a__| Give two applications of computer graphics. AnsB_| List /mame two line drawing algorithms. 2M Ans [© Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) Algorithm Any two. * Bresenham's Line Drawing Algorithm names: 2M ¢_| Explain the need of homogeneous co-ordinates matrix, 2M ‘Ans | Homogeneous coordinates are used extensively in compuier vision and | Explanation: 2 graphics because they allow common operations such as translation, rotation, M scaling and perspective projection to be implemented as matrix operations. d_| Define polygon clipping. 2M ‘Ans | A set of connected lines are considered as polygom: polygons are clipped | Any suitable based on the window and the portion which is inside the window is kept as it | definition: 2M is and the outside portions are clipped. OR Polygon clipping is removal of part of an object outside a polygon. | Draw Cubic Bezier Curve. 2M ‘Ans ‘Any similar type of curve: 2 M OR f_| Define Bitmap Graphics, 2M ‘Ans[ eA bitmap is an image or shape of any kind-a picture, a text character, | Any suitable a photo-that's composed ofa collection of tiny individual dots. A wild | definition: 2M landscape on yourscreen isa bitmapped graphic, or simply a bitmap. # _Itis.a pixel based image, not scalable and size of image is high. List various character generation methods. 2M Ans[ 6 Stroke Method ‘Any two © Bitmap Method names: 2M * Starburst MethodAugmented Reality is a type of virtual reality that aims to duplicate the world's environment in a computer. Augmented reality is a method by which we can alter our real world by adding some digital elements to it. Attempt any THREE of the following : 12M. a_| Write short note on Augmented Reality. 4M Ans| «Augmented reality (AR) is made up of the word “augment” which | Explanati means to make something great by adding something to it. 4M Page 3| 32 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION {Autsna mous) (SOAEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) This is done by superimposing a digital image on the person's current view thus it enhances the experience of reality. Virtual reality makes a virtual environment and puts the user in it whereas Augmented reality just adds the virtual components into the user's real-world view. For Augmented reality you only need a modern smartphone then you can easily download an AR app like Google's “just a line” and try this technology. One of the most popular ways AR has infiltrated everyday life is through mobile games. In 2016, the AR game "Pokémon Go" became a sensation worldwide, with over 100 million estimated users at its. peak, according to CNET. The goal of Augmented Reality is to create a system in which the user cannot tell the difference between the real world and the virtualExplain interpolation techniques in curve generation. aM Specify a spline curve by giving a set of coordinate positions, called control points, which indicates the general shape of the curve These. control points are then fitted with piecewise continuous parametric polynomial functions in one of two ways. When polynomial sections are fitted so that the curve passes through each control point, the resulting curve is said to interpolate the set of control points. On the other hand, when the polynomials are fitted to the general control -point path without necessarily passing through any control point, the resulting curve is said to approximate the set of control points interpolation curves are commonly used to digitize drawings or to specify animation paths. Approximation curves are primarily used as design tools to Diagram: 2 M, Explanation: 2 M Page 6 | 3 4 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (SOMRC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) structure object surfaces an approximation spline sur face credited for a design application. Straight lines connect the control -point positions above the surface.Explain with diagram the techniques of Raster Sean Display. 4M Ans The most common type of graphics monitor employing a CRT is the Raster-sean displays, based on television technology JPG images are raster based. Light occurs when an electron beam stimulates a phosphor. In Raster scan, the electron beam from electron gun is swept horizontally across the phosphor one row at time from top to bottom. The electron beam sweeps back and forth from left to right across the screen. The beam is on, while it moves from left to right. The beam is off, when it moves back from right to left. This phenomenon is called the horizontal retrace. “As soon as the beam reaches the bottom of the screen, it is turned off and is rapidly retraced back to the top to start again. This is called the vertical retrace. Raster scan displays maintain the steady image on the screen by repeating scanning of the same image. This process is known as refreshing of screen. Explanation: 2 M, Diagram: 2MHorizontal retrace Raster Scan CRTA Raster-Scan System Displays an Object as a Set of Discrete Points Across each Scan Line * Typically, a graphics display consist of three components: frame buffer. video controller or display controller, and a TV screen or monitor. Page 8 | MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (ISO/LEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) * Picture definition is stored ina memory area called the refresh buffer or frame buffer. This memory area holds the set of intensity values for all the screen points. The stored intensity values are then retrieved from frame buffer and painted on the screenone row at a time. Lach screen point is referred as Pixel orpel. Each pixel on the screen can be specified by it row and column number. * Intensity range for pixel position depends on capability of the raster system. In black and white system, the point on screen is either on or off. Only one bit is needed to control the intensity of the