Friends Boys School 1118 Chemistry Unit Two Atomic Structure SL. Elements and compounds: Elemente are th simples farm of matter, as they cannot be broken dow by chemical means ito ary thing “mpi. There are ovr 100 known element. ‘Anatom the smalst un or act of an element. Some substan are made up of 2 single element ‘Shough tere may be mor han one sto ofthe elementin a pare othe svostace. The neble gases, {or example, ae Made up of singe stoma of he samme element. Oxygen s atom hat, 8 parle of ‘hygon contains bro ongen some These pares of oxygen se cle lees Molecules are the paces produced when simlar or deren toms (compounds) ined together. 1 Bxamgles of atoms gases ryerogen ga (1), Onygon (0) nirogen gas (N), Ruorne gs (F), cline gas (CL), bromine lau (Br) ‘nd iodine so (i). molec of phosphorus which contains fur atoms of phospherout 18S) a molecule of sur whch contains ght atoms of sul ‘Compounds are mado up of mere than one element, chemically bonded tegethor. For example, 2 moocue of water, HO, consis wo hytogen sioms ad one oxygon stom. Waters & cormpound nt an elent because It can be broken down chemical nto ts constituent elements: hygrogen ‘nd oxygen gases, Atomic Structure ‘An atom: the smallest ut ot part of an elon il toms are mado up of theee fundamental ub- stom pats: 4) protons 2)noutrons__3)lectrons. cleus which has avery f smal radus inthe over & 10 m. All the protons and neutrons (olectvely called nucleons) are Tocated in the nucleus. "The electrons are to be fund in energy levglssurouneing the nucleus. Nuch ofthe alom is op space. 1 The scua mass ofa proton 1.672 X 10 9 butts essignes a relaive mace of (sometimes known 2s ‘ne atomic mass unt, amu). The mass of a reuton Is vwaly eral end also has a relatve mass, {Compares to proton ana noiron an elacron has a negigwe mass wt aelave mass of ony 5X 10" tn eoaton has a charge of 602 X 10 coulomb which saslgnod a labo chargo o 1 11 proton caries the same charge aan elacvon but of an gpposta sgn ao basa alate charge of +4 Neue are neutral parties and assigned a relative charge of zo. See nxt able Particle | Relative masslamw | — Relative charge a z rx Neutron 1 2 ‘Electron TEL = ‘Te atomic number (2) =the number of prions in the nucleus ho sion. ‘The mass number (A) » the umber of rotors an neurons inthe nucleus ofthe atom 1 Al atoms are nautal 20 they must contain equal numbers of proton: and elecvers. As atoms are lactrically neutral charge is equal to zor) this wil also be equal tothe numberof electron inthe ‘tom, Alors of the Same siement mus contan the same number of pron, Moms of feent elementswl have diferent stomie numbers. Atons of he same element may contain diferent ruber of neurone Such toms are known as Isotopes. lstsotopes: are atoms of he same element having the same numberof protons or he same atomic number But having aferon numbers of neutons diferent mass numbers, The symbol for an isotope of an atom is witen inthe form ‘Simitarties between isotopes of the same element: 4}. Aa al inotopes of the same eloment have the same number of electrons, the same numberof ney ‘evel the same number of ‘properties are idntial. (Chemica ropes of stone depend on ther ate econ) 2) They Rave the same atomic number (the sare number of umber ef protons) Diferences between isotopes ofthe same sloment: {Beene they have fret mate (rate mumbo, te phys rope wil be drt ‘e Densty Rate of cfusion in the gas phase a Meting and boing pobt w@ Enthlpy of vaporization w Enhatpyoffision m Rae of reaction ote gas and ius pace, For exame, eompounds containing" fer ftom compounds containing i, Tey have oferent physical provers 2) Thoy have diferont number of neutrons. ‘Summary: laotopes have simisr chemical properties due fo mila electonc structures (same numberof valence electrons) Isotopes nave diferent physical properties de to diferent numer of neutrons inthe nucleus Examples of lotopes. 