1
> O18) =p (ep —pr
-—P PL
~ (x=phPe xhP
Under the conditions x > | and 0 0.
Hence, 9 is a strictly increasing function in [1, + 2).
> b()>O(1) forx>1.
> o(a)>0
> (x-1P>x?-1
we get
yum gin pin
Putting x = and p
> (a-
For the part (a +b)!" c, then a )
fom (
S'G8) = ne ne) Clem
=2n(x-c)>0
Ifx 0 is a constant
(c) A(x) = cos x on [0, 107]
(og) =412= 12 [on 2, 3]
le’s Theorem is applicable. If applicable,
the derivative vanishes. If not applicable,
/x, x#0
1
wror={ 0, rao Onl).
»
. Prove that between any two real roots of e* sin x = 1 there is at least one real root of
ecosx+1=0.
=
1. Using f(x) = (x — 4)In x, prove that the equation xIn x = 4 — x is satisfied by at least one
value of x in (1, 4).
. Use the Mean Value Theorem to prove that
(@)|sinax—sin bx|<|a—b||x|,x#0 (b) | cos ax —cos bx | < la—b||x|,x#0
© tan“ x-tan4y|s|x-yl,nyeR (det (x-a)0 Oko- Ta
x-a
(© f)= —,a4#b,x4b
x-b
Also indicate the intervals on which the function is increasing and on which the function is
decreasing,
=
’ Let fbe continuous on [a, b], differentiable on (a, b) and let f(a) = 0 and /"(x) # 0 for all
*€ (a,b). Show that x = ais the only zero of f(x) on [a, ).
Suppose fis twice differentiable on R and that there are three distinet points x
Reith £61) = f(x) =f Gy). Prove that there is al least one point ¢ for which /"(c) = 0.
xy and x3 in
a DIFFERENTIATION-1
f ; i
9. Suppose fis continuous on [a, b], differentiable on (a, 4) and that L(x 0
. ©
constant. Prove that /(x) = cx +d on [a,b] for some Constay is ally,
1 ant
10. Prove that, if fis differentiable on (a, b) and "is bounded on (a, h), :
continuous on (a, b).
IL. Let: R > R satisfy the condition | f(x) -0) | < @-y)
aconstant function,
(a, b), where c
the
en fis Pilon
Y
P for allx, y ¢ R. Show that
i
12. Prove that the function f(x) = x + x? sin (2/x), x # 0, /(0) = 0 increases at x =
0, but q
increase on any interval J = (~¢, ¢) for any ¢ > 0. CS ng
13. Suppose fis continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, 6). Then show that fo
& defined by g (x) = f(x) + Ax, x € [a, b], where A is chosen under the con
g (b), there exists c € (a, b) such that g’(c) = 0.
Hence show that f(b) =f(a) = (©) (b ~ a). (This result provides an alternative pra
the Mean Value Theorem). a
14, Suppose /: [0, 2] -> R is differentiable. /(0) = 0,f(1)=2 and f(2) =3. Show that
(a) there exists c; € (0, 1) such that f'(c,) = 2;
(6) there exists cp € (1, 2) such that f’(c:) = 1;
(c) there exists c; ¢ (0, 2) such that f"(c3) = 3/2;
the function
dition » (a
15. Use the Mean Value Theorem to prove that
(Ae 1,
a
. (Bernoulli's Inequality) For p > 1, show that
(1+xP21+px forallx>-t.
. Show that e* > 1 +x for allx € R,x #0.
3
—— = ASSORTED PROBLEMS eee
1. Let fbe a continuously differentiable function on R. Suppose that L= lim (f(x) +f")
ae
exists. If 0 < L R is
about the function /?
-mpowine is
ven by f(x) = el*14 + [x2 — 1], Which of the followin’
(A) It is not differentiable exactly at three points of R.
