aN Py “My Chenere® , 4 \ lL: LUNIT Be! , we a He 5 & as 5 . * * No.ORIGIN. OF STATISIICS = 1 = G. abject A Malisdscs niw, but. LLL a hd |). the human savicly ibselpa ou ehugin can be £Btid Lathe: lold cays unen itm suey aide as. thL heen of Mate» 1 and_ums Hu by.-prodiu ft of the udmininzative.ativity of. | the stoter fhe word “Statistics” Ams. 20 have been dstived- pr lom Ae Latin und Status” on tu tauanwoad< Slabishe” + 6 the Genmanurnd“Statisdik” on the French wad" Stotis-_ _tique!? tach of uhich means a poditical soe P.—.————- __ @ “Favalnat ne cofeniioneapendng Hepat and ‘px to have. an ids op the man. power. qth wuntsy,» ancl. prgiu=- (Daustuial and agnicubtunal aut-put 9n england. Stati - é (ics uatne outdemne of Wapabrond Wand y = | cdassmete.i ene : J Dt tL 227 41 Abin Tony 61270n CY. ANA fit a a? hy dinst man te stuck the statistics of. binths nnd dats, g ra 4 c empidtotion of Manto Ablor:and the tr ahivn of ——_htxphectamen of ot-diftinint agus by a numban of bindonh ont. Theawy i. prbhabitity and t Thitstit.of-taam = entuibutons tn this dA -Axvt : TayaMEN ZO FUEL ) 499, Tht mob annba zh i R Eistical nprrense 13 Panthasonthyt This Q ez 2 DEFINIHENS BF SVT HCS = mys. Some Loritews drfin 0s: * Sta fet ak snl aed sta chssmate Jsthtal muthods? ive, temple eee nef TT)_ __ oe CEI according 2m kendal ,7 sAodistics ts the branch peienbipic | pnathonel which cleats usith the date obtained: by Lounkineg, Ot nt _lasueting. tat _propirtics of, populaicon gp notutal Phenomenon? dog} sas - a Yt Acconding de Deg. youn cho! statistics 4.0 method. up- j dcsision making tn Lit face op Uneiainy on th bass of. WL- sanical date and.colov ph Ie L rif i \ NI jtIntroduction Statistics: A field of study concerned with the collection, organization and summarization of data, and the drawing of inferences about a body of data when only part of the data are observed. Biostatistics: An application of statistical method to biological phenomena. The science of assembling and ‘interpreting numerical data |(Bland 2000) The discipline concerned with the ‘treatment of numerical data derived from groups of individuals (Armitage et al.,2001)Uses of Biostatistics > Hospital utility statistics > Resource allocation > Vaccination uptake 7-8/179 > eMagnitudes of a disease/condition > eAssessing risk factors > Disease frequency >eMaking diagnosis and choosing an appropriate treatment (implicit/probability). 16/2018 By Or HAMZE ALL ABDILLAHI Statistics can be used to: 1. Draw conclusions 2. Make predictions about what will happen in other subjects1) At Hargeisa general hospital, 5% | of the patients were “lsenosed with DM last year 9-10/179 2. Kat chewers are 3 times mo, . to have MI than non-chewers | 3. Antibiotics reduce the duration of viral throat infections by 1-2 days (2672008 By Dr. HAMZE ALI ABDILLAHT 7 Nedical research vs. Clinical Practice —-.s so SSS—S—SSSSSSsSs * Data are collected from individual subjects * Interested in the particular subjects * Data are collected from individual subjects * Aim is to be able to make some general statements about a wider set of subjects that have been studiedGeneral steps in a research process What does Biostatistics cover? Planning Design 11-12/179 Data collection Data Processing Data Presentation Data Analysis Interpretation , Publication COS OG oe wT By Dr HAMZE ALI ABOILLAHI 9 6) 20 Population & Sample * Population: is a complete set of items or subjects which can be studied = Target population: A collection of items that have something in common for which we wish to draw conclusions at a particular time. = Study Population: The specific population from which data are collected. = Sample: A subset of the study population. (A smaller part of that population) 2 By.Dc HAMZE ALL ABDILLALL noGeneralizability: is a two-stage procedure: we want to generalize conclusions from the sample to the study population and then from the study population to the target population. 