Intermetallics 115 (2019) 106609

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Intermetallics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/intermet

Phase equilibria of Ti–Al–V system at 1300 °C T

a a a,∗ a,∗∗ b c c
Heng Zhang , Junpin Lin , Yongfeng Liang , Shuai Xu , Yong Xu , Shun-Li Shang , Zi-Kui Liu
a
State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
b
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250101, China
c
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Phase equilibria in the Ti–Al–V system at 1300 °C were studied experimentally by examining 50 samples with
Intermetallics compositions up to 75 at % Al. An isothermal section of Ti–Al–V at 1300 °C was constructed by means of X-ray
Phase diagram diffraction (XRD), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron
Ti–Al–V probe microanalysis (EPMA). The isothermal section is characterized by five single-phase regions (i.e., α phase
TiAl alloy
with hcp_A3 structure, β phase with bcc_A2 structure, γ phase with L10 structure, δ phase with D82 structure, and
Phase transformation
ε phase with D022 structure) and three three-phase regions (α+γ+ε, α+δ+ε, and α+β+δ). Compared with the
tentative results at 1200 °C, the single α phase at 1300 °C is highly extended, while the other single-phase regions
remain almost unchanged, resulting in the emergence of new three-phase regions.

1. Introduction
γ-Based TiAl alloys are attractive materials for high-temperature
applications because of low density, high-temperature strength, and
creep and oxidation resistance [1–7]. However, the poor ductility at
room temperature (RT) has hindered the application of TiAl alloys. The
addition of ternary alloying elements such as V could improve the RT
ductility and yield strength of TiAl alloys [8–15], resulting in the for-
mation of β-phase with bcc_A2 structure that facilitates ductility and
deformation [14–16] or a duplex phase structure of α2 with hcp_A3
structure and γ with L10 structure [9]. However, the Ti–Al–V phase
diagram at high temperatures, especially at the temperature for hot
working [17–19], have not been clearly settled [20–33].
Some studies have been carried out to establish the isothermal
sections in Ti–Al–V system [20–30]. For example, Hayes [20] con-
structed a liquidus projection and 6 isothermal sections from 800 °C to
1400 °C, where the phase equilibria at 1200 °C and 1400 °C were ana-
lyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and metallography, but the ε
(TiAl3) phase with D022 structure was not included. Ahmed et al.
[21,22] systematically investigated the phase equilibria of Ti–Al–V
from 600 °C to 1200 °C. Five isothermal sections and a liquidus pro-
jection were established by using XRD, scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical microscopy
(OM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). Moreover, the effect
of oxygen, claiming that the α-phase region would enlarge because of
the oxygen contamination, was discussed. Kainuma et al. [23] con-
structed a series of phase equilibria of Ti–Al-X (X = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co,
Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ta, and W) in the temperature range of
1000–1300 °C at a Ti-rich corner by means of electron probe micro-
analysis (EPMA) and SEM.
Some literature also exists regarding the calculation of the Ti–Al–V
ternary phase diagram using the CALPHAD (calculation of phase dia-
gram) approach. Five isothermal sections, ranging from 600 °C to
1200 °C, were computed by Wang et al. [24] and Lindahl et al. [25], but
the V5Al8 phase was regarded as a stoichiometric compound. The ε-
phase with D022 structure was also regarded as a stoichiometric phase,
and the γ-phase with L10 structure was in a trapezoid shape at 1200 °C
in Wang's work, while Lindahl et al. obtained a more reasonable result
of the ε-phase region as well as a smaller area of the γ-phase. Lu et al.
[26] modeled the Ti–Al–V system and obtained five isothermal sections
from 800 °C to 1200 °C. At 1200 °C, a large amount of Ti could dissolve
into the δ-phase with the D82 structure, while the α-phase was in an
extremely small region similar to the computational results presented
above [24,25]. Li et al. [28] constructed two isothermal sections at
600 °C and 700 °C by combining experimental and computational work.
The present work aims to study the Ti–Al–V system with the con-
tents of 0–75 at % Al at 1300 °C in terms of SEM, XRD, electron back-
scattered diffraction (EBSD) and EPMA, providing a scientific basis for
Ti–Al–V calculation and a guide for materials design. Table 1 lists the
phase designations used in the literature for the Ti–Al–V system as well