(B) It is not differentiable atx = 0. CHAPTER 3
| # his agifterentiable at x = 2
oO fferentiable atx = 1 and x =—1,
pyitisnet a INET Dee, 20134
ition AS) 40 HLF AP dierent atx = 9
© ay oro values OF i Ay Aas ay (B) for any values of a, asa, 4,
oO only ifn = 0, (D) only if both 4)=0anday 0,
pe . INET June, 20134
a saps /:R> Ris a fetion that satisfies 70) -/()| <[x-y,B>0, wien of the
following, is correct?
oa a a (B) If B > 0, then fis uniformly continuous,
(up> 1, then fis a constant function. (D) fmust be a polynomial. (NET June, 2013)
5 Letfbea twice differentiable function on R. Given that f"(x) > 0 for all x € R,
(A)f(@) = 0 has exactly two solutions on R.
(B) f(x) = 0 has a positive solution if /(0) = 0 and if") =0.
(Cf) = 0 has no positive solution if (0) = 0 and f"(0) > 0.
(0) /() = 0 has no positive solution if f(0) = 0 and f"(0) <0. (NET Dec, 2012]
3
2
6 Leif) =sin x —x + a and g(x) = cos x— 1+ a for x € R. Which of the following
statements are correct?
(A)f(@)20 for all x>0 (B) gis an increasing function on (0, «0)
(C)gisa decreasing function on [0,°) _ (D) f" is a decreasing function on [0, «).
[NET Dec, 2012]
1. Consider the function f(x) = cos (|x —5 |) + sin (|x —30[) +|x +108 -(x|] +4)?
At which of the following points is fnot differentiable?
(A) (B) x=30
(x=-10 (D) x=0. [NET June, 2012]
§ Consider the function Ax) = | cos x | +| sin (2 -x)].
At which of the following points is fnot differentiable?
(A)
ns n5 nec} (B) {naineZ}
Otmnsr:ne zy (D) {= ine 2 [NET June, 2011]
da pe as
eT ER RY) —/) |< k [Oe—y)] aM) forall x,y € Band for some a>
Sor i
. ™ek> 0. Which of the following is/are true?
“Ye F is continuous, (B) every fe F uniformly continuous.
De . ae i
| “SY dileentable function fis in F. (D) every fe F is ilterentable.
(A)
[NET June, 2011]
ng DIFFERENTIATION-1
12
10. Leta> 1 and fg, h: [-a, a] -> R be twice differentiable functions such that for
Some,
with 0 R which is twice differentiable and sati
x €[0, 1], we must have
(A) f"(@) 20 for all x € [0, 1].
(B) f'(%) 2x forall x € (0, 1).
(C)f G2) —x2 < f(x) —x for all xy, x» € (0, 1] with x) > x).
) f (42) —x2 2 F(%1) x; for all x, xy € (0, 1] with ay > x,.
VAM ans
(AM 2006,
sfies f"(x)> 1 foray
(JAM 2007)
13. Let be a differentiable function on an interval (a, b). Assume that "is bounded on a, 8)
Prove that fis uniformly continuous on (a, 6). (JAM 2009)
14. Suppose f: [0, 1] — Ris differentiable and f"(x) < 1 at every x € (0,1). Iff(0)=0 andf
(1)= 1, show that f(x) =x forall x ¢ [0, 1]. [JAM 2011)
15. Suppose fis a real valued function defined on an open interval I and differentiable a every
xe L If (a, 5] cl and/"(a) <0 R be a twice differentiable function such that” is continuous at every point
in (a, b). Prove that
tim LE+D=2. fe) +f(x-h)
x30 h
for every x € (a, 5).
=f"e) (ua 201l]
17. Let f: [a, 5] - R be a continuous function such that fis differentiable in (a, c) and (¢,4)
a R be a differentiable function such that f(x?) = 1 x3 for all> 0 and (1)
Then f(4) equals
41 47 16
— B) — 16 8
As ® 4 O-% (D)~} (aM 2014)
a . . 1
ni. Let fs RAR be a twice differentiable function such that f (3) =0 for all n & N. Show
that f"(0) = 0='"(0). JAM 2014)
22. Letf: (0, 1) > R be a differentiable function such that | f’(x)| <5 for all x € (0, 1). Show
1
that the sequence {r (ah converges in R. JAM 2014]
2B Let: RR be a differentiable function with /(0) = 0. If for all x ¢ R, 1 2, let f,: R > R be given by f, (x) =x" sin x. Then at x = 0, f, has a
(A) local maximum if n is even (B) local maximum if n is odd.