2/26/2018 By Dr HAMZE ALI ABOILLAHI n example In a study of the prevalence of Kat chewing among secondary students in Somalia a random sample of Secondary students in Hargeisa were taken. Target Population: All secondary students in Somalia Study population: All secondary students in Somalilandexample In a study of the prevalence of Kat chewing among secondary students in Somalia a random sample of Secondary students in Hargeisa were taken. Target Population: All secondary students in Somalia Study population: All secondary students in Somaliland Sample: secondary students in Hargeisa 2/26/2018 By Ox HAMZE ALI ABDILLAH! 2 Study population Target populationParameter & Statistic Parameter: A descriptive measure computed from the data of a population. (Quantity calculated from population). E.g. mean serum glucose of the population is 100mg/dl Statistic: A descriptive measure computed from the data of a sample. (Quantity calculated from the sample). E.g. mean serum glucose of the sample is 110mg/dl 16-17/179 roars by Scales of measurement (types of data) ¢ Clearly not all measurements are the same. e Measuring an individuals weight is qualitatively different from measuring their response to some treatment on a three category of scale, “improved”, “stable”, “not improved”. e Measuring scales are different according to the degree of precision involved. 2/26/2018 fy Dr HAMZE ALI ABDILLAH!Types of scales of measurement. There are four types of scales of measurement:- A. QUALITATIVE DATA: 1. Nominal scale: (can not be ordered) uses names, labels, or symbols to assign each measurement to one of a limited number of categories that cannot be ordered. Examples: Blood type (A/B/AB/O) sex (Male/female) race (Somali/ Oromo) marital status (married/not married/ divorced). If there are only two possible categories the data is said to be Dichotomous ( e.g. row 9K, Male/FEmalley, sau sos 16 2. Ordinal scale (categories can be placed in order): assigns each measurement to one of a limited number of categories that are ranked in terms of a graded order. Examples: | *A questionnaire may ask respondents how. happy they are with quality of services provided at the hospital, the choices can be: very happy, quite happy, unhappy, vey mnhanny2. Ordinal scale (categories can be placed in order): assigns each measurement to one of a limited number of categories that are ranked in terms of a graded order. Examples; *A questionnaire may ask respondents bow happy they are with quality of services provided at the hospital, the choices can be: very happy, quite happy, unhappy, vey unhappy. 2/26/2018, *Degree of malnutrition = mild, moderate, severe *Socio-economic status x ‘> = upper, middle, lower | 2726/2018, By Dr. HAMZE AU ABDILLAHL 18*Degree of malnutrition = mild, moderate, severe *Socio-economic status = upper, middle, lower Se B. QUANTITATIVE DATA: (Numerical data). Continuous data: * Interval scale * — Ratio scale * Discrete (numbers) 3. Interval scale (equally spaced intervals): assigns each measurement to one of an unlimited number of categories that are equally spaced. It has no true zero point. Example: body temperature measured on Celsius or Fahrenheit, heart rate measured per second. Thus the difference of interval between 5kg and 10kg is same as that between 20kg and 25kg. These kind of measurement can be converted into dichotomous nominal scale e.g. afebrile (oral temp < 37) febrile (>37) also can be ordered (ordinal scale).4.Ratio scale: measurement begins at a true zero point and the scale has equal space. Ratio data is similar to interval scales but it is the ratio of two measurements and also have a true zero. Examples: Height per weight, blood pressure. 5. Discrete data: (numbers) All values are clearly separated from each other, although numbers are used. Examples: number of — surgery Operations performed in one month. Number of newly diagnosed psychiatric patients last year. 2/26/2018 ByOc HarVariables ¢Variable: A characteristic which takes different values in different persons, places, or things. *Qualitative variable: The notion of magnitude is absent or implicit. eQuantitative variable: Variable that has magnitude. *Discrete variable: It can only have a finite number of values in any given interval. *Continuous variable: It can have an infinite number of possible values in any given interval. 