1). Cherbe nas two atop: CI, C1 2) Magnesium has tree scopes: Mg. Mg, Mg 23) Carbon has wo isotopes: $C. "IC 4) Hydrogen has three isotopes sy eroen 2) Dade 377 avr 27 Naural atom: suber of postiely charged protons = rnb of mas chaged con (ot charge 200) ‘Nomic rumber= protons #=elcrons# Positive ions: When an alom loses electors it becomes postivly charged Because the number of postvaly charged preons becomes lage han the numberof nesavely barges econs (8 protons > ‘letrons), Electrons #= Atomic number (2) ~ (postive charge) Negative fons: When an stom gains slectrons it becomes negatively sharged because the, number of ‘egalvly Grarged elerons becomes lrg han the posely charged protons (# electrons > # protons). Etoctrons #= Atomic number (2) ~ (negative charge) "Number of neutrons = Mass number (A) - Atomie numbe (2)Exam ‘Species | Number of [Number of neutrons [Number oF protons lectrons | Fak @ 2 Sort [7 6 t= [ee pe a Te ® - ‘Tho Relative abundance (percentage abundancel: The parcerage ofeach istope in sample ofthe ‘lementin nate. Relative atomic mass (RAM or A) tha welghtod moan mass of al the satura occuring isotopes ofthe ‘lent relate lo ane woh ofthe mate of earbon = 12 atom. Role sonia» mass umes abuncanes * macs mambers abundance mass numbers abundance ‘sate ‘lastope ‘isotope * oe ‘Example (1): Use the datain the forewing abot calculate A, of Fe. [tops Fe] "rere | Relate abundance 7] 595% [01 86% [2a7% Bs || A= 5.05 + 560188 + 5722.17 =55.00 [Example (2: Tho relative atomic mats of chlorine je 3546. Caleuste he parcantage abundance of he two Isotopes of chlorine, "cand 'Cin a sample a nonin gas x+y =100 Yatbo-x A= 3545 = 29K 69711000 Example (8): A, of ofS ter sotopes ofS. Tsotepe spa ps Felatve abundance /% Xe Ve 31%] xeyend = 100 Xty2i09-31 =969 28.09 = 28X+ 297 6 2008.4 100 2809 = 28X + 206 9-X)« 20%8.1 2609 = 26x + 2810.1 20K + 8 2aoa = 28x 20x +2803 olatve abundance of "= 941% ‘Yags Relative sbundanee of *61= 969 =X. 9-944 = 2.0%Example (4) Copper soni of the otopes Mu and Cu and has relatve atomic mass of 62.55, What i the mart Ihaly compestog? cu "ou a 0% m% e 50% 50% 55% a5 & 70% 30% ‘The FAM valu is very cose tothe mst abundant sctope ofthe element, 1 of Cos rzaor than A, of Ne to a greater proportion of heavier topes Co and sto becaute Co has @ eater number of reutons, + A. of Argon ie restr than A. of K due to a geste poperon of heavier lstopes in Argon an! also because Argon hes a greater number of neurons Mass Spectrometer FRoatve atomic masses of elatents can be determined using @ mass specrometer. The folowing faire shows the mass spectium of natural ooouring magnesium. There aro three posks because of the {xstonce of tee stones. The aus shows the mass chrge (m2) a foreach otope. The y= ais ‘Shows the relative abundance of each eotops p Relative stundance/% 1 on 2 2s 26 mz “The relative toric mass of magnesium = A= 24X79 + 25410 s 26441 = 24 32 “0, Note that of naturally occuring magnesiom (2432) is closer to mass sumbor of the most abundant ‘Sotpe, My (2).‘The following figure shows the mass spectrum of naturally ccurring germanium. The x~ axs shows te mass charge (m2) ratio foreach lsotope. The y~ axis shows the detector current From the mass spectum i canbe seen tha he fol! detector curetis 683 +013 + 260 + 12.17 +2.60= Bm. ‘The lative abundance of gormanlum-T0 = (6.8/38:33+100%= 20.5% ‘The relative abundances of al ho isotopes canbe calculated na similar way RAM = 10:20.5 + 72007.4 + 7907 8 + 743365 + 7607.8=727 00 ‘lectronic Configuration: lectons are arranged in main energy loves around the nucleus, Te diferentate between the main (orncipa energy levels, each one is gven a number, where n= 1,2, 4... We stat numborng from the energy level doser othe mieus “As the value of nner «= The energy of the love! neeases. ‘The spaces bebween fe energy levels dere 1 Tha ference in energy docrencoe {The sz othe energy evel increases. 1 Each main (principal) energy level (n) contains sub ovals. The ruber of sub - levels in each min ‘ergy lve equal otha vale on for tat man every evel, ned 4sub lovels Each sub-lovel contains orbitals) where te electors replaced a is defned as the tree dimensional exon of space where thre is a high probably thatthe ‘econ wl be loco 1 The maximum capecty of each oritals 2 electrons only.‘Tne sub shalls in order of increasing energy: s microwaves > infrared > visble ight > utravet > Keays > gama 3. The electromagnetic spectrum 1 9 se wo 19 10 BO 10 Wibevon, ry 700 wovelength am‘Atami Emission Spectrum White ght is made up ofa the color of the spectum (viet, nigo, bu, green, yell, orange andre). ‘When t's passed thous a prism a continuous spectrum of al he cobrs or wavelenghe or Fequenses ‘canbe cbtane. ‘Gontinuous spectrum: the spectum that coriains al tho frequencies oa tho colors ofthe velit ‘when eneray i suppiod to indvcual lments they emit a spectrum which only contains emissions. parol wavelengths. Each element has fs un caress epactum town a6 ine spect 25 iis Pot coninucus. Line spectrum: the spectrum tht consis of saris of separate (Sree) ins that have specie colors (avalon requercies) and that ro lines become closar