∗
Corresponding author.
∗∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: liangyf@skl.ustb.edu.cn (Y. Liang), dr.shuaixu@gmail.com (S. Xu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2019.106609
Received 10 June 2019; Received in revised form 21 August 2019; Accepted 10 September 2019
Available online 25 September 2019
0966-9795/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
H. Zhang, et al. Intermetallics 115 (2019) 106609

Table 1
Phase designations in the Ti–Al–V system along with crystal structure data [28,34].
Phase (designation) Pearson symbol Space group Strukturbericht designation Prototype

(Al), (αAl), fcc_A1 cF4 Fm-3 m A1 Cu

α, (αTi), hcp_A3 hp2 P63/mmc A3 Mg
α2, Ti3Al hP8 P63/mmc D019 Ni3Sn
β, (βTi), bcc_A2 cI2 Im-3 m A2 W
β0, bcc_B2 cI2 Pm-3 m B2 CsCl
γ, γTiAl, TiAl tP4 P4/mmm L10 AuCu
ε, TiAl3 tI32 I4/mmm D022 TiAl3
δ,V5Al8 cl52 I-43 m D82 Cu5Zn8

Table 2
Composition of the Ti-Al-V alloys used in the present work. Note that the concentration of V is the balance.
Number Alloy (at %) Equilibrium phases Phase composition (at %)

Phase1/Phase2/Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Al Ti Al Ti Al Ti

#1 Al63Ti15.9V21.1 α/γ/ε 62.7 18.0 58.0 12.7 69.9 15.8

#2 Al64.9Ti14.1V21 α/γ/ε 58.7 12.6 63.4 18.3 70.4 15.7
#3 Al58.4Ti11.8V29.9 α/γ/ε 58.5 12.3 62.5 18.6 71.0 15.4
#4 Al63.3Ti11.6V25.1 α/δ/ε 57.6 11.8 60.9 9.2 70.6 15.0
#5 Al58Ti5.8V36.2 α/β/δ 49.6 5.7 55.5 6.7 58.8 5.4
#6 Al56.5Ti6V37.5 α/β/δ 50.2 5.3 54.8 6.6 58.7 5.2
#7 Al48Ti50.6V1.4 α/γ 44.1 54.0 48.6 50.3
#8 Al48Ti49.2V2.8 α/γ 45.5 50.8 50.4 47.2
#9 Al49Ti46V5 α/γ 45.9 48.3 50.4 45.7
#10 Al50Ti39V11 α/γ 47.6 40.6 51.8 40.8
#11 Al51.6Ti36.8V11.6 α/γ 53.7 37.2 49.0 36.6
#12 Al53.4Ti33V13.6 α/γ 49.7 32.5 54.9 33.8
#13 Al54.5Ti28.5V17 α/γ 51.3 27.6 56.5 30.0
#14 Al56.9Ti22.6V20.5 α/γ 53.2 22.0 58.2 25.8
#15 Al58.7Ti19.6V21.7 α/γ 60.7 21.7 54.7 17.6
#16 Al38.8Ti57.4V3.8 α/β 37.8 58.5 37.5 58.1
#17 Al36.6Ti61.1V2.3 α/β 39.2 55.7 37.8 55.3
#18 Al43.2Ti49.7V7.1 α/β 40.1 51.9 43.0 50.5
#19 Al42.2Ti47.5V10.3 α/β 41.3 50.0 39.3 49.5
#20 Al43.5Ti39.8V16.7 α/β 39.3 44.7 41.9 46.1
#21 Al42Ti42.6V15.3 α/β 42.0 42.5 44.2 44.2
#22 Al42.9Ti43.5V15.5 α/β 43.4 42.9 40.7 41.5
#23 Al49.6Ti34.2V16.2 α/β 42.0 33.5 47.5 35.5
#24 Al46.7Ti28.8V24.5 α/β 43.9 29.7 47.4 32.1
#25 Al51.1Ti29.2V19.7 α/β 44.5 27.8 48.9 30.0
#26 Al49.2Ti18V32.9 α/β 46.4 18.8 50.7 21.5
#27 Al50.2Ti14V35.8 α/β 51.2 17.5 46.2 14.9
#28 Al51.8Ti10V38.1 α/β 52.9 12.6 48.0 10.4
#29 Al57.8Ti7V35.3 α/β 55.1 7.1 50.0 5.7
#30 Al71.3Ti27.3V1.4 γ/ε 68.7 28.4 72.5 24.3
#31 Al71Ti25.6V3.4 γ/ε 68.2 27.7 72.4 23.7
#32 Al70.5Ti19.8V9.7 γ/ε 65.2 22.5 72.3 19.0
#33 Al64.9Ti18.9V16.2 γ/ε 64.3 19.5 71.6 16.7
#34 Al64.2Ti8.5V27.2 δ/ε 70.9 13.2 61.5 7.2
#35 Al70.6Ti11.5V17.9 δ/ε 63.1 5.4 72.6 10.8
#36 Al70.1Ti9.7V20.2 δ/ε 62.6 5.3 72.6 11.1
#37 Al67.6Ti5.2V27.2 δ/ε 63.7 3.9 72.0 6.9
#38 Al67.9Ti3.8V28.3 δ/ε 63.6 3.5 72.3 6.8
#39 Al68.7Ti1.9V29.4 δ/ε 63.5 2.5 72.7 5.2
#40 Al59.8Ti4.5V35.6 β/δ 50.3 4.3 59.1 4.3
#41 Al57.1Ti2.6V40.3 β/δ 50.7 2.7 60.4 2.7
#42 Al59.1Ti9V31.9 α/δ 57.3 10.5 60.8 8.2
#43 Al70Ti14.2V15.7 α/ε 56.0 12.3 69.9 15.2
#44 Al50.6Ti31.4V18 α 49.0 32.5
#45 Al55.2Ti18.3V26.5 α 53.7 18.3
#46 Al55.1Ti14.1V30.8 α 52.5 14.8
#47 Al56.7Ti9.5V33.8 α 54.9 9.9
#48 Al44.2Ti35.1V20.8 β 40.6 37.5
#49 Al66.9Ti32.2V0.9 γ 66.3 32.6
#50 Al68.6Ti29.9V1.5 γ 67.9 30.3

