in canines,
rodents, mice, and rabbits yields statistically little meaningful information. Our research also
showed that monkey drug tests are equally as ineffective at foretelling the effects on people as
tests on any other species. Only 19% of 93 potentially harmful pharmacological side effects
could have been predicted by animal experiments, according to a new study. According to
another study, over 1,000 putative stroke treatments have been "successful" in animal studies,
but none of those that made it to human trials—of the 10% that did—worked effectively enough
in people. Only 5% of 101 high impact discoveries based on fundamental animal research led to
medicines that were authorized within 20 years, according to one analysis of the findings. More
recently, we examined 27 significant animal-based 'breakthroughs' that had been covered in the
UK press 25 years earlier. Similar to the earlier study, we discovered that only one of the 27
"breakthroughs" had occurred in humans, and even that had a number of restrictions.

Arguments against animal testing

Many of the diseases that affect humans, such as Parkinson's disease, serious forms of heart
disease, numerous cancers, Alzheimer's disease, HIV, and schizophrenia, do not affect animals.
Only 50% of the DNA responsible for controlling genes in mice could be linked with human
DNA, according to an investigation of more than 100 different types of mouse cells.
Cynomolgus macaque monkeys, the most popular species used to test the safety of drugs, can
withstand paracetamol (acetaminophen) levels that would be fatal to humans.
Innocent to humans but poisonous to dogs include foods like chocolate, raisins, grapes,
avocados, and macadamia nuts. If it had been subjected to the present criteria for animal testing,
aspirin would not be available on our pharmacy shelves as it is hazardous to many species.
Whether using animals for medical research is appropriate is a central point in this discussion. Is
it just an example of speciesism is that we accept animals as having a morally inferior value or
way of living? These days, the majority of people concur that animals have moral worth and that
it is improper to intentionally harm or abuse pets or other animals. This is something of a
departure from the historical perspective, according to which animals had no moral standing and
human health and dignity came first in terms of animal care. Many animals are similar to humans
in that they are capable of experiencing both pain and pleasure, and they may also suffer from
suffering. They should thus be treated equally and have the same moral standing as humans.
Advocates of this viewpoint emphasize that "speciesism" is a form of bias that assigns animals a
lesser moral position than humans.

Arguments in favor of animal testing

The claim that animals cannot be brought to the status of humans in terms of morality has been
advanced by those who favor animal experiments. Their principal contention is that it is
questionable to refer to something as "moral status" or "morality." They stress that we must
avoid the mistake of characterizing an animal's attribute or capability using the same terms that
apply to humans. It is maintained that animals cannot be included in the moral community
because they lack full autonomy and, for the most part, do not possess the cognitive powers of
humans. Animals also do not appear to logically seek specific objectives in life. This line of
reasoning implies that, given that animals do not have the same rights as human beings , It might
be deemed permissible to employ them in research experiments. As long as their welfare is
protected, this sort of approach is supported by both American and European legislation. Before
any human research is permitted.
U.S. federal rules mandate that non-human animal research be carried out to demonstrate the
safety and effectiveness of experimental therapies. The benefits of this research and testing
extend beyond us humans; hundreds of medications and therapies created for human use are now
regularly administered at veterinary clinics, extending the lifespan and improving the health of
animals.
Bibliograpghy

Cruelty Free International > About animal testing

Unrealiable animal testing

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%20disease%20or%20schizophrenia.