topeer(converee) towards the high eeeay nck ih requency end the shorer wavelength end/ he ole en othe spect). Each cleront vos its own characterise sot f coors ons, each a xed wavelength, when observed ‘ivough specter. Th s known ae the emission spectrum ofthe element. \Wnen a sodium sat such as sodlum corde Is placed in 2 ot Bunsen tue fame the fame becomes & ion eno de to sd ons ‘Other metas give dferont characteristic colors: or exam, Itium gues red, sotasium gies Hla, ‘and baum gues green. These coos ee abines when the gmsecis meta one are energy given This may Benth frm of bea a5 n 2 Bunsen Burner or alctial energy, ar na discharge tube. Examples of discharge tubes includ 4-fuorescent ligt, which conan a mixture of gases to ve 2 ight that aeproximates as dosely os possible to dayight 210g ams, which conan sodiom os. neon gh used for advertising [Al ese cifrent coor are electromagnetic raat, ‘The following energy diagrams shows how the series of lines In the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions ofthe emission spectrum of hysrogen ere produced, 4) When electrons return to the fist level (=) the series of lines (Lyman series) occurs inthe Utravieet egion as this involves thelargest energy change Sere —a ae a3(Balmer series) occurs in 2) When the electron returns to the second evel (#2), the series of lin {he vaibe region = ass a4 2 3) When the electron ature to the third level infrared region. lonization energy: \ihon sufficient energy i supplied to he stom orto the electron in dere move the electron tothe n= = tha elocron wil boos! competaly, he secron ne ongeruneoheiusnco of ruceus an he hyereger stom wl be forged to produce H". by knowing the exact requeney at wich convergence fakes plo, the [LE cauc bo measured and determine, The lerzaton energy Is equa toe energy ference beeen the fiatieve n=, andthe ifinte evel, n= = Mg) + HG) + 8‘The following figure shows the electron transition forthe ionization of hydrogen: ‘Hdrogen line emission spectrum invisible region ‘The following dlagram shows the series of lines thst occurs in the visible region ofthe hydrogen ‘mission spectrum: Red Blue Tdigo Violet 7 Nos ene high every er jas. enegy gh ereagy el high Been’ Clos frequen ; oN » wo) (short wieleytt) Cateye) Toe eo a) me we hes av Emission spectrum of hydrogen contains four ines: 41) Line 1 tis ue to the ight emit when the lacron moves from n= 39. 2) Line: 1's due tothe gt emitted hen the ron moves fram n= 40 3) Line 3 ove fo tho ight emit when te loon moves am 4) Line 4215 due othe gt entid when te Gecron moves fam n= 610 Generation of the spectrum: nen the gaseous aloms of the element hycrogen are heated of when an elecrca dcharge is passec ‘tveughs tube contahing the gaaoous slarant at low pressure The energy is bsorbes to an atom, ‘ecrons are excted (gain ener) fom ther lowest (ground tte to an excl sat. They re prometed o ' higher energy lovel Elacrers can only exst n ostalnTxe6 energy lewis. When lectons Gop fom 8 Higher level to a lowe level they emit energy. This energy coresponds to 8 parular wavelength ‘Hequency and shows up as a ina in be spect. The ine specrum & obtained fom the vanaion of ficted elecrane tom Higher energy levels fo war ones. The emtod fruoncies ae observed by vai & Specroscope, The spectroscope wil show the emies Requenaies a colored ines which are separated by ‘ark areas. Eac ine has a aflerent colo om the thers 8pechve he Decition ofthe pet x Monts of sie cvs or dc os (hat hve swe teri) a cae a ie ‘requaney (higher enargy end of he specu). Each Ines dui to electron ansion fom a higher ene ay love! to lower energy evel Electon Vanstone wo second enemy lve sauees wie eeres In an emision spectrum the spaces between the nes ze diselypropertona othe spaces between the aiferent energy love's. Tho Intevals botween the Fequencios ofthe Ines become smaller and salt owas te high fequerces nen the Ines run logeer of converge ta form continous spectrum Ths ‘convergence af neo he smal spaces Detween the ines due fo te sma spaces between the eneray Towle asthe value of n nreases. When tho nes he emission specu come very Gove fo each her rhe specu becomes continuous tne the exces secon has reached the hight posse anes) tev Gonvergencs “The Ines In the spactum converge (get coser together) because the energy levels themsaives converge. ‘The formation of ines niente tho presence of energy lvela beesuee each ine "eoresete econ trancton between energy levels. Esc varation of in ls related to eve-oy dilorence between eneray ‘Gvois Atomie Ine spect provide information about the energy levels in atoms trough thee between ines, ‘Summer: ‘+The aiferenttnes prove that th elactron went back by ctferentwarsion. 