2
H. Zhang, et al.
as their crystal structures [25,27].
2. Experimental details
Fifty ternary alloys were prepared by non-consumable arc melting
(tungsten electrode) of the high purity elements of Ti (99.99 wt %), Al
(99.99 wt %), and V (99.95 wt %), utilizing a water-cooled copper
hearth in high purity argon. The nominal compositions of these alloys
are listed in Table 2. These alloys were melted, turned over, and re-
melted more than eight times, ensuring the compositional homogeneity
of each ingot. The shape of the melted ingot is circular with a diameter
of 30 mm. A half of the as-cast button was cut from the ingot using the
electrodischarge machining (EDM) approach, followed by heat treat-
ment in a quartz tube. The tube was subjected to a vacuum to 10-5 Pa
and then filled with high purity argon (99.999 vol %) with a pressure of
20 kPa (0.2 atmospheric pressure) at room temperature. Ti fillings were
also encapsulated as getters for removal of residual oxygen in the tube.
All these buttons were homogenized at 1300 °C for 36 h (cf. Table 2),
attaining a good homogenization and then quenched in water. All heat
treatments were performed in a laboratory muffle furnace with mo-
lybdenum disilicide heating elements (MoSi2).
More than 1 mm was removed from the surfaces of heat-treated
ingots to avoid any contamination from the quartz capsule or oxidation
during quenching. The quenched samples were cut into halves. One of
the halves was ground with a series of SiC papers #800–1500, followed
by electrolytic polishing (28 V, 0.5~1A). The electropolishing solution
was made up of 5% perchloric acid, 35% butanol and 60% methanol in
volume. Microstructures of the heat-treated specimens were examined
by means of a Zeiss Supra 55 Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscope in back-scattered electron mode (SEM-BSE). The composi-
tion of the heat-treated specimens were analyzed with a JXA-8230
Electron Probe Microanalyzer. Phase constituents of each alloy could be
determined based on the composition, which was characterized by
EPMA. EBSD was performed to identify the phases of some alloys,
which is also included on the SEM Zeiss Supra 55. Oxford Instruments
HKL Channel 5 software was utilized to acquire and index the EBSD
patterns. The other halves were ground to powder for XRD testing using
a Bruker D8 Advance with Cu Kα (40 kV, 40 mA). The phase identifi-
cation in this work was based mainly on the SEM, EPMA, EBSD, and
XRD results. The nominal composition of the alloys investigated in the
present work and compositions of the individual phases determined by
EPMA are given in Table 2. The composition of each phase was iden-
tified by averaging five EPMA measurements. The oxygen content was
determined by the inert gas fusion infrared and thermal conductivity
method conducted by the National Center of Analysis and Testing for
Non-ferrous Metals & Electronic Materials, General Research Institute
for Nonferrous Metals of China.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Three phase equilibria at 1300 °C
Alloys #1, #2, and #3 are situated in a three-phase region of α, γ
and ε. Fig. 1 shows the SEM-BSE, XRD and EBSD results of alloy #2.
Based on the EBSD microstructures (see Fig. 1(b)) and XRD results (see
Fig. 1(c)), the bright phase is the α-phase, the light gray phase is the γ-
phase and the dark gray phase is the ε-phase in the SEM-BSE map (see
Fig. 1(a)). The composition of each phase was identified by averaging
the composition of five different points in an individual phase from the
EPMA results.
The SEM-BSE, EBSD, and XRD results of alloy #4 are presented in
Fig. 2, where three phases of α, δ, and ε could be certified in this alloy.
Combining the EBSD phase map and XRD result, we can confirm that
the bright phase is the α-phase, the light gray phase is the δ-phase, and
the dark gray phase is the ε-phase (see Fig. 2).
Alloys #5 and #6 contain α, β and δ phases. Fig. 3 shows the SEM-
3
Intermetallics 115 (2019) 106609
BSE, EBSD, and XRD results of alloy #5. The β and δ phases are located
