DART2: ENGLISH Language it the baud of the foul tute which thoughts ue and wt of which they grav. Oliver Wendell Haloues Language tt the means of gutting an idea from my rate inte yours without surgery. Mart Arniden* “http://www. quotegarden.com/language.html (accessed February 18, 2016) ‘ttp://www.quotegarden.com/language.html (accessed February 18, 2016),A. Noun ENGLISH Parts of Speech ‘Nouns are names of persons, places, events, things and ideas. c.g, lawyer, province, table, New Year, freedom Many nouins can be recognized by their endings. Typical noun endings include: eB te -er/-or | teacher, lawyer, actor, singer, writer -ism: criticism, naturalism, vandalism, federalism ist artist, naturalist, journalist, scientist =ment_ | arrangement, development, establishment, government -tion | foundation, organization, recognition; graduation ‘There are different kinds of nouns: <1. Proper nouns are specific and are written in capital letter. e.g. Danica, Dr. Dioneda, Christmas, Taft Ave., Megamall 2. Common nouns are general names. ©.g. house, girl, street, teacher, country 3. Collective nouns name groups. ©.g, team, crowd, organization, family, class Exercise: Give the collective noun for the following: For Humans 1. group of women or beauties (bevy). - 2. group of persons assigned to play a particular game (team) 3. group of directors, (guild) 4, people in a church, (congregation) 5. people watching a concert (audience) For Animals La ofowls~ (parliament) 2a ofcats (clowder) Bua oflions (pride) 4, an oflarks (exaltation) : 5.8 ofsheep (flock) 87ENGLISH i . | ee 4, Mass nouns cannot be counted.’ e.g-hair, sugar, water, sand, stars) Noun counters are needed to pluralize mass nouns, Example: strands of hair, three kilos of sugar, two glasses of water 5. Conerete nouns exist in the physical world. e.g. flower, chair, bag, man, lion 6. Abstract nouns refer to ideas and feelings. e.g; love, independence, honesty, freedom, friendship Properties of Nouns é ‘Number of Nouns (singular and plural) Singular — if the noun refers to only one Plural — nouns refer to two or more > Gender means sex 1. “Masculine ~refers to male 3 e.g, father, nephew, priest 2. Feminine ~ refers to female é.g, mother, seamstress, daughter 3. Common — fefers to either male or female c.g, cousin, teacher, friend 4.” Neuter has no'sex at all e.g. chair, book, cat Special feminine nouns Special masculine noun school ~ ship “time 4 country nature , Exercise: Give the masculine or femninine gender of the following: 1. duke. 6. dad 2. boar 7... emperot 3. Indian’ 8. doe 4. baron 9. landlord 5. fox 2 10. aviattix Cases of Nouns ‘Nominative — if the noun is used’ as the subject, noun of address, predicate noun or appositive. €.g. Danica looks pretty in her red dress. Celine, come anid get your toys. ‘ , ‘The winner in the oratorical contest is Zsazsa. Dr. Dioneda, our new professor, discusses the lesson well. 88ENGLISH 2. Objective if the noun is used.as direct object, indirect object or object of the preposition, eg. The students are playing basketball. Charles sent Lourdes alove letter. A ‘The concert was held a the park. 3. Possessive — shows possession or ownership. Listed below sre some rules in forming possession’ 1. Singular nouns add apostrophe and s (’s) for singular possessive, plural nouns add apostrophe alone. eg girl's girls’ student's students! 2.., Those nouns that do not end with s, edd’'s to the plural forms. eg, oxen's women's, déer’s 3. Add‘only ani apostrophe at the end of a proper noun ending in s or z, eg. Carlos’ Sanchez’. Perez! 4. Of phrase is placed after a noun. e.g. the dresses of a girl the daughter ofthe president In case ofan inanimate objec, the prepositional phrase with OF is used, Noun- notin compounds are also used. (of phrase) (aoun-noun compound) the gate of the garage ‘garage gate the roof of the house house roof Things, places and concepts are often followed by of phase to indicate ~ association, measure or person. e.g. a box of candy, a cup of sugar, the town of Baliwag Certain possessive forms of noun denote time, distance, measure and value. e.g. a day's work, a week's wage, an hour's rest Exercis Correct the possessive form of the noun found in each of the following sentences, ‘That green car is my aunt. ‘The Perez business is prospering: She picks her dresses from the ladies section. . San Pedro town is fist progressing. . The children party is very happy. }. This red book is Celine. 1. She is happy to have two weeks vacation ii Baguio. SAavaeye 89ENGLISH See 8. The students gift to their teacher is nice. 9. Four hours drive from Manila to Baguio is exciting. 