(C) local minimum if n is even (D) local minimum if mis odd. (JAM 2015]
8. Form,n€ N,
x” sin (4) x#0
In, n &) = x
0, x=0
( .
. differentiable for each pair m, n with m > n.
) differentiable for each pair m,n with m n.
[JAM 2015]
hat / has finitely many
‘Then for any y € R, the
[JAM 2015]
entice for each pair m, n with m R be a twice Continuously differentiable function with LO)=F0)
Then
LO) 4
(A) f" is the zero function
(B) £"(0) is zero
(OF) = 0 for some x € (0, 1)
(D) f" never vanishes. INET Deg M5
28. Letf: R>Rbea differentiable function such that sup |f*(x)| < ©.Then i
xER
(A) Smaps a bounded Sequence to a bounded sequence
(B) fmaps a Cauchy sequence to a Cauchy sequence
(C) fmaps a convergent sequence to a convergent sequence
(D) fis uniformly continuous, INET Dec, 29151
1
7 for all x © [-
1
29. Let f(x) = —T 1+fe-q]
1+
1, 1]. Then which one of the following is TRUE
(A) Maximum value of f(x) is 3 (B) Minimum value of f(x) is :
(C) Maximum of f(x) occurs at ; (D) Minimum of f(x) occurs at x = 1,
(VAM 2016)
30. Let the function f: R > R be defined as
x, if xe(0,2)N@
SQ)= .
2x-1, if xe (0,2) (R/Q)
which one of the following is not true
(A) fis continuous at x = 1 (B) fis differentiable at x= 1
(C) fis not differentiable at x = 1 (D) fis differentiable only at x= 1.
[DU Ent. 2016)
31. Let $: ROR be a differentiable function such that ' is strictly increasing with (1)
= 0. Let a and B denote the minimum and maximum values of ¢ (x) on the interval [2, 3].
respectively. Then which one of the following is TRUE ?
(A) B= 6G) (B) a = 9(2-5)
(C) B= (25) (D) a = $(3) [JAM 2017]
l+x if x<0
32. f= {4 oGeag if x20 a
satisfies the assumptions of Rolle’s theorem in the interval [-1, 1], then the ordere
(p, 9) is
(A) 2 -) (B) (2, -D
M2017]
©) ee ue 18
sin 1X CHAPTER 3
get) sing? * © (+) and tet x © (0, ) be such that
(f(00))? + (2? = 1) Sin? x9) = oenrne (0) = 0. Then
[YAM 2017)
3c (1
x sin| —
44, Fors € R, let f@) = (=} x#0
y >» x=0
Then which one of the following is FALSE?
£0) 4
A) lim 2
o) a0 *
Doe. .
(¢) L& has infinitely many maxima and minima on the interval (0,1)
7 ,
(D) LO) is continuous at x = 0 but di i
£2) sat x = 0 but differentiable at x = 0 [JAM 2018}
x
35. Let f: R > R, be defined by
sin x
f@=} x’
1 >
Then,
(A) fis not continuous
(C) fis differentiable
(B) fis continuous but not differentiable
(D) fis not bounded [NET June, 2017|
1
36, Letf: R/{0} > R be defined by (x) = +3
On which of the following interval (s) is fone-one ?
(A) (, -1) (8) @, 1) on
© ,2) (D) (0, ) [JAM 2018]
3. Let: R, be such that f” is continuous on R and f(0)
Then, lim (( 2) is...
i400 x
=1,f"(0)=0and f" (0)=-1-
i 018}
. (correct up to three decimal places) [JAM 2 ] ES
eae
< Differentiation—-]]
In this chapter, we further continue our study carried out in the previous chapter
differentiable functions. We have come across several applications of the Mean Valye Theore
in that chapter. Here we introduce two generalizations of the Mean Value Theorem oy.”
Taylor s Theorem and the other is Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem. While the Mean Valye Theorem
relates the values of a function and its first derivative, Taylor 5 Theorem provides a relationshin
between the values of a function and its higher order derivatives. On the other hand, Can
whys
Mean Value Theorem deals with two functions together along with their first order derivatives
about th,
TRTAYLOR’s THEOREM
Taylor’s theorem provides us a way to approximate a given function by a polynomial
Approximating a function by a polynomial is a very useful technique in real analysis. Itis because
the polynomials are one of the simplest kind of functions and operations such as differentiation,
integration etc. are easy to compute for these functions. Taylor’s Theorem gives us the tool to
look for the suitable polynomial for a given function and also describes the error involved in
the approximation.