2. The diferent vanations prove the exsterce of he energy levels 3. The dforon coors prow tat the arorgee of th ovla ae fleront fom each ote. 4 The aiferen spaces betwoen the ines rove tal there are ifeent spaces between the energy 5 The large spaces Between te ines of low Fequercles prove thatthe spaces between the lower nergy ovate ae large ‘The emall spaces betweon the lines of high frequencies prove thet the spaces between the higher enargy levels are smal ‘he convergence cf lines of very gh frequencies prove thatthe high energy levels eonverge oF Intertore wth esch other Questions: (Q(t) Which electron transition in hydrogen atom releases the most enoray? 212) What information about the structure of a hydrogen atom can be gained from its emission spectrum? ‘A. Mostof the mass ofthe atom i nis nucleus Anyorogen stom contains one proton and one electron. CC. Thesasron the hyarogen tori held nom the rou 1D. The sloston may extn any ef several energy vel {Q(3) Whon electrons move from alower toa higher energy lveln an atom, the atom absorbs eneray fms enery releases eneroy Undergoes oxtsaton(214) Specta have been used fo stusy the arrangements of electrons in atoms. An emission spectrum onsite of a sorts of bight ines tat converge at hgh feguences. Such emission spectra proce ‘evidence tha lactone are moving fom ‘tower higher energy levels wth he higher ovls being loser together lawerto higher energy levels th tn ower energy eves being Coser ogee, . igher to lower energy levels wth Ie omer energy levels being einer together. Higher tower energy levels wh he higher energy loves beng cose opener. 29) lontzation energies canbe obtained from emi on spectra. ‘= Desc brety how the emission spectrum of tha hydrogen atom can be generated 1 raw and doscrbe the spectrum. 2. iplin how ths rele othe slowed electron evel inthe ato 4: How can the data obtained from the spectrum be used to determi hydrogen ‘when the lines inthe emission specrum become very close to each other and the spactum Becomes ‘ontnuous then tne excted electron has reached ine highest posse eneay level fer whch it wl escape {fom tbe atom and becomes ne longer under be influence ofthe ruceue fhe stom. By knaming the enact ‘requency at which convergence takes place, the IE coud be moasured ard determined the ionization energy of {Q5) When hydrogen gas Is placed jn an ect discharge tube, an emission spectrum Is obtained Sketch th spectrum, labeling ts high energy end. Explain why such a spectrum Is obtained. (9) “The spectrum i obiained from the transtion of excited electrons fom higher energy eels ower ones. 17) Evidence forthe existence of energy levels in atoms is provided by line spectra. State how line ‘spectrum ders from a continuous spectrum, ‘A continuous spectrum has all the coors or wavelengths or fequencies. A tne spectrum snot Gortuous but consists ofa ere of Separate o& cacete ines thal have specie eles or wavelongthe Frequonces and tat te ines become soserogeter ox earvergetowares the igh energy end of he NSN frequency end er the shorter wavelength ond ofthe speci (8) On the diagram below draw four ines in the visible line spectrum a hydrogen, Low energy igh energy (28) Explsin now the formation of lines indlestes the presence of energy levels. [1], Each ne represents electon vansiters between enery loves 2»aro) 3) Desertbo the emission spacbum of hyerogen. Outne how tis spectrum I elated othe {he hyérogen atom, ergy loves in Draw and abel an energy level cagram fr the nycrogen stom. In your gram shaw how the series of Ines in tne utravoit an viebie regions of Rs emsonspecrum are priced, wey sbeing each seres «) On the above dlagram, daw the line that eortesponds to the fst keneation energy of hytrogen and ‘pla your reasoning ‘Answer: ‘ai consts of series of spars o scrote lines (hat have specif frequencies) thal cawerge at higher {requency (higher energy end of the specvun). Each Ine Is due to olocronwansion for higher eneray Incl to lower energy lvel Electron taniuone ito st energy level causes uae series. lecvon tansiion into second energy level causes veible series. Elocron tansions Ino thrd energy level cause Iraree vere, bang: Explanation of ine of IE: To lonize an element, electron must be renoved trom the atom. I must be removed fon ==, As aesuit iso onger under the inuence of he rules a