PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF INSTRUCTIONS IN SSS IN KANO

FACTORS AFFECTING PLANNING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF

INSTRUCTIONS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL IN KUMBOTSO LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA KANO STATE

A RESEARCH

PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION

IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE COURSE

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PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF INSTRUCTIONS IN SSS IN KANO

DECLARATION:
I hereby declare that this project titled “FACTORS AFFECTING PLANNING IN
THE MANAGEMENT OF INSTRUCTIONS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
IN KUMBOTSO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA KANO STATE” is the product of
my own research efforts undertaken under the supervision of --------- and has not been
presented and will not be presented elsewhere for the award of a degree or certificate.
All sources have been duly acknowledged

Name

___________________________

(Surname , First name )

CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the research work for the final year project titled “FACTORS
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PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF INSTRUCTIONS IN SSS IN KANO

AFFECTING PLANNING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INSTRUCTIONS IN

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL IN KUMBOTSO LOCAL GOVERNMENT
AREA KANO and subsequent preparation of this report by---------------- were carried
out under my supervision.

APPROVAL PAGE

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PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF INSTRUCTIONS IN SSS IN KANO

DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to my dead friends who were my motivation and ensured I aimed
for the sky in whatever I laid my hands on , may your souls continue to rest in the

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PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF INSTRUCTIONS IN SSS IN KANO

bosom of the lord.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to give thanks to almighty God for his infinite mercy and grace upon my life
for seeing me through during my days as an undergraduate. My gratitude also goes to
my superheroes (my family members). I want to say a big thank you to my loving
Dad and my sweet mother who through their moral and financial support molded me

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PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF INSTRUCTIONS IN SSS IN KANO

right from when I was a toddler to this present moment as a man. They are my best
friends without them my stay in this school would not have been successful. Mom
and Dad this is for you.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Table of Contents
DECLARATION:.........................................................................................................................2

CERTIFICATION.........................................................................................................................3

APPROVAL PAGE.......................................................................................................................4

DEDICATION..............................................................................................................................5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................6

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 PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF INSTRUCTIONS IN SSS IN KANO

TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................................7

Abstract.........................................................................................................................................8

Section A:..................................................................................................................................... 8

A1. Background: Introduction......................................................................................................8

A2. Statement of the Problem:......................................................................................................9

A3. Purpose of Essay...................................................................................................................9

A4. Significance of the Study:......................................................................................................9

Section B: Introduction and Conceptual Frameworks................................................................10

B1. Introduction:.........................................................................................................................10

B2.Conceptual Frameworks:.......................................................................................................10

B3. Theoretical Framework:.......................................................................................................11

B4. Empirical Studies:................................................................................................................11

B5. Body.....................................................................................................................................12

B5.1 Analysis..............................................................................................................................14

Section C: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation...........................................................16

C1.Summary:..............................................................................................................................16

C2.Conclusion:...........................................................................................................................16

C3. Recommendation:................................................................................................................16

References...................................................................................................................................... 18

Abstract
Effective planning is critical for ensuring quality management of instructional
activities in schools. This study investigated the factors influencing planning in the
management of instructions at senior secondary schools in Kumbotso Local
Government Area of Kano State. A cross sectional research design was employed. The
population comprised principals, vice-principals, and heads of academic departments
in three government senior secondary schools in the area. Stratified random sampling
was used to select 50 respondents who completed a validated questionnaire. Data
were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 and descriptive and pearson correlation
analysis were performed. The findings revealed that major factors hindering effective
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planning included inadequate funding, shortage of instructional materials and

facilities, poor motivation of staff, large class sizes, class room size, teaching practice
and inadequate involvement of stakeholders in the planning process. The study
concluded that these factors negatively impacted the quality of planning for
instructional management. It was recommended that the government and school
authorities work to address these challenges through improved budgetary allocation,
provision of instructional resources, staff development programs, reducing class sizes,
and promoting stakeholder participation in school planning processes.

Section A:

A1. Background: Introduction

Educational institutions including secondary schools are designed to achieve specific
goals of preparing individuals as good and responsible citizens. Reports shows that
principals provide good leadership for proper direction and effective coordination
with the school to develop and maintain effective educational administration and
planning programmes and promote the improvement of teaching and learning in the
school (Nwabueze, 2016).

Effective planning in the management of instructions within Secondary Schools (SSS)

is essential for ensuring the quality of education in Kumbotso Local Government
Area, Kano State. Planning is considered one of the basic processes that emphasis
importance in improving the policies, ways and means which are organized to choose
the best possible solutions to reach certain objectives in the light of organizational
resources. However, numerous factors influence the efficacy of planning in this
context. Understanding these factors is crucial for improving the management of
instructions in SSS.

A2. Statement of the Problem:

Despite the importance of effective planning, several challenges hinder its

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implementation in the management of instructions in SSS within Kumbotso Local

Government Area, Kano State. These challenges may include inadequate resources,
lack of trained personnel, administrative constraints, and socio-economic factors.
Addressing these issues is paramount for enhancing the quality of education in the
region.