Definition 4.1.1. Suppose fand its irst 2 derivatives f’, #”, ..., f exist at a point a
Then the »/” Taylor's Polynomial for f about a (or at a) is de ined by the expression |
L@ LO, |
n!
(c-a) +... (el
T, @)=S(@) +f'@ (xa) +
2!
Example 4.1.2. Find the 3rd Taylor's Polynomial for the function f (x) = sin x about 0.
Solution. Let f(x) = sin x. Then
f@)=sinx => f(0)=sin0=0;
S'@)=cosx => f'(0)=cos 0
S'@)=-sinx = f"(0)=-sin0=0;
S")=-cosx => (0) =-cos 0
£0) 3, £70)
T3 (x) =S(0) + f"(0) x + 3 3
126 4a CHAPTER 4
Ox? =)
=O+1xe+ 42
~ 2
13
=x 5
6°
gxample 4.1.3. Find the 4" Taylor s polynomial of the function
Solution. Here f(x) = 3 + 5x 4x3 + x4. Then (1) = 5 and
SO)=10K- 122 443 = pyar.
I") = 10-24r 4122 ry
SX) = -24 + 24x => f"(1)=0;
SOK) = 24 => SOL) =24
(Xx) = 3 + Sx? 4x3 +4 about |,
Hence,
THA)= FO) +/'Me-1)+ FO eps LO gay
(4)
+£0 (x- 14
0 24
=5426-D- 5 @aseed @-1Ip+ @-14
=5+2e-1)-(@-1P +=,
Example 4.1.4. Find the n™ Taylor's polynomial for the function f (2) = e* about 0.
Solution. For each n € N, the n derivative of fis
S) (x) = ef and £0) = 1.
Hence
T,@)-fO+POx+L 2° v++ £0 o e
x”
xe
Bltet gy tt
How far does a function f differ from its Taylor's Polynomial? The answer lies in the Taylor's
Theorem provided below.
Theorem 4.1.5, (Taylor’s Theorem with Lagrange’s form of remainder) Let I = [a, 5], f:
> [Link] € 1. For n € N, let fhave derivatives upto 7 order on I such that
© is continuous on [a, b] and
(f° is derivable in (a, b).
Then for any x € I, there exists a point c between x and xp such that
"(y)
10) = Sa) f°) @—20)+ FED (aay.
-(n) (ml) (0
‘ ff! Me) LO) (e-x"!
n!
G20)" * Ge DIFFERENTIATION-II
a a oo :
Proof, Let J denote the closed interval with end points x and x9. Define a function 8
F:J->Rby
“ LO (gL
F=f) | LOF OOD 475) (8-0 tt O(N NG in
Aisa constant to be suitably chosen.
Now, Jc [a, 5]; hence fhas derivatives upto n'* order in J.
Also, is continuous on {a, 6] and derivable on (a, 5); hence, f JF, fg
continuous on [a,b]. Therefore F is continuous on J. Similarly, F is derivable on J, except bins
at the end points of J (since x, x9 may also take values a and b, F may not be derivable atx ny
x). Further we choose the constant A so that F(x) = F(). Then F satisfies all the condition
Rolle’s Theorem. Hence there exists c between x and xp such that F’(c) = 0.
where
HD) (¢ 1)"
p= LO Oe ) -A(n+1)(x-0"
Now,
Hence, F()=0 > A Le
(n+l)!
Again, Foss) = FG)
Sl6)+ f'GNe=%)+ 222 (ea) +.
= fe@)- 7 a =0
L008) ayy Abe"
= Fl) =f(00) +f) (ex) ++ OO (ex)?
£0 (40) (OC ga
tot rie (=x) + oo (r-n
Remark
If we denote the 1!" Taylor’ , .
may be written as vi® Taylor's Polynomial of fabout x by T,(x), then Taylor's Theorem’ oom"
S()=T, (2) +R, (x)
Le)
(n+l)!
‘ The expression R,, (x) is called the Lagrange’.
