Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Modeling for Electric Vehicles

in Mining Applications Using GT-AutoLion

Majid Astaneh
majid.astaneh@chalmers.se

Division of Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems & Division of Fluid Dynamics
Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences
Chalmers University of Technology

October 13, 2020

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Project Summary
Title:
Interaction between micro and macro processes in battery-powered vehicles

Partners:

Funder:

Members:
Majid Astaneh, Henrik Ström, Jelena Andric, Dario Maggiolo

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Problem: Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Modeling for Electric Mining Vehicles

Solution: Calibration Optimization Methodology Using GT-AutoLion/GT-SUITE

https://www.danfoss.com/

Cell Pack Vehicle

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Experimental Data

Cell experimental data

• OCV curves from low rate capacity check test
• Voltage and temperature profiles under cycling
• Data are available for four cell samples

1 2 3 4
Battery pack test scenarios
• C/2 Charge + Rest + 1.5 C Discharge Calibration
• C/2 Charge + Rest + C/2 Discharge
Evaluation
• 1.1 C Charge + Rest + 1.5 C Discharge
https://northvolt.com/

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Methodology: Battery Pack Modeling

Lumped Model

Aggregate Cell

Module-to-Module Discretization Approach

Coupled Electrical and Electrochemical-Thermal Model

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Methodology: Battery Pack Modeling

Battery pack topology leads to:

• Current imbalances in the battery pack
Current
• Inhomogeneities in cells’ states of charge
• Temperature gradients
• Localized aging

Research gap in battery pack modeling:

• Mostly simplified battery cell models were used
• Few number of connected cells were considered
• A battery pack model calibration method is missed

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Methodology: Calibration Optimization Framework

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Results: Cell Calibration Optimization

Aggregate Cell

C/20

RRMSE=0.253% RRMSE=0.282%

Influential factors in OCV calibration optimization: Electrode Loadings, First Charge/ Discharge Capacities, OCV@ 100% SOC.

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Results: Cell Calibration Optimization
Aggregate Cell
C/5 C/2

1C
C/3
C/3 C/3

RRMSE=0.98% RRMSE=1.08%

RRMSE=2.96% RRMSE=3.07%

Influential factors in cycling calibration optimization: Cathode/ Electrolyte Diffusivities, Cathode Reaction Rate,
Contact Resistance, Heat Transfer Coefficient.

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Results: Lumped Pack Model Calibration Optimization
Calibration Scenario

C/3

C/2
1.5 C

RRMSE=1.32% RRMSE=5.38%

Evaluation Scenarios
2nd Scenario 3rd Scenario
(C/2 Charge + Rest + C/2 Discharge) (1.1 C Charge + Rest + 1.5 C Discharge)

RRMSEV, term 0.80% 0.74%

RRMSET, av g 2.0% 8.24%

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Results: M2M Battery Pack Model Calibration Optimization
Calibration Scenario

RRMSE=5.68%
C/3
C/2
Evaluation Scenarios
RRMSE=1.67%
1.5 C
2nd Scenario 3rd Scenario
(C/2 Ch. + R + C/2 Disch.) (1.1 C Ch. + R + 1.5 C Disch.)

RRMSEV, term 0.80% 1.54%

RRMSE=7.08% RRMSE=4.0% RRMSET, avg 4.19% 11.50%

RRMSET, max 4.26% 12.27%

RRMSET, min 1.48% 6.70%

Influential factors in M2M Battery Pack Model calibration optimization:

Heat Transfer Coefficients, Interconnection Resistance

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Conclusions
• A novel methodology for calibration optimization of coupled electrical and electrochemical-thermal
model of lithium-ion battery packs was proposed.

• Simulations and optimizations were performed in GT-SUITE/GT-AutoLion software and the experimental
data were received from Northvolt AB.

• The proposed methodology considers both the intrinsic and extrinsic cell-to-cell variations in a battery pack.

• Results showed that the RRMSE for the voltage prediction is 0.7–1.7% and for the average pack temperature 2–12%.

• The proposed methodology is general and can be applied to other battery chemistries and electric vehicle types.

Astaneh, M.; Andric, J.; Löfdahl, L.; Maggiolo, D.; Stopp, P.; Moghaddam, M.; Chapuis, M.; Ström, H. Calibration Optimization
Methodology for Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Model for Electric Vehicles in Mining Applications. Energies 2020, 13, 3532.
(https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143532)

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 Thanks for your attention

Recharge Your Batteries…

Financial support from:

Dr. Majid Astaneh

majid.astaneh@chalmers.se

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