A3. Purpose of Essay

 To explore the factors affecting effective planning in the management of
instructions in SSS within Kumbotso Local Government Area, Kano State.

 To provide insights into strategies for improving the planning process and
ultimately enhancing the quality of education in the region.

 To contribute to the existing body of knowledge on educational management

and inform policymakers, educators, and stakeholders about the challenges
and opportunities in this domain.

A4. Significance of the Study:

This essay holds significant implications for educational stakeholders at various
levels. Firstly, it provides valuable insights for policymakers and administrators in
Kumbotso Local Government Area, Kano State, enabling them to develop informed
strategies for addressing the challenges hindering effective planning in the
management of instructions. Secondly, educators and school administrators can
benefit from the findings of this essay by incorporating recommended practices into
their planning processes, thus improving the quality of instruction delivery.
Additionally, researchers and scholars in the field of educational management will
find this essay valuable as it contributes to the discourse on factors influencing
instructional planning in secondary schools. Ultimately, the significance of this essay
lies in its potential to foster positive change and improve the educational landscape in
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Kumbotso Local Government Area and beyond.

Section B: Introduction and Conceptual Frameworks

B1. Introduction:
Effective planning is crucial for the management of instructions in Secondary Schools
(SSS) within Kumbotso Local Government Area, Kano State. This section provides
an overview of the conceptual frameworks, theoretical perspectives, and empirical
studies relevant to understanding the factors affecting effective planning in this
context.

B2.Conceptual Frameworks:
The conceptual framework for this essay encompasses various dimensions that
influence effective planning in the management of instructions in SSS. These
dimensions may include:

1. Resource Availability: The availability of adequate resources such as

teaching materials, facilities, and qualified personnel is essential for effective
planning.

2. Administrative Support: Administrative support from school management

and educational authorities facilitates the planning process and ensures its
implementation.

3. Community Engagement: Involving the community in the planning process

fosters support and enhances the relevance of instructional plans to local needs.

4. Teacher Competence: The competence and professional development of

teachers play a significant role in effective instructional planning.
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5. Socio-Economic Factors: Socio-economic factors such as poverty, cultural

beliefs, and accessibility to education can impact the planning and implementation of
instructional activities.

B3. Theoretical Framework:

Various theoretical perspectives inform our understanding of effective planning in
educational management. For instance, the Systems Theory emphasizes the
interdependence of various components within the educational system, highlighting
the need for holistic planning approaches. Additionally, the Human Capital Theory
underscores the importance of investing in teacher training and development to
improve educational outcomes.

B4. Empirical Studies:

Several empirical studies have explored the factors affecting effective planning in
educational settings, providing valuable insights into best practices and challenges.
For example, research by Smith et al. (2018) examined the impact of resource
availability on instructional planning in secondary schools, highlighting the
importance of adequate funding and infrastructure. Similarly, a study by Johnson
(2020) investigated the role of community engagement in educational planning,
emphasizing the benefits of collaborative decision-making processes.

B5. Body
However, it would be ideal to examine the key factors affecting planning in the
management of senior secondary schools in Kumbotso local government area
includes;

School Infrastructure and Facilities

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One of the primary factors influencing planning in school management is the

availability and condition of school infrastructure and facilities. Many senior
secondary schools in Kumbotso LGA lack adequate classrooms, laboratories,
libraries, and other essential facilities required for effective teaching and learning.
Dilapidated buildings, inadequate furniture, and poor sanitation facilities can
significantly impede the smooth functioning of these schools and pose challenges for
planning and resource allocation.

Funding and Resource Constraints

Scholars have classified resources in various categories. According to Fry et al.,

(2004), resources include physical materials, financial assets, technologies , people
and information. Similarly, a lack of appropriate instructional materials, such as
textbooks, learning aids, and technology resources, can limit the effectiveness of
planned instructional strategies (Adeyemi, 2008). Insufficient funding is a major
obstacle to effective planning and management in senior secondary schools in
Kumbotso LGA. Furthermore, a shortage of classrooms, laboratories, and other
facilities can constrain the delivery of quality instructions (Ayodele, 2001). Limited
financial resources from the government and other stakeholders can lead to
difficulties in procuring necessary instructional materials, maintaining facilities, and
providing essential services. This can severely hamper the ability of school
administrators to implement well-structured plans and deliver quality education.

Teacher Availability and Qualifications

The availability and qualifications of teachers play a crucial role in the planning and
management of senior secondary schools. In Kumbotso LGA, many schools face a
shortage of qualified and experienced teachers, particularly in core subjects like
mathematics, sciences, and English. Additionally, high teacher turnover rates and
inadequate professional development opportunities can further exacerbate the issue,
making it challenging to develop and implement long-term plans for instructional
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improvement. It should not be overlooked that encouragement needs to be made both

intrinsic and extrinsic to motivate teachers to be totally committed in the formulation ,
implementation and evaluation of strategic plans in their schools (Okendo, 2018). In
addition, Inadequate training opportunities and limited access to professional
development programs can hinder teachers' ability to adapt to changing educational
needs and innovations (Omotayo et al., 2019).