Several other forms of remainder for ‘ature, We shi
fone more such form, known a “
where R, (x)=
(exp)
yr
form ofrems™
for some point c between x and ry.
ise
‘STI fn the Il all
\ylor’s Theorem are known in the lit
_—_—— CHAPTER 4
429
ing Taylor's Theorem prove that
Je 4.1.6. Using Tay
Examp ? A
+ FE a ees x > 0,
I+x 23 rary e 7
x> 0. We apply Taylor’s Theorem to the function f(x) = e* about 0, with 7 = 2 to get.
e = Ty (x) + Ry (x)
xe
Tr (x)= 14tx4+ 7
solution. Let
where
-L0
and Ry (x)= ai x
e
acy x3, for some c between 0 and x.
Since, 0 TL@+ 3 <@)+ a e tet tay se x
Example 4.1.7. For any k € N and for all x > 0, show that
ack,
2k+1
Solution. Let x > 0. We apply Taylor’s Theorem to the function f(x) = In(1 +.x) about 0 to get
In(1+x)=T, (0) +R, @)
rete Ft peeing tay S@O= a LO=1
1
"(x)= -———, 0) ==1
fa=-T ae f'O)
ml
700 y= DD! poy) 211)
Hence, (+x)
LO) Os £2,
nt
T, (x)= S(O) +f" (Ox + DIFFERENTIATION-I in
ie
cix- batt
=O+1x¥ 3 . |
(0) yy EDTA I .
™ RO “Gan ~ dre" ep!
en
= aaa aed x"! for some c between 0 and x,
(ite) (at
Now, foranyx>0, R,@)>0, — if'mis even
and R,@)<0, — ifmis odd
Hence, S (8) = Tae @) + Rox &) > Te @)
and S(&) = Tres @) + Roser ©) < Tre)
Therefore, from (i), we get
2 xk 1
yo +..- 2 Rby ih end points x and x9 by J and define a funt
6 O=Se)- [7 0+ £O@-+ L0G
(n)
et LO (pnt eae
nl
‘here A is a constant to be suitably chosen
Then, as in Theorem 4,1
the end points of J Further, fark Asean co en nino
all the conditions of Rolle’ Thee the constant A so that G (x) = G (a). Then
's Theore erel
such that rem. Therefore, there exists som
5., G is continuou:
and 80
e ¢ lying betwee! CHAPTER 4
431
yon
or G(n= fo (x- "A
‘Therefore, a
G()=0 > A= fa (e-oy"
nl
Again G (x) = G(x)
Dae [: (30) + 1°09) (= 59) +22) (6-5)?
)
+O (en) FAG) 0
. I0)= $0) +76) (0-9) ++ LO) 65 y
on (mst)
tet L&) (=x) + oo (x= c)" (x9)
Remark
1£0 € I, we may take xq =0. Then the number c obtained in Taylor’s Theorem lies between 0 and x,
so that we may write c= 0 x for some @ with 0 <6 <1. The expression of f(x), then, can be written as
” )
Fe-fO +f Ox tO) 244° O ee ey 0g
2! nl
(n+l)
where RG) = eer re (Lagrange’s form of Remainder)
n+l)!
(n+)
or Ry @)= eek) (1-6)"x""!_ (Cauchy’s form of Remainder)
n
The particular case of Taylor’s Theorem with x9 = 0, fhaving the above expression (i), is also known
4s Maclaurin’s Theorem.
<=“ ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. ———
1 Ife (0, 1] and n & N, show that
n+l
2 3 n
marn-(Fet—rcor se] <
ae ‘his to approximate In 1.5 with an error less than 0.01.
Tavory a write (x) = In (1 + x), Then f possesses derivatives of every order. Hence, by
corem, we get about x = 0
S(x) = T,, (x) +R, (x)
ro)
“(O) 4 ae) 7
= £0) +f") x4 ao eh eR OD
Mere DIFFERENTIATION-I
(nil) (e)
where RO “Gap!
roe oO) = CA Hor DYE, Hen
2 x?