10. Mr. Alvea house is on top ofthe hill. Uncountable Nouns accommodation cutlery luggage advice dust mail ammunition ~ elite or personnel artillery equipment scenery behavior furniture «staf, t blame information evidence chalk ‘jewelry food B. Pronoun : Pronouns are noun substitutes. eg. he, they, our, those, it Antecedent of the pronoun is the noun to which a pronoun refers. A. pronoun: ‘must agree with its'antecedent in gender, person and number. ‘There are several kinds of pronouns: 1. Demonstrative Pronoun ~ e.g. this, that, these, those this — points near object (Singulat) these — points near objects (plural) that — points far object . (singular) those — points far objects (plural) 2. Indefinite Pronoun Singular. [__ Plural any n0 all anybody | not both anyone one few anything | no one some nothing each someone | several every somebody | many’ everybody _ | something 2 everyone "| only everything | either s neither | ‘ 3. Interrogative Pronoun — . - used in asking questions “, Examples: . who, what, why, which, whom, whose 905 ENGLISH 4, Personal Pronoun Number | Person | Nominative | Objective | Possessive Case Case Case ‘Singular | Ist-person 1 me my, mine 2nd person you you ‘your, yours 3rd person | he,she,it |. him, her,it | his, her, hers Plural Ist. person me us < ‘our, ours 2nd persén ‘you > you your, yours 3rd person they. ‘them their, theirs First person. — refers to the speaker Second person — refers to'the person spoken to Third peiSon — refers to the person spoken about 5. Reflexive’ and intensive pronouns are the words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself ourselves, yourselves, themselves. ‘These words are classified or grouped as reflexive depending on how they are used in sentences. Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of a sentence: 1. I'gave myself plenty of time to get to work. 2, You should let yourself into the house. 3. Carl bought himself a shirt. 4, Czarina read to herself. 5. The dog scratched itself. NOTE: A verb or verb phrase is between the subject and the reflexive pronoun Intensive pronouns are the same words used to emphasize the subject of the “sentence, Intensive pronouns usually appear right near the subject of the sentence. Examples I myself am sick of the heat. ‘You yourself are responsible for this mess! ‘The president himself appeared at the rally. ‘The actress herself wrote those lines. The cat itself caught the,mouse. bape C. Verb ‘Verbs are action words. They express state of being, too. e.g. nun, interpret, feel, are, give a1ENGLISH Forms of Verbs : 1. “The base form or simple form: explain, listen, eat (NO s, NO dor ed, NO ing) i 2, The s form or third person singular: explains, listens, eats 3, The ing form or present participle: explaining, listening, eating 4. The past form: explained, listened, ate Kinds of Verbs 1, Regular Verbs — form the past tense by the addition of d/ed to the base +.» form, Regular-verbs have the same form both for the past tense and the past participle. 3rd Person Present] Past and Past Base Form Singular Participle Participle (-form) (ing-form) z act acts acting acted erase erases erasing erased reach reaches reaching reached 2. Irregiilar Verbs ~ form their past tense and past participle in a different way. i - Partial List of Irregular Verbs Simple Form Past Form Past Participle am/be was” been awake awoke awaken begin began begun beat beat |: beaten buy: bought | bought bring brought brought bite bit bitten choose chose chosen catch caught caught drive drove driven draw arew drawn eat ate eaten: forsake forsook forsaken freeze froze frozen get Yt hide id Biden meet met met tise rose risen 92ENGLISH ride) rode ridden fing rang, mung: run . ran run shake shook: shaken stride strode stridden : swear swore sworn sink sank sunk shrink shrank shrunk spring sprang sprung tell told told tear tore torn wear wore worn weave wove | woven, 3. Linking Verbs ~-are used to link or join the subject with a: word in’ the ‘predicate which relates to the subject. a. Verbs to be (ai, is, are, was, were) are the most commonly used linking verbs. . Verbs of the senses: become sound, smell appear Examples: 1... My favorite subject is English. seem, feel 2. He looks great in his blue jacket, 3, My husband became a lawyer in 2005, Special Irregular Verbs bet broadcast burst cut hit hurt . let put set quit wet 4, Helping/Auxiliary Verbs a, has have | + past participle had bet broadcast burst cut bit burt let « put set quit wet, 93 retain Jook taste heat bet broadcast burst ‘out hit hurt eet. put quitENGLISH 1 b. do. | present tense for plural subject does f/ present tense for singular subject : did ~ past tense for either singular/plural subject ‘DO ~ for present tense/plural subject Ex: Do the children play? DOES = for present tense/singular subject Ex: Does mother cook breakfast? DID ~ for past tense/either singular of plural subject Ex: Did John eat his food? * Notice that do, does, and