at the grain boundaries of the equiaxial α-grains. The composition of
each phase was identified by averaging the composition of five different
points in an individual phase from EPMA results.
Based on the above analysis, the composition of α/γ/ε, α/δ/ε and
α/β/δ three-phase regions can be identified, and these compositions are
listed in Table 2.
3.2. Two-phase equilibria at 1300 °C
The phase equilibrium between α and γ can be observed in alloys
#7-#15. Fig. 4(a) shows the microstructure of alloy #10, where the γ
phase (marked A) were retained from high temperature, some α-phase
transformed into γ by a massive transformation based on the mor-
phology, marked as letter B, and some α decomposed into lamella
composed of γ+α (marked as C). The other bulk α is retained during
quenching, marked as D. Alloys #16-#29 are located in the α + β two-
phase region. Fig. 4(b) indicates the microstructure of alloy #18 with
the dark phase being α and the bright phase being β, part of which
could be transformed into α by martensitic transformation. Detailed
information about the martensitic transformation can be found in Ref.
[35–38]. Phase equilibrium of the γ- and ε-phases can be identified in
alloys #30-#33. Fig. 4(c) shows the SEM-BSE image of alloy #32 with a
bright γ-phase and the dark ε-phase. The phase equilibrium between δ
and ε is observed in alloys #34-#39. Fig. 4(d) shows the microstructure
of alloy #37, where the bright δ-phase and the gray ε-phase can be
found. Alloys #40 and #41 are located in the β + δ two-phase region.
Fig. 4(e) shows the SEM-BSE image of alloy #41. The dark phase is the
δ-phase and the gray phase is the β-phase. Alloy #42 contains α-phase
(the light gray phase) and δ-phase (the dark gray phase), as shown in
Fig. 4(f). The different contrast in the α-phase originates from the dis-
crepancy in orientation, and only two phases are presented in the XRD
results, as shown in Fig. 5(a). The XRD result of α+δ in Fig. 5(a) is
obtained from bulk #42 alloy. The equilibrium of α and ε can be
identified in alloy #43 as presented in Fig. 4(g). Combining the XRD
results (see Fig. 5(b)) and the composition results, we can conclude that
the bright phase is α-phase and the dark phase is ε-phase.
3.3. Isothermal section at 1300 °C
All experimental data were used to construct the Ti–Al–V phase
diagram. Fig. 6(a) shows the experimental results, where the nominal
compositions of the quenched alloys are shown by hollow circles, while
the tie-lines and tie-triangles are identified by the EPMA results listed in
Table 2 and are drawn in different colors. The nominal compositions of
all the alloys fall almost on the straight tie-lines or into the tie-triangles,
indicating that the mass loss during arc-melting can be ignored.
The phase boundaries are drawn in Fig. 6(b) based on the tie-lines
and tie-triangles in Fig. 6(a). The maximal solubility of V in α-phase
reaches 37.92 at % (55.15 at % Al and 6.93 at % Ti), and 18.54 at %
(63.10 at % Al and 18.36 at % Ti) in γ-phase. The maximal solubility of
Ti in δ-phase is 9.20 at % (60.78 at % Al and 30.01 at % V). Moreover, a
large β (Ti, V) region of the bcc structure is observed at 1300 °C, which
dissolves a large amount of Al. The maximal solubility of Al in the β-
phase reaches 50.81 at %. The present work does not differentiate the β-
and β0-phases.
The single α-phase region determined in the present work is in
substantial extension with Ti declining, forming a new two-phase re-
gion of α+δ and eliminating the two-phase region of β+γ usually
shown in lower temperatures, which has not been reported in the lit-
erature. Although Kainuma et al. [23] found the phase region of α
extended to a Ti-rich corner at 1300 °C, they attributed it to the im-
purity of V in their alloys.
In addition, analogous phenomena were reported by Chang et al.
[39–41] at 1250 °C with water-quenched samples at the compositions of
Al62Ti10V28 and Al55Ti10V35, respectively. A new α-like hexagonal
H. Zhang, et al. Intermetallics 115 (2019) 106609