In(l tay= 04x + 3
= [ings o-[ wt CD
—, <
n+l(l+q"™
Now, for In (1.5), we have x = .5
For m= 3, we have
ny
vy"! for some ¢ wilh 0 6 l
ntl
atl pad
wat Ld ~ o1s625> 01
n+l 4 2.4 64
Then, for n= 4, we have
wt Ft LN 0605.01
n+l 5 25.5 160° :
Hence, the error is less than 0.01 if m= 4.
Now, for n = 4, we have
= 5 —.125 + .041666 — .015625
= 541666 — 140625
= 401041
1. Show that
2 24
ne?
| Scosxs) + for ally
< S Fall x €
2 24
2. Show that sin x lies between
3 ‘ s
x :
x-—andx-* 4%)
6 6 120
R. yr
FT 33 CHAPTER 4
Taylor's theorem to prove that
nue
x . ‘i
XS cet
+5 HO,
1+
prove that
sin a mu
irfla) =e show that the remainder term in Taylor's Theorem
sp for each fixed xp and x,
9
x
— forall x,
1 II x,
”
converges to (as m tends to
_ gfe) =sinx, show that the remainder term in Taylor's Theorem converges to 0
‘ as n tends
10 ®.
1, Calculate ¢ correct upto four decimal places,
8, Find the Taylor's polynomial T,,, (x) and T344, about 0 for f(x) = cos x.
4, Find the sixth Taylor’s Polynomial T¢(x) for the function f(x) = J about 1. Also fnd the
Lagrange’s form of remainder Re (x).
10, Find the sixth Taylor’s polynomial T(x) for the function \f (x) = Inx about 1. Also write the
expression for the Lagrange’s form of remainder Rg(x).
AUCHY'S MEAN VALUE THEOREM AND L’HOSPITAL’S RULE
Now, we come to the other generalization of the Mean Value Theorem — Cauchy's
Mean Value Theorem. As an application to this, we will prove a very useful result of calculus,
known as L’Hospital’s rule.
Theorem 4.2.1, (Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem). Iffandg are continuous on §,, b] and
differentiable on (a, b), then there exists c € (a, b) such that
(6) -f(a)] g' (c)=[g ()-8 MISO.
Proof. We define h : [a,b] >R
h(D=[F()-SlgO-[g)-s@OlSO i)
Then, h is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, 6). Therefore, by the Mean Value
Theorem, there exists ¢ € (a, b) such that
h(b)—h (a)= ht (c) (b-a)
Now, from (i)
h(b)= f(b) g(a) ~g (6) f(a) = h(a).
Therefore h(e)=0
Hence, we have
VO)-fla) y ()={g(6)- KAI {Krom (OL DIFFERENTIATION.
Remark
HWwe take g (yy Vforalle fa, by
MY Hay (b
Which is the conclusion
Uhus, 1
Hin Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem, then we Bet
are)
ofthe Mean Value Theorem,
c's Mean Value Theorem is a part
ally, suppose x IY = east Cquation of a ¢,
ave dierentiable on (a, then for any fe (a, h ely
nb), i *0, the Slope of th
© Curve
gO
POINL (A), (y © Cauchy's Mean Va
r (HO. 2 (0) ism rw The Cauchy s Mean Value Theorem thus Says that Under
there is some ¢ © (a, 5
al Lo the slope of the secant
curve,
Aran
Goometr
andy
4 is parametric
), Where /"(
atthe
the given conditions,
VO 8 CD) is equi
) for which the slope o
#(h)) of the
f the tangent at the poiny
line through the endpoints (/ (@),g (@)) and (by,
Example 4.2.2. Show that
sina =
inf
I cot), for some
08 B cos
0 € (&, B), where O<
Solution, Let f(xy
a
[eos cos 0 # 050 0 and g
Le B(x)
(*) > 0, when x > ¢:
. f(x)
or lim AB)
+ Where both /(x) > co and g
ve gy
(%) > ©, when x ¢,
‘Types of such quotient : are called indeterminate forms; while the first type is symbolized
as © form, the second one is symbolized as = form. Other indeterminate forms are Ose,
Isa
However, limits of all these indeterminates can be evaluated by
sing algebraic manipulations,
0
° asic Ie is — or —.
logarithms or exponentials rules to convert them to the two basic form: E 7
CHAPTER 4
438
Pe provide proof of L'Hospital’s rule for the basic indeterminate form 2 . St may
pelos ; oo 0
tioned pere that there are several other versions of L'— Hospital's rule in the literature.