did need the base form of the verb * verb has (NO s, NO died, NO ing) Tenses of Verbs ‘Tense means time. ils Present tense — a. if the sentence expresses a permanent action. e.g, The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. b._ ifthe sentence shows habitual action. e.g, He goes to chitrch every Sunday. c. if the sentence expresses an on-going action. “e.g, The students are researching in the library now. Past tense — expresses a completed action. e.g. They transferred to a new building yesterday. She gave alms to the beggar this morning. Nica recited the poem well last week. Future tense ~ expresses an action that is yet to be done — a-verb phrase using the auxiliary verbs. will/shall + the simple forth of the verb ~ amlis/are+ going to €.g. Will you visit me tonight? They will.pass their projecis next week. I shali_retum. Marie is going to Bohol next month. ‘The present perfect tense denotes an action which started in the past and is continuing in the present. This tense uses has/have + the past participle of the main verb. e.g. Zsazsa has eaten her lunch. Dennis has submitted his project. ‘b. an action which is completed at the time of speaking. c.g, Thave just taken my examination. Thave gone to the market. 94ENGLISH 5. The past perfect tense denotes a. an action completed before another past action. eg, He had left when 1 arrived. In this-case the first action uses the perfect tense while the second uses the simple past. . a condition that was true,in the past but is no longer true at the time of speaking. e.g. He had seen that before, 6. The future perfect tense denotes ‘a. an action that will be completed before ‘another action. é.g. Before I leave, Elena will have gone. b. an action that will have been completed at some definite future time. Ex. By next week, the court will have decided on the case. + This tense uses shall/will + have and the past participle of the main < verb. Exeraises: ‘A. Direction: Supply the present perfect tense. ‘The visitors (come) and. * (go). I (see) that movie several times. They. (lose) their places in the gym. ‘The farmers (raise) much crop this summer. ‘you (Fide) a horse? rection: Supply either the past tense or the past perfect tense of the verbs. Cathy (tell) me that she (take) care of the dog i (Gee) that T (make) a'mistake. ‘A stranger (€ater) our room before, we (return). The iman (ask). questions. before he (introduce) himself. 5. She: _~_ (win) a.scholarship before she apply) for it. @ BeRpeg wsenee C. Direction: Supply the future perfect tense, Ifyou come early, we (finish) our work. My-parents (cat) lunch when I arrive home this noon, By the time Dorothy: grows up, she ___(eamm) many things: ‘The signs (put) up by afternoon today. By December, Uncle John (leave) for Japan. waeNe Basic Rules in Subject-Verb Agreement and Grammar 1. A verb agrees with its subject in person and in number. Wrong: They doesn't undérstand what to do. Right: They don't understand what to do. 2. ‘the number of a noun in a phrase introduced by the preposition of does not affect the form of the verb. 7 ‘Wrong: A list of books were made by Denzel. Right: A list of books was made by Denzel. 95ENGLISH 3. Compound subjects joined by and ordinarily take the base form of the verb. ‘Wrong: Here comes David and Jonathan, Right: Here come David and Jonathan. 4. When two or more singular subjects are joined by or or ior, the $ form of the verb is required. i ‘Wrong: A man's success or failure lie in his hands. Right: A man's success or failure lies in his hands. 5. Intervening. phrases introduced by of, with, “together: with, as well as, including, besides, no less than, in addition to, accompanied by, not do not affect the form of the verb. "Wrong: The teacher, together with her pupils, were there. Right: The teacher, together with her pupils, was there. 6. Compound nouins joined by and use. the $form of the verb if they are regarded as a unit, . e.g. Bread and butter was all he asked for “ Rice and fish is the staple food of the Filipinos. 7. When the subject and predicate nominative differ in number, the verb’ must agree with the subject not the complement: Wrong: The theme of the essay are the experiences of our heroes. Right: The theme of the essay is the experiences of our heroes. 8. Compound subjects joinéd by either-or, neither-nor, not_oily-but also ordinarily take verbs agreeing in number with the nearer subject, , Wrong: Not only the students but also the teacher are learning. Right: Not only the students but also the teacher is leaning. 9. When the subject comes after the verb (inverted sentence) make sure that the verb agrees with its subject. ‘Wrong: In this school is enrolled several alien students, . 2 Right: In this school are enrolled several alien students. 