2n6fo1e 6 Dr: HAMZE ALI ABDILLAHI 23 Data The term DATA refers to (Items of information) Systems for collecting data 1.Regular system (routine data collecting system): Registration of events as they become available. 2.Ad hoc system (non-routine): A form of survey to collect information that is not available on a regular basis.1. 5. Examples; Routine system: Census: enumeration of all individuals in a country on a fixed day. Vital registrations: birth, deaths, marriage, divorce, ete. Disease notification: international notification, like cholera, national notification like polio, cholera, hepatitis = notification is from district level to national level to international level. Disease registry: TB, cancer, stroke, birth defects Medical records: schools, colleges, industries Hospital records Environmental health records 2/26/2018 By Dr. HAMZE ALI ABDILLAH 25 2. Non-routine Disease surveillance: Polio, malaria, AIDS= it is important for control, prevention and eradication. Surveys: nutritional status by interviewing examination or postal enquiry based. Social schemes: medical insurance, sickness absenteeism, disability benefits, welfare schemes Economic data: Consumption of goods, export and import, drugs, employment = helps panning commission for formulation of health policies Demographic data: population movement, majorsource of data 1.Primary data: collected from the items or individual respondents directly for the purpose of certain study. 2.Secondary data: which had been collected by certain people or agency, and statistically treated and the information contained in it is used for other purpose. 2/26/2018 By Dr. HAMZE ALI ABDILLAHI 27Cc OTATISTICS “Derinition Statistics us 0 baumch that deals with every aspect te date Statts tal Krowlidye Aulps to choose the poropex metho o Callecting he dda, anck employ Yhese amples um dhe Laxnect is Puocers 5 tn Oxdex oo efeciely btoduce the wus. In Shot, Statistios ts a oucrot Puocess y which helps to make he dhision based On the chta- Some other definitions we %— According to King -" The ‘Acvence q Sebypits os the Method jedgiong tallechive ‘ natural a focal phenomencn pom whe wteaulls oblatned fam the Analysis 0X Cmumeration yl Collection af eattmases .” Aecorcling fo Csoxton and Covoden - "The Sclence . Which deals wth tre Collection y amelie and dtesuelaton of umva'cal dada.q Matistics ane Cunracrenicnes Or Stonaticg agpeyak 4 facdn. cue rmummoricably Exporene ol Kidisiics Ce tollected fo a Pedele-rmived Yorpe AC. Slalisios ane toblated un Ssedebornined Manner. Sladishics Bosistics Mud be Combanalsle +o eonhe Othe - Stedirice arte eatimaked areding toa Hemonade gkavdard a aa 24-25/37I oO St poeavides the eat description anol beter Tmerortawce Ur Sratstics “The Jmnposdantt hurmtions of Stedinticn abe. Stadinties helps dw gashuing dnformation abeut the bhuchuiate quamditasive data: HM depcale the Complex data iw the graphical foum, tabular form and Un daaranel wopuestrdedior7 9 {0 undewstamd ut easily St helps dn dtsignin the Yechive amd proper planning 4 we Statistical singpry a, my Field - — . helps do umdexstend the Voriabotig fatter Hang the que ttanive obser afiovs - ne 107 e® Rawcwes Oe Sratisties a, Staal shen may be Aided unto poo marn byomehes + = ) Deseripivve SuaHisvcs @) Infexontiok HaHsHes Wy “Deseri Prive Stotsnes Oe Daciprive Sabistes deals wits we Collection of D rth» Sure. date, ute Prasentatidn dw Various i as fables » graphs gnol olfaguames amok Arnoling aw amd othex gmeosures whic would desevtbe the alata - For Example - Indushiat Stattstits » Pepulatou Glatistcs » trade Sratishcs ek: Bessinessman make ure of descripiie Gatitts tn Besodi dheis onnnual siebosit » Rod accounts dnd bomk. Blodemarccp + y Ture ren ti nt Staristics | Sfrontsh Sadistic deals uth stelsntyues tl fo the analysis f dita. y making Chiimases avd wig latees fom Sinind Sfornaon bs oo ————_ 97/37 *DIE TIIIS=’S!S'=s~ a ED Fam Sampling nck chting Phe delnbi "at J gf he Faw Cxomfte i Suppose We Wort fo baue an Solea curout he pouactare g AMélerate population Our fourby. We Hake a Sample pron the popu” amd fa Ae proportion f tblierate ludiiur duals iw the Aawnfte - WHA She Pacbabihitg , Ms Sample proportron Grates us +o make ome _ ceapourm tas Ubout Wve popu” Potopontion . Thuss Meg we cto dup erential Stabs .