Fig. 1. The SEM-BSE images (a), the EBSD results (b), and the XRD results (c) for alloy #2 after annealing at 1300 °C for 36 h followed by water quenching.

phase with smaller lattice parameters was reported to be exhibited in
these samples. The sample of Al62Ti10V28 exhibiting a three-phase
equilibrium with V5Al8 (δ), TiAl3 (ε) and the hexagonal phase in their
works [39–41] lies in the three-phase region of α+δ+ε in the present
work, where the hexagonal phase is exactly compatible to α. Chang
et al. [41] ascribed the α-phase to a new hexagonal phase partly be-
cause it is unbelievable that the α phase with such a low solubility in V
at low temperatures [33] could extend to 35 at % V at elevated tem-
peratures without sufficient experimental data. In addition, the de-
crease of lattice parameters in the α-phase originates from the in-
creasing Al content, a solid solution with atoms with smaller atomic
radii resulting in a declining parameter.
Meanwhile, this phenomenon might be argued for the effect of
oxygen, which could enlarge the region of the α-phase, exhibited in the
results by Ahmed et al. [21]. In the present work, however, the low
oxygen content (as shown in Table 3) reveals that the great extension of
the α-phase cannot be ascribed to an impurity in the raw materials or
during the heat treatment. In addition, the dramatic enlargement of the
α-phase region was also observed in the Ti–Al–Ta system at elevated
temperatures from 1200 °C to 1450 °C [42–44].
Fig. 6(c) shows the present isothermal section at 1300 °C super-
imposed with the tentative isothermal section at 1200 °C by Ahmed
et al. [21]. All phase regions remain almost the same in their positions
at 1200 °C with a difference caused by the temperature variation, ex-
cept for the extension of the α-phase region. With increasing tem-
perature, the single γ-phase region extends to higher Al content. In the

Fig. 2. The SEM-BSE images (a), the EBSD results (b), and the XRD results (c) of alloy #4 after annealing at 1300 °C for 36 h followed by water quenching.

4
H. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 3. The SEM-BSE images (a), the EBSD results (b), and the XRD results (c) of alloy #5 after annealing at 1300 °C for 36 h followed by water quenching.
Fig. 4. SEM-BSE images of typical alloys, which contain two phases after
quenching, for alloys #10 (a), #18 (b), #32 (c), #37 (d), #41 (e), #42 (f), and
#43 (g). In Fig. 4(a), the γ-phase (marked A) was retained from high tem-
perature. Some α-phase transformed into the γ-phase by massive transforma-
tion (marked B). Some α-phase decomposed into lamellar structures (marked
C). The α-phase retained from high temperature is marked as D.
5
Intermetallics 115 (2019) 106609
single δ-phase region, the maximal solubility of each element shows
similar behavior, but their shapes show a great discrepancy, which
shows a more regular shape at 1300 °C compared with the shape at
1200 °C, identified by sufficient tie-lines located in β+δ and ε+δ two-
phase regions. The single β- and ε-phase regions change slightly with
increasing temperature. The tie-triangles apparently differ with in-
creasing temperature. The enlargement of the single α-phase hinders
the connection between the β-phase and the γ-phase and results in the
occurrence of the two-phase equilibrium α+δ, leading to the emer-
gence of the tie-triangles of α+β+δ, α+γ+ε, and α+ε+δ, which
substitute the tie-triangles of α+β+γ, β+δ+γ and δ+γ+ε at 1200 °C.
Comparing our results with the results at lower temperatures, we
can conclude that there are two invariant reactions of α+ε→δ+γ and
α+δ→γ+β, as shown in Fig. 7. As the temperature drops, the two
three-phase regions α+γ+ε and α+ε+δ become closer, reaching a
point with the coexistence of four phases. Consequently, triggered by
the peritectoid reaction of α+ε→δ+γ, a new three-phase region of
α+γ+δ would arise, as shown in Fig. 7(a). Then, it would move to-
wards the α+β+δ three-phase region, resulting in the formation of the
α+β+γ three-phase region by means of another peritectoid reaction,
α+δ→γ+β, between 1200 °C and 1300 °C, as depicted in Fig. 7(b).
Fig. 6(d) shows the calculated 1200 °C isothermal sections based on
the modeling works by Wang et al. [24] and Lu et al. [26] superimposed
on experimental results by Ahmed et al. [21] and the present results.
Although great efforts have been made in the modeling work
[24–26,28], considerable gaps still exist between experiments and the
calculations regarding the three-phase regions and the presentation of
the single phase regions at a specific temperature. The single phase
regions of α-, ε-, and δ-phases at 1200 °C are significantly under-
estimated in both the modeling studies [24–26], partially due to the
insufficiency of experimental data for modeling. In addition, the shapes
and the range of phase boundaries in β and γ are different from the
tentative results [24]. The present experimental results show the con-
tinuous and smooth curves about phase boundaries, with less Al solu-
bility in β and more regular shape in γ.
4. Conclusions
The present work systematically investigated the isothermal section
H. Zhang, et al. Intermetallics 115 (2019) 106609