10. Never begin’a sentence with a participle that does ‘hot logically modify. the subject of the sentence. ‘Wrong: Walking around the campus, the bell rang. Right: Walking around the campus, I heard the bell rang, 11, Sentence elements that are grammatically connected should be’ closed together. ‘Wrong: I, after the class, went-to the movies. Right: I went to the movies after my class. 96.ENGLISH i ee NCES Ne 12. Modifiers should be placed as near as possible tothe words they modify. ‘Wrong: She rushed into the room just as we are singing the last song _____ breathless with excitement, Right: Breathless.with excitement, she rushed into the room just as-we + are singing the last song: 13, Avoid datigling modifiers. ‘Wrong: Having taken the entrance examinations, the President of the College accepted me. f ». Right! “After Thad taken the entrance examinations, he President of the College accepted me. 14. Ordinarily, this and that take the $ form:of the verb while these and those take the base form/simple form of the verb. .g: That is a good idea. ‘These are times that try man's soul. 15. The following indefinite pronouns belong to the third person. They take the base form of the verb: all, both, few, many, several, some, e.g, All-wete satisfied. 3 Both are to be blamed. 16. The following indefinite pronouns, whether singular of ‘plural in meaning are ordinarily used with the third person S form of the verb: each, everybody, everyone, ever am od in sone. “something, one, nothing, nobody, either. neither, another, the other, e.g, Each arrives on time, Everything isin order. 17. The title of a bookis considered singular. & : ©.g, “The Dialogues” of Plato is a great classic, 18. The word people, meaning many persons is plural. Peoples refer to different races. 5 e.g. The ‘people were excited about the news. ‘The peoples of Asia heed to be united. 19. The expression the number. of takes the S! form of the veib, while the expression a number of takes the base form of the verb. c.g. The number of students in the class is limited. A number of books are on reserved in the library. 20, Nouns referring to money, time, measurement or distance that is preceded by an expression of amount or quantity is considered singular and takes the S form of the verb. ¢.g. Three hundred pesos is too much for that shirt. s ‘Three weeks is a long time to wait for you: 7ENGLISH SSS Eee 21. The number of the noun that follows an expression of fraction’or portion determines the form.of the verb to be used eg. One-third of the apples are yours, Half of the apple was eaten by rats. 22: Sentences introduced by if take the S form of the verb. e.g. Ik is time to say goodbye. : It is our duty to take care of our parents 23. The number of the subject of a sentence introduced*by there determines the” verb ‘to be used. e.g. There is a mai in the room, ‘There are times when she is lonely. ‘There are five schooldays in a week. 24. The verb takes an s when it is used in the third person singular of the present tense, “ e.g. Cyrus plays chess vigorously. 25. The expressions one of the, the number of, and a number of are always followed by plural nouns. €.g. One of the boys is absent. A number of books were stolen. ‘The number of apples was rotten. / e 26. Some nouns are always plural in form and in meaning. 2-8. mumps, pants, shorts, scissors, trousers ‘Note: Measles is plural in form but singular in meaning, e.g. The scissors are sharp. Measles is a contagious disease, Note: The word news is plural in form’but singulér in meaning. ‘The news for today is about the highlights of the UN summit. 27. Nouns such as’ Mathematics, Statistics, Economics, Politics, and- Physics are used with the S form of the verb when they refer to an area of study. ©.g. Physics is required for Science majors. Politics is not dirty per se, but the politicians are the ones making it dirty. 28. Possession’ is usually shown by adding apéstrophe (") or apostrophe and 8('s)toanoun, 1g, The boys’ club The ladies' circle 29. The infinitive of a verb is always in the simple form. ¢.g. To love is an adventure. Long ago, Bong's dream was to live in a forest 98: ENGLISH Se ee 30, Nouns singular in form but function collectively. ©, information, food, equipment, jewelry, furniture battalion, artillery Exercise: Direction: Underline the correct verb form in the parenthesis, 1. Not only the students but also the teacher (enjoy, enjoys) the educational tour. 2. The paper and pen (is, are) needed by the examinees during the test. 3. One hundred divided by five (equal, equals) twenty. 4. Every member of the class (is, are) expected to contribute to the project: 5. Statistics (is, are) an elective subject in high school. x 6. ‘The president including the cabinet members (inaugurate, inaugurates) the new building. x 7. The audience (seem, seems) restless while watching the program, °8. Celine (has, have) baked a cake for the visitors. 