, ;
pe ne 0
m 423. (LHospital’s Rule (basic) for form). Let fand g be continuous on [a,b]
orem . «
™ giferemtiable O° (a, 6). Let e € [a, b] such that f(c) = 0 = g (c), Further let g(x) #0, g(x)
oll ‘re (a, DMC}. We have
20! .
im £9 21 then tim LOD
if soe g(x) xe g(x)
rons, Weappeal othe sequential criterion of limits. Let (x,) be a sequence in (a, b)\{c} which
mets ‘oc, By the Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem, there exists c, between x, and c for each
such that
fe) -SO1 8 Cn) = Ig On) - 8 OF) sali)
Now,@(2) and g’ (x) are nonzero for all x ¢ (a, 6)\(c}. Therefore g (x,) # 0 and
go) #0 forall n. Also, f(c) = 0=g (c). Hence we get,
Ln) _fG)-fO _ f'n).
B%,) 8%)-8lc) 8'(C,)
Since, ¢, lies between x, and ¢ for each n, and x, — c, we have c,, > c. Hence, by the Sequential
F lim f2.-1)
sve g(a)
[by (0) Mid)
Criterion for limit
7 (Ze)
8'(Cy)
> lim (48 [from (ii)
> lim
rove g(x
[Remark
Thesatement of Theorem 4.2.3 for 9 form is provided in a manner such that Cauchy's mean Value
Theorem can be directly used in the proof. Other simpler statements also exist for L’Hospital’s rule for
= fi 20
a om as Well as for = form, We provide them below here.
Theo
rem 4.2.4, (L’Hospital’s Rule)
0
@{o
9 rm | : 1ffand g are two functions such that OIFFERENTIATION«I|
(9 Tim 700) = tim g (9 ~ 0; "
(OFC), g(r) exist
and g(x), 20) #0 forall xe (c
some 8 > 0 and
det 6) except POscibly ay
")
(x)
(ii) lim
reg
ssthen, tim LU = jing £0).
Xe Q(X) xe a(x)
()) (= form) IFF, gare two functions such that
(i) tim S(x)= lim gat © (or ~ 00);
(i) f'(), g'() exist and g
(), 8'@) #0 forall x € (¢~
some §> 0, and
8,c+8) eXCept possibly atc. fo
Git) tim LO) exists: then, tim LO) — tim £@)
xe g’(x) xe g(x) xc g’(x)
Remark
The above result also remains valid if limit is teplaced by rij
‘That is, we can replace c by c* or c~. In that case,
(c,€ + 8) or (¢~8, c) respectively.
ight hand limit or left hand limi
(C8, € + 8) of (i) should be suitably epiaceq by
P. . fanx—x
Example 4.2.5, Evaluate lim
x30 x? tanx
Sok jim {92% _ 5, (tanx—x x }
olution. lim ——— = on eae
roo tanx x90 tan x
tanx-x (0 i es
= jim 222% 9) |. him =1
im, 3S (3) ( x0 tanx )
aT sec? x-1 3)
so a (0
2sec? x tan x
= lim
roo 6x
1. a (=)
= ~ lim sec? x] =
x0 x
1 1
= sles
30043 e CHAPTER 4
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
sin 2x + asin x
1, For what value of a does ear nae tend to a finite limit as x > 0?
__ sin 2x+asinx 0
sation. I? 0
= jim 20082x+acosx (24a
x40 3x2 0
qoapply L’ Hospital’s Rule, we assume 2 + a=0
shen the above limit = jim 20082x=2e0sx (0
’ x90 3x2 0
= fim, TAN 2x4 2sin-x (0
x0 6x 0
= Tin oem ae Aas
x90 6
=-1
Hence, the required value of a is -2.
2, Evaluate lim [ c 1]
xo0le*-1 x
Solution. The given limit is of 0 ~ « form.
pet
cry pe ee ree (2)
xo0(eF-1 x) 190 x(e*-1) 0
Sew (@)
roe —1+xe" \0
= li
x
. -e
= lim ———;=-5
x90 et +e +30! 2]
——— (EXERCISES 4.2
¢ following functions and
1. Check the applicability of