screen. In case of color systems, 2 bits are requiredOne to represent ON (1), another one is OFF (0). * Retreshing on raster scan is carried out at the rate of 60 to 80 frames per seconds.4M ¢_| Explain 2D transformations with its types. Ans | A transformation is a function that maps every position (x, y) into a new 2D position (x', y’). Instead of applying the transformation function to every point | transformation: in every line that makes up the object, we simply apply the function to the IM, object vertices and then draw new lines between the resulting new endpoints. | Types: 1 M each Basic Transformations: 1)Transtation 2)Scaling 3)Rotation 1) Translation: * A translation is applied to an object by repositioning it along a straight-line path from one coordinate location to another. * Translation refers to the shifting (moving) of a point to some other place, whose distance with regard to the present point is known. + Translation can be defined as “the process of repositioning an object along a straight line path from one co-ordinate location to new co-ordinate location.” + Atranslation moves an object to-a different position on the screen. You can translate a point in 2D by adding translation coordinate (tx, ty) to the original coordinate (X, Y) to get the new coordinate LY) wdRotation Rotation as the name suggests is to rotate a point about an axis. The axis can be any of the co-ordinates or simply any other specified line also. In rotation, we rotate the object at particular angle @ (theta) from its origin. From the following figure, we can see that the point P(X, Y) is located at angle p from the horizontal X coordinate with distance r from the origin. Let us, suppose you want to rotate it at the angle 6. After rotating it to a new location, you will get a new point P* (X", Y").Scaling: Scaling means to change the size of object. This change can either be positive or negative. To change the size ofan object, scaling transformation is used. In the scaling process, you either expand or compress the dimensions of the object. Scaling can be achieved by multiplying the original co-ordinates of the object with the sealing factor to get the desired result. Let us assume that the original co-ordinates are (X, Y), the scaling factors are (SX. SY). and the produced co-ordinates are (X', Y"). This can be mathematically represented as shown below: ‘X'=X SX and Y'=¥ SY The scaling factor SX, SY scales the object in X and Y direction respectively. The above equations can also be represented in matrix form as below: le} L elles]d_| Explain Koch curve with diagram. 4M Ans | Koch Curve: - In Koch curve, begin at a line segment. Divide it into third | Explanation: 2 and replace the center by the two adjacent sides of an equilateral triangle as M. shown below. This will give the curve which starts and ends at same place as the original segment but is built of 4 equal length segments, with each 1/3rd of the original length. So the new curve has 4/3 the length of original segments. Repeat same process for each of the 4 segment which will give curve more wiggles and its length become 16/9 times the original. Suppose repeating the replacements indefinitely, since cach repetition increases the length by a factor of 4/3, the length of the curve will be infinite but it is folded in lots of tim po te on yk x AUF UAT han AN oe _/\. y « AN aus jagram: 2 MaM | Explain Text Clipping. “Ans | Many techniques are used to provide text clipping in A computer graphics. It | Explanation: 4 depends on the methods used to generate characters and the requirements of a particular application. There are three methods for text clipping which are listed below 1) All or none string clipping M Bana tat2) All or none character clipping 3) Text clipping The following figure shows all or none string clipping STRING 2 (a) Defore clipping (t) After Clipping In all or none string clipping method, either we keep the entire string or we reject entire string based on the clipping window. As shown in the above figure, STRING? is entirely inside the clipping window so we keep it and STRING being only partially inside the window, we reject. The following figure shows all or none character clipping jeeesesedy | STRING? } STRING 2This clipping method is based on characters rather than entire string. In this method if the string is entirely inside the clipping window, then we keep it. If it ts partially outside the window, then — You reject only the portion of the string being outside If the character is on the boundary of the clipping window, then we discard that entire character and keep the rest string Page 14 | 33 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION {Autooumeus} (ISOVIEC » 27001 = 2013 Certified) The following figure shows text clipping — + STRING 1 | beahencat preereees) (a) Before Clipping (b) After Clipping This clipping method is based on characters rather than the entire string. In this method if the string is entirely inside the clipping window, then we keep it. If it is partially outside the window, then you reject only the portion of string being outside. If the character is on the boundary of the clipping window, then we discard only that portion of character that & outside of theExplain inside and outside test for polygon. 4M Ans This method is also known as counting number method, While filling an object, we often need to identify whether particular point is inside the object or outside it. There are two methods by which we can identify whether particular point is inside an object or outside namely, Odd-Even Rule, and Non-zero winding number rule. 1. Odd-Even Rule: In this technique, we count the edge crossing along the line from any point (x. y) to infinity. If the number of interactions is odd then the point (x. y) is an interior point. If the number of interactions is even then point (x, y) is an exterior point. Here is the example to give you the clear idea, Explanation: 4 MWw // Fig a: Odd-Even Rule From the Fig., we can see that from the point (x, y), the number of interactions point on the left side is 5 and on the right side is 3. So the total number of interaction pomt is 8, which is odd. Hence, the point is considered within the object. 