9. Either Zsazsa or her playmates (break, breaks) the garden pot. 10, Every student (has, have) to'come to school early. 11. Rice and fish (was, were) my breakfast this morning: 12, You (have, has) a ditty to perform. ‘ 13, Both friends (are, is) happy about their relationship. 14, The couple (go, goes) to church regularly. 15. There (await, awaits) the contestants of the pageant. 16. One of my hobbies (are, is) reading pocketbooks. 17. All (complains, complain) about the traffic problem in the country. 18. Neither you nor I ( are, am ) to be blamed for his non compliamce. 19. The government nat the people (is, are) responsible for the ‘country's economic crisis 20. Bither of the delegates (participate, participates) in the intéraction. 21. Someone (love, loves) you tenderly. 22. Only few students (passes, pass) the examination. 23. Not only Diane but also Marites and Ana Fe (is, are) victims of the crime. 24. Mathematics (has, have) been the waterloo of many students. captain together with the players (is, are) preparing for the Moods of Verb : Mood shows the speaker’ attitude in relation to the happening. The indicative mood expresses a fact. It is most commonly used in our daily conversation. 2. The imperative mood expresses a command or a request. It is always used in the present tense. €.g, Let us leave this room. Please close the door. 99ENGLISH a ar ee a The subjunctive mood is used to express a wish or a command. Its forms are like the indicative mood, the only difference is in the third person singular of the present tense where the s ending of the verb is omitted Indicative: He talks loud. ~ Subjunctive: He insists that he talk loud. For all persons, the'subjunctive form of the verb to be is be: | e.g, That Ibe good is my mother's wish, That you be silent is the teacher's command. ‘That he be good is what I’m praying for. The past subjunctive form of the verb to be is were, In statements contraty to fact and statements expressing doubt, this form is used. ‘i eg. IfT were a king, I would travel a lot. English Modals ‘The modals of English are auxiliary verbs: They express particular meanings. Can ~ Could 1 2, Can has only two tenses—the present tense,can and the past tense could, ‘Can may mean sing well. Danica can play the whole day. b. possibility e.g. Anyone can lose much money in gambling. c. permission e.g. You can go to the doctor now. Since can has only two tenses, the expression to be able to is used asa» substitute for all tenses, ; Could is used in the same way as can although could may be-used in all negative sentences in the past. @ Could may be used in positive sentences in the past only’when ability is general or over a period of time is indicated. e.g, Ina could speale Spanish when she was young. Joey could always climb the tallest tree when he was a small boy.ENGLISH Sa May Might 1 Max has only two tasesihe nop past se may andthe pas ens mi May is used to ‘express: - & periniésion €.g. May I leave the room? ‘You may go. b. * doubt or possibility e.g. The bus may arrive late He may come but I doubt it. purpose : &g. They are working on: their research’so that they may pass the ‘subject. They’ are. saving now’ so ‘that they can finance the children's education. ie The past tense of may, might, is used in thé same way as may. e.g. He said that I might be late. Itseems that the plane might be late. ‘May has a special past tense form, obtained by the use of the auxiliary verb have and the past participle of the main verb. This is-used only to indicate possibility in the past : ©8. Lito may have gone to school or he may have gone home. Celeste may have done the work. . ‘Should - Ought 1. Should and ought followed by an infinitive are used to expréss.a mild form of duty or obligation. ‘Should and ought have the same’ meaning and can\ be used interchangeably. : ‘Should is more common than ought. eg. Students should stiady harder. “You ought to study harder. ‘When the duty or obligation is in the past, should and ought are followed by'a perfect infinitive, the modal have is used, followed by'the past participle of the verb. The force of should and ought in'the past tense form is.clearly negative, indicating that the duty of obtigation was not fulfilled. : e.g. You should have finished your book report. ‘You ought to have done your assignment, Should and ought are also used to express probability. ‘ ¢.8. Your investment should produce big interest. ‘You ought to taduate next year. 101 ” zsENGLISH Must ~ Have to 1, “Must has only one form, the present tense. 2.. Must is.used to express the following: a. Strong necessity or command You must attend your class. He must work today. i zi b. Strong probability j This bag must be yours; ithas your name on it. Cecil is absent; she must be sick. 3. Have to is used to express necessity. in all: tenses’ followed by. an infinitive, eg. Celine and Czarina have to study tonight, Sle had to take the exam. ! 4. It is possible to form a negative sentence with to have by placing not after the verb. e.g, Dorothy has not anything to give. Irene hasn't a peso. 5. When to have is used together with an infinitive to express necessity, the tense carries do, does, and did. They are used to form all negatives and questions, e.gYou do not have to do it. Do Ihave to do it? D. Adjectives Adjectives are words that describe, limit or modify nouns and pronouns. eg. warm, quick, tall; blue Adjectives answer the questions which one?, what kind?, and how many? Uses of adjectives: 1. A noun modifier is usually placed directly before the noun it describes. ¢.g. He is an intelligent man. 2. A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and modifies the subject. e.g. He ishappy. I feel terrible. 3. An article or noun marker is another name for these adjeétives—a, an, and the 102ENGLISH CiiS a inds of Adjective 1. Indefinite adjective —e.g. some, many, much, several, few, a few, great deal of, little ( a. With countable nouns ~e.g. [have (many, several, few) books at home, ~ >. With non-countable nouns ~e.g. Ihave (much, a great deal of little) information on history, ¢. With both pliral countable and ‘hon-countable nouns £8. He has (some, a lot of; enough) money. d. The indefinite adjectives much, many, little, and few may be modified by too and very 8, You are making too much noise, 2. Numerals — e.g. one, ‘two, three (cardinals) first, second (ordinals) e.g: He gave me three red roses, She is the third-contestant. 3. Descriptive — e.g. new, tal, blue, charming E e.g, The charming woman is my aunt. The blue car belongs to my dad. 4, Proper ~ proper nouns modifying anotfier noun e.g. American flag Persian carpet Philippine peso 5. Nouns that modify nouns €.g, oak tree plastic bag paper doll 6. Phrases and clauses that modify souns .g. The girl watching television is Mary, my sister: 7. A clause modifying a noun is: usually introduced by a relative pronoun (that, which, who, whem, whose, where) ©-g, The man who is driving the car is my husband.” The teacher whom I admire received an award. Acdjectives have comparison 1. Positive ~ denotes quality; no comparison is needed, 2. Comparative — denotes quality in the greater or lesser degiee; thvo ate being compared. Ex: smart-smarter;bright-brighter 3. Superlative ~ denotes quality in the greatest or least degree; used. when more than two are being compared. , Ex: safe-safer-safest: hot-hotter-hottest ‘ * Adjectives, of one or two syllables form the comparative degree by adding er to the positive and est to the superlative. ised when, 103ENGLISH * Three or more syllables form the comparative by using more ot less and the superlative by using most or least Ex: intelligent ‘more intelligent é ‘most intelligent * Some adjectives are compared irfegularly. eg. little —less ~ least ) bad — worse — worst many/much — more ~ most 00d — better best E. Adverb An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, of another verb. eg. fast, slowly, ‘very, well Adverbs answer the questions how, where, when, and to-what degree. Adverbs should not be used to modify notins. Kinds of Adverb 1. Adverb of manner (how) eg. He writes (poorly, slowly, neatly) ~ Exercise: Change the following adjectives to adverbs 1. careful 6. slow 2, fast 7. merry, 3. weak 8. graceful , 4. easy 9. quick 5. neat 10. quiet 2. Adverb of time (when). ~ . &. Heis coming (tomorrow, next week, next month, tonight). Exercise: Underline the time expression used. 1. Is the family going to Baguio this summer? 2. The baby could not sleep well lately. 3. The candidate: protested over the result of the election last month, > 4. The doctor will diagnose the patient very soon. 5. Mother is cooking kare-kare right now, : 3. Adverb of place (where) e.g, Letus meet (here, there, in the'restaurant), , Exeicise: Complete the sentence by choosing the appropriate adverb. in the crib in the park under the table in the playground in the library everywhere 1. . The children are 2. The students are researching 104ENGLISH SU IB ea pee eee 3. Noise and dirt are 3 ‘ : 4. The baby lies 5. The cat sleeps 4.” Advetb of frequency (how often) 2 ©.g. He writes to him (daily, weekly, regularly). Exercise: Place the adverb inside the parenthesis properly. 