Fig. 5. The XRD results of alloy #42 (a) and alloy #43 (b).

of Ti–Al–V at 1300 °C by SEM, EBSD, XRD and EPMA and compared Table 3
with the isothermal sections at 1200 °C reported previously. The main Oxygen contents in raw materials and the alloys quenched in water starting
conclusions are as follows. from 1300 °C.
Alloy number Composition at % Oxygen contents wt %
1. The isothermal section of the Ti–Al–V system at 1300 °C is estab-
lished in the present work, which can provide not only data for Vanadium in raw V99.95% 0.0150%
1300–7 Al56.9Ti22.6V20.5 0.0200%
thermodynamic modeling of the Ti–Al–V system but also funda-
1300–10 Al58.4Ti11.8V29.9 0.0220%
mentals for material design of Ti–Al–V alloys. 1300–49 Al51.8Ti10V38.1 0.0062%
2. The α single phase region at 1300 °C is highly extended compared
with the previous experimental results at 1200 °C, forming the new
two-phase region α+δ and new three-phase regions of α+γ+ε,
α+δ+ε, and α+β+δ.

Fig. 6. Ti–Al–V isothermal section at 1300 °C: (a) the tie-lines and tie-triangles identified in the present work, (b) the 1300 °C isothermal section proposed in the
present work, (c) the experimental isothermal section at 1200 °C by Ahmed et al. [23] and the isothermal section at 1300 °C from the present work, and (d) the
calculated phase diagrams based on the works of Wang et al. [25] and Lu et al. [27] superimposed with the results in the present work.

6
H. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 7. Sketch map: (a) the transformation of tie-triangles α+γ+ε and α+δ+ε to α+δ+γ and α+ε+γ via the reaction α+ε→γ+δ, (b) transformation of the tie
triangles α+β+δ and α+δ+γ to α+β+γ and β+δ+γ via reaction α+δ→γ+β.
3. Seven two-phase regions in the isothermal sections are revealed
with the content of Al up to 75 at %.
Prime novelty statement
Phase equilibria in the Ti–Al–V system at 1300 °C were studied ex-
perimentally by examining 50 samples with compositions up to 75 at.
%Al. 7 two-phase region and 3 three-phase region were characterized
by means of EPMA, SEM, EBSD and XRD, determining the boundary
and location of each phase. Compared with the tentative results at
1200 °C [45], it was noted that the substantial enlargement of α phase
region, and it was supposed to be 2 invariant reaction there between
1200 °C and 1300 °C. In addition, the present work offers a possible
interpretation for the hexagonal phase found in Chang's work [46] and
a scientific basics for the modeling.
Conflicts of interest
We declare that we do not have any commercial or associative in-
terest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the work
submitted.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 51671016 and No. 51831001), the State Key
Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science
and Technology Beijing (2018-ZD05) and Fundamental Research Funds
for the Central Universities (No. FRF-GF-18-001A).
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