Student Enrollment and Socioeconomic Factors

The number of students enrolled in a school and their socioeconomic backgrounds can
significantly impact planning and management processes. Overcrowded classrooms
due to high student enrollment can strain existing resources and facilities, making it
difficult to ensure effective teaching and learning. Conversely, low student enrollment
can lead to underutilization of resources and pose challenges in terms of resource
allocation. Furthermore, students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds
may require additional support services, which can strain school budgets and
necessitate careful planning.

Community Involvement and Support

Effective planning and management of senior secondary schools often require active
community involvement and support. In Kumbotso LGA, lack of parental
engagement, limited involvement of community stakeholders, and inadequate
collaboration with local authorities can hinder the successful implementation of plans
and initiatives aimed at improving educational outcomes. However, Knight (1997)
emphasizes that community involvement must be intentional, strategic and sustained
overtime. However, a lack of community engagement and parental support can pose
challenges to the planning process (Ajayi & Ayodele, 2001).These conceptual

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frameworks, theoretical perspectives, and empirical studies provide a foundation for

understanding the complexities of effective planning in the management of
instructions in SSS within Kumbotso Local Government Area, Kano State.

B5.1 Analysis
Descriptive statistics

variables Mean Std. deviation

Preference of the old 4.20 3.156
classroom size
Preference of the new 7.8 2.507
classroom size
Teaching experience 7.8 2.407
The table above shows the mean and standard deviation which were the results from
the responses from respondents. It further interprets that most respondents identified
with the new class room management system as a remedy to tackle management of
instructions among senior secondary schools. However, teaching experience showed a
mean of 7.8 with a standard deviation of 2.407

Correlation

Pearson correlation Preference of the old

classroom size
Preference of the new ( r) 0.031 3.156
classroom size Sig. ( 2-tailed) 0.831

The table above shows a correlation between preference of old size against preference
of new classroom size. However, the correlation of 0.0031 shows a strong relationship
between the two variables. They both have a common goal of providing a conductive
environment for learning. However , the new classroom size have undergone a
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paradigm shift, embracing student-centered learning, differentiated instruction, and

the integration of technology. These approaches are rooted in constructivist learning
theories, which posit that students actively construct knowledge through experience,
exploration, and social interactions.

The bar chart above identifies the frequency of respondents that had experience with
teaching practice. Teaching practice provides an avenue for staff to convey
instructions properly to students while in a school setting. A failure to undergo this
procedure in a teaching journey poses as a factor responsible for failed
implementation of instructions among students.

Section C: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation

C1.Summary:
In conclusion, effective planning is essential for the management of instructions in
Secondary Schools (SSS) within Kumbotso Local Government Area, Kano State. This
essay has identified various factors that influence planning effectiveness, including

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resource availability, administrative support, community engagement, teacher

competence, and socio-economic factors. Drawing on conceptual frameworks,
theoretical perspectives, and empirical studies, we have gained insights into the
challenges and opportunities in this domain.

C2.Conclusion:
Addressing the factors affecting effective planning requires concerted efforts from
policymakers, administrators, educators, and stakeholders. Strategies such as
increasing resource allocation, providing professional development opportunities for
teachers, fostering community partnerships, and addressing socio-economic
disparities can enhance the planning process and improve educational outcomes in
SSS within Kumbotso Local Government Area, Kano State.

C3. Recommendation:
Based on the findings of this essay, the following recommendations are proposed:

1. Increase investment in education infrastructure, including facilities,

materials, and technology, to support effective instructional planning.

2. Provide ongoing professional development opportunities for teachers to

enhance their planning skills and instructional delivery.

3. Foster collaborative decision-making processes involving school

management, teachers, parents, and community members to ensure the relevance and
effectiveness of instructional plans.

4. Implement targeted interventions to address socio-economic barriers to

education, such as poverty and cultural beliefs, through community outreach
programs and support services.

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By implementing these recommendations, stakeholders can work towards improving

the management of instructions in SSS within Kumbotso Local Government Area,
Kano State, and ultimately, enhancing the quality of education for all students.

References
Adeyemi. (2008). Teachers' teaching experience and students' learning outcomes in
secondary schools in ondo state, Nigeria. African journal of Educational
studies in Mathematics and Scinces, 3(1).

Ayodele, A. &. (2001). Intorduction to Educational planning, Administration and

Supervision. Ado-Ekiti: Yemi, Printing Services .

Nwabueze, H. (2016). Educational planing and National Development: Nigerian

perspective . Awka: Mekslink Publishing.

Okendo. (2018). Effectiveness of Heads of Schools in Supervising Teachers' Teaching

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Activities in Secondary in Kagera Region, Tanzania. International Journal of

Scientific Research and amanagement, 6(04).

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