1, Our teacher is absent: (never) 2. Itrains nowadays. (always) oe 3. She attends the Biblé study. (regularly) 4. The student is late. (frequently) ; 5. _Grandpa'takes anap in the afternoon. (usually) 5. Adverb of affirmation/Negation g Ex: Yes, No, never, not surely, certainly ac ¥. reposition ‘A preposition shows the relation between a word and a noun or pfonoun that follows. It indicates a.» place and position ~ at,.in, across, above, below, between, behind, beyond ss : b. “direction and motion — in, toward, out of, about, around, through, by, down, over + ¢. ‘time ~at, before, after, during, since, until Exercise: Give the correct snéwer. 1._ Feeling terribly sorry (about; over, for) one's self is not good for his health. 2. To distinguish (between, at, among) an adjective and adverb is interesting. " 3. ' Gliza Irene was born (in, on, at) April 17, 1991, 4. My friend lives (at, in, on) 238 Dofia Aurora St., Angono, Rizal. 5.‘ Our memory fades (across, behind, beyond) the time, . > G. Conjunction A conjunction connects words or group-of words. ‘Types of Conjuctions © 1, Coordinate conjuction — connects words or clauses of equal rank (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) 5 Examples: Shall I méet you in Malabon or in Caloo¢an? The children ate poor yet they are happy. ‘The girl is cheerful and cooperative. 105ENGLISH 2. Correlative conjuctions —are coordinate conjuctions used (either...or; neither...nor, both...and, not only...but also) Examples: Either Alma or Cartiela will join us. 3 Geraldine reads both fiction and non-fiction books. Mother invited not only our relatives but also our friends. 3, Subordinate conjuction ~ connects clauses of unequal rank. ‘The most common subordinate conjuctions are: although until af because since before 80 that where as long as provided when even though for as unless after even if 50, as Soon as though that inasmuch as whatever asiif Exercise: Join the sentences into one compound sentence. Use and, but, yet, or, and so. The children came along. The party was postponed. 2. The Philippines is said to be a beautiful country. I ike Baguio best. 3. The shidents studied hard.-They cored high in the test 4. The sun is bright. The wind is warm. 5. My.friends passed the test. They will graduate, HL Interjection ‘An interjection expresses emotion, acts as a signal, or adds a conversational touch. ©, ouch, what, wow, hurry, yippee Idendify the Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverbs Preposition Conjuiotion _Interjection 1. Danica “6. recite 11. they 16. but 2. jewelry. 7. independence. 12. who 17, lawyer 3. over 8. enroll 13, outstanding 18. honesty 4, ouch 9. friendly 14. better 19. faithful 5. and 10. slowly 15. book 20. hurray_ 106,ENGLISH ENG EIS pe List of Troublesome Words 1. all ready ~means everybody or everything is ready alteady ~ means previously 2. almost an adverb meaning neaily ‘most ~ an adjective which is the superlative of some 3. alumnus — refers to a inale graduate (singular) alumni — refers to male graduates (plural) alumna ~ refers to female graduate (singular) alumnae — refers to female graduates (plural) 4. among ~ used to refer to more thai two persons or things between — used to refer to onily two persons or things 5. amount ~refers to.quantity in bulk oe number ~ refers to countable units (persons or things) + 6. antagonist — a competitor in any sphere of action; an opponent, villaia protagonist — one who takes the lead in any movement; an advocate; ‘a leading character 7. behavior ~ action in conformity with the required standards of decorum conduct direction or guidance of one’s action 8. beside — meaits next to or close to besides —_means in addition to 9. bother— minor disturbance of one’s peace of mind annoy ~ stresses temporary disturbance of mind causéd by something that displeases one or tries one's patience 10. bring —to carry towards the speaker. take — means to carry away from the speaker 11. cani—used to indicate ability or capability Bs may — to indicate permission 12,.fail ~ to be unsuccessfil in obtaining a desired end flunks— to fail or Gause to fail in schoolwork 13. fewer ~ refers to quantities that can be counted individually less — used for collective quantities that are not counted individually and for abstract characteristics 14, formally ~ means in a formal manner : formerly — previously 15. hanged — uséd in reference to a person hung — used in reference toa thing 16. 1—personal pronoin referring to the speaker me~ objective form of the:pronoun I 17, in— refers to a state of being (no niotion) into — used for motion from one place to another 18, lay~put/place = lie ~rest/recline : 19. lend ~ give ° borrow ~ get_ 20. tet —allow/permit leave~ go awayikeep inpplace 107NGLISH 0s 21. lawful ~allowed by law, not contrary'to law legal ~ established or authorized by law 22. leam ~to acquire knowledge; to find out why teach ~ impart knowledge, to show how 23. love ~used'to mean to have a strong liking for like — expression of mild inclination ‘ 24. passed — past participle of the verb-pass past ~ adjective/a time before the present 25. permit ~ more positive word; suggesting forma alithorization allow — implies no attempt to hinder or prohibit 26. precede ~ to go before in place, order, rank or time Proceed ~to go or move forward 27. raise move to a highér place; regular verb rise — get up;-itregular verb» 4 ‘ 28: set — put something u ‘ S sit —sit down . 