2. Non-zero Winding Number Rule: This method is also used with the simple polygons to test the given point is interior or not. [t can be simply understood with the help of a pin and a rubber band. Fix up the pin on one of the edge of the polygon and tie-up the rubber band in it and then stretch the rubber band along the edges of the polygon. When all the edges of the polygon are covered by the rubber band, check out the pin which has been fixed up at the point to be test. If we find at least one wind at the point consider it within the polygon, else we can say that the point is not inside the polygon.Attempt any TWO ofthe followin uM a_| Explain character generation methods: @M i Stroke Starburst Bitmap Ans| 1) STROKE METHOD Each Method of character generation: 2 M * Stroke method is based on natural method of text written by being. In this method graph is drawing in the form of line by li Page 27 | 33 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF (Hutwonmens) (ISOMEC- 27001 - 2013 Certified) HNICAL EDUCATION © Line drawing algorithm DDA follows this method for line drawing # This method uses small line segments to generate a character. The small series of line segments are drawn like a stroke of pen ta form a charact * We can build our own stroke method character generator by calls to the line drawing algorithm. Here it is necessary to decide which line segments are needed for each character and then drawing these segments using line drawing algorithm.2)BITMAP METHOD * Bitmap method is a called dot-matrix method as the name suggests this method use array of bits for generating a character. These dots are the points for array whose size is fixed. * In bit matrix method when the dots ts stored im the form of array the value 1 in array represent the characters Le. where the dots appear we represent that position with numerical value | and the value where dots are not present is represented by 0 in array. «It is also called dot matrix because in this method characters are represented by an array of dots in the matrix form. It is a two dimensional array having columns and rows. A 3x7 array is commonly used to represent characters. However 7x9 and 9x13 arrays are also used. Higher resolution devices such as inkjet printer or laser printer may use character arrays that are over 100x100.Character A in S = 7 dot matrix format 3) Starbust method: In this method a fix pattern of line segments are used to generate characters. Out of these 24 line segments, segments required to display for particular character are highlighted. This method of character generation is called starbust method because of its characteristic appearance The starbust patterns for characters A and M. the patterns for particular characters are stored in the form of 24 bit code, each bit representing one line segment. The bit is set to one to highlight the line segment; otherwise it is set to zero. For example, 24-bit code for Character A is OOLL 0000 0011 1100 1110 0001 and for character M is 00000011 0000 1100 1111 0011. This method of character generation has some disadvantages. They are 1. The 24-bits are required to represent a character. Hence more memory is required. 2. Requires code conversion software to display character from its 24- bitcode. 3. Character quality is poor. It is worst for curve shaped characters. 2 * » +¢ | Explain Cyrusblek line clipping algorithm. 6M ‘Aus | Cyrus Beck Line Clipping algorithm: Description of Cyrus Beck Line Clipping algorithm is used to clip 2D/3D lines against | algorithm: 6 M convex polygen’polyhedron. “"Cyrus Beck * Cyrus Beck Line clipping algorithm is actually, a parametric line-clipping | is considered algorithm. instead of + The term parametric means that we require finding the value of the | Cyrusblek parameter Lin the parametric representation of the line segment for the point at that the segment intersects the clipping edge- + Consider line segment P:P2, The parametric cquation of line segment P:P2 is, P(t)= P) +(P2—Py)... (1) Where, t value defines a point on the line going through P1 and P2. 0 <=t <= | defines line segment between P1 and P2. Ift = Othen P(0) = P; Ift= 1 then P(L) = P: * Consider a convex clipping region R. f is a boundary point of the convex region Rand nis an inner normal for one of its boundaries as shown in Fig2M a_| Define aspect ratio. Give one example of an aspect ratio ‘Ans | Aspect ratio: It is the ratio of the number of vertical points to the number of | Definition- horizontal points necessary to produce equal length lines in both directions on the IM screen, Example- or IM In computer graphics, the relative horizontal and vertical sizes. For example, if'a graphic has an aspect ratio of 2:1, it means that the width is twice as large as the height. or ‘Aspect ratio is the ratio between width of an image and the height of an image. Example: The term is also used to describe the dimensions of a display resolution. For example, a resolution of 800x600, 1027x768, 1600x1200 has an aspect ratio of 4:3. Resolution 1280x1024 has an aspect ratio 5:4 Resolution 2160x1440. 2560x1700 has an aspect ratio 3:22M | Define virtual reality. List any two advantages of virtual reality. ‘Ans | Virtual reality (VR) means experiencing things through our computers that don't | Definition- really exist. IM OR Any two Virtual Reality (VR) is the use of computer technology to create a simulated | Advantages environment. Instead of viewing a screen in front of them, users are immersed and IM able to interact with 3D worlds. Advantages: © Virtual reality creates a realistic world © Through Virtual Reality user can experiment with an artificial environment. * Virtual Reality make the education more easily and comfort. * Itenables user to explore places. * Virtual Reality has made watching more enjoyable than reading. Virtual reality widely used in video games, engineering, entertainment, education, design, films, media, medicine and many more.d_| List any two line drawing algorithms. Also, list two merits of any line 2M drawing algorithm. ‘Ans | Line drawing algorithms: Listing-1 5 Page 2|28 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION seiomanso.) Awio ((ISONEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) © Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm Two merits © Bresenham’s algorithm IM Merits of DDA algorithms: It is the simplest algorithm and it does not require special skills for implementation. + It is.a faster method for calculating pixel positions than the direct use of equation y = mx +b. It eliminates the multiplication in the equation by making use of raster characteristics, so that appropriate increments are applied in the x or v direction to find the pixel positions along the line path * Floating point Addition is still needed. Merits of Bresenham’s Algorithm: * Bresenhams algorithm is faster than DDA algorithm ® Bresenhams algorithm is more efficient and much accurate than DDA algorithm. © Bresenham's line algorithm is a highly efficient incremental method aver DDA. © Bresenhams algorithm can draw circles and curves with much more accuracy than DDA algorithm.Define convex and concave polygons 2M “Ans Convex Polygon: It is a polygon in which if you take any two positions of polygon then all the points on the line segment joining these two points fall within the polygon itself, Coneave Polygon: It is a polygon in which if you take any two positions of polygon then all the points on the line segment joining these two points does not fall entirely within the polygon. Each | M.1 _| What is homogeneous co-ordinate? Why is it required? Ans | Homogeneous coordinates are another way to represent points to simplify the way Page |28 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) {ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) |_| in which we express affine transformations. . ™e Homogeneous coordinates are used extensively in computer vision and graphics because they allow common operations such as translation, rotation, scaling and perspective projection to be implemented as matrix operationsa_| Compare vector scan display and raster scan display (write any 4 points| aM Ans Raster Vector Any four Raster graphics are composed of | Vector graphics are composed point-4 M | pixels. of paths. Raster graphics are resolution Vector graphics are resolution dependent independent More expensive Less expensive. Graphics primitives are | Sean conversion is not required specified in terms of their endpoints and must be scan converted into their MAHARA! Pagea|28 FRA STATE BOARD-OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION tt ms) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified corresponding points in the frame buffer. It required separate scan conversion hardware. Scan conversion hardware is not required, Raster display has ability to display areas filled with solid colars or patterns. Vector display only draws lines and characters it uses interlacing It does not used interlacing This displays have lower resolution This displays have higher resolution They occupies more space which depends on image quality. They occupies less spaceDescribe Sutherland-Hodgeman algorithm for polygon clipping. * In Sutherland-Hodgeman, a polygon is clipped by processing the polygon boundary as a whole against each window edge. Clipping window must be convex. * This could be accomplished by processing all polygon vertices against each clip rectangle boundary in turn beginning with the original set of polygon vertices, first clip the polygon against the left rectangle boundary to produce a new sequence of vertices. The new set of vertices could then be successively passed to a right boundary clipper, a top boundary clipper and a bottom boundary clipper. * Ateach step a new set of polygon vertices us generated and passed to the next window boundary clipper. This is the logic used in Sutherland-Hodgeman algorithm. Fig. Clipping polygon against successive window boundaries © The output of algorithm is a list of polygon vertices all of which are on the visible side of clipping plane. Such each edge of the polygon is individually compared with the clipping plane. «This is achieved by processing two vertices of each edge of the polygon Explanation- 1M and Algorithm. 3Me_| What is interpolation? Describe the Lagrangian Interpolation method. 4M ‘Ans | Specify a spline curve by giving a set of coordinate positions, called control | Definition- points, which indicates the general shape of the curve These, control points IM are then fitted with piecewise continuous parametric polynomial functions in | Description one of two ways. When polynomial sections are fitted so that the curve passes of through each control point, the resulting curve is said to interpolate the set of | Lagrangian control points. On the other hand, when the polynomials are fitted to the | method- 3 general control-point path without necessarily passing through any control M point, the resulting curve is said to approximate the set of control paints interpolation curves are commonly used to digitize drawings or to specify animation paths. Approximation curves are primarily used as design tools to structure object surfaces an approximation spline surface credited for a design application. Straight lines connect the control-point positions above the surface Taterpolstin using univariate spine