29. suit —used for a set of clothes, lawsuit, set of cards suite — connected series of rooms, set of furniture 30. they’re—means they are their ~ showing possession there ~ means place VERBAL ANALOGY i Two Distinct Types of Knowledge a. Knowledge of the words and terms used in the analogy b. Ability to relate these words and terms in a reasonable or logical manner Principles of Taking Verbal Analogy Tests 1, Read the analogy as a sentence, e.g Oak : Tree :: Bungalow : Sentence: ‘ ‘Oaks to tree as bungalow is to what? Or 7 Oak is related to tree in the same as bungalow is related to what? 2. Express'a relationship between the first.two words, substitute the third word for the first, and figure out a suitable substitute for the second word. ©.g. Oakis'a kind of tree. Bungalow is a kind of louse. 108ENGLISH 3. Be alert to commonly used relationships as inthe following: | Relationship. “* 3 Baarigle __.+tiieanstthe same as : pretty : lovely " (opposite of ) fi top: bottom - isa part of. retinas eye = usually become ‘or comes before joey: kangaroo - usually goes with = salt : pepper ~ is used by (user) * stethoscope : doctor. + i used to (done by) +, heait : love is made from or made of | (5c leathers shoes.” ~ is alarget (smaller) version of kid goat sisamieasure of ‘ilograun: weight 4, Be aiware of the general groupings of verbal relationship as in the following: ‘A, Person and Objective e.g. students : good grades — Students aim to get good grades. B. Class and Number 8. crocodile: amphibian ~Crocodile is an amphibian, C. Country atid Capital | <_eg:Jakarta Indonesia Jakarta isthe capital of Indonesia. D. Sex ‘ veg. hou tes - Had etn dog while bitch is a female dog. E. Tools e.g, stethoscope :. doctor ~ Stethoscope is used by a doctor. F. Symbol eg, dove : peace — Dove is'a symbol of peace. Reading comprehension is thé ability to read text, process it and understand its meaning: ‘The process of reading comprehension involves vocabulary knowledge’ and text comprebension. To understand a text, the reader must’ comprehend : the vocabulary used in the article. Also, he'needs to understand each distinct word in a text, and put those words together to develop an overall understanding of what the-article is trying to say. This is text comprehension. i 109J ENGLISH Reading “comprehension tests. ate challenging ! Simply because the reader is given long essays or a number of paragraphs but there ‘are only two to three questions to answer. TIPS ~ : 1. Make reading comprehension tests your friend and not your enemy. 2. Familiarize yourself with reading comprehension questions. 3. Take note of important parts of the selection in order to have more tithe in other parts of the test. 3 4, Read. Read. Read. The best preparation for reading comprehension tests* is always to read, read and read. 5. Be patient to read lengtliy passages. : 6. Rather, increase your attention span by making a habit out of reading, Vocabulary Vocabulary is basic and very imiportant when you learn foreign languages. You can'tunderstand, read, write and speak if you don’t know vocabulary. _ Leaming English vocabulary is a long process that you must follow. Here are some tips for you: Source: www.englishtestscore,net 1 Ze 3 ea 10. 5 1B. Find and buy a good dictionary and/or thesaurus because they are the best friends to help you understand meaning of the new words. Set up a habit to learn vocabulary everyday, everywhere, any time Don’t leam too many words in a.day. You will feel tired and bored after few days; 5-10 words a day are enough. Use a journal ~ list down new words and slowly build your vocabulary every day. ~ Reading is a good way to lear vocabulary. Take note all new words and Jeam them. Play with words by crossword game, use flash cards, etc: Listening is'a good method to learn vocabulary. Copy listening mp3 to your‘tellphone, etc. and listen to them anywhere, any time. ‘Test your vocabulary you have just learned to refresh your memory. Remember that the more often you read, listen, and speak a word, the longer you remember it: Engage in conversations — Talking with other people can help you discover new words. Once you heara new word, jot it down so you can study it later. . Use your dictionary in the smart phones! Helpful sites: wow. vocabulary.co.il www. myvocabulary.com wow. vocabulary.com www-enhancemyvocabulary.com ‘www,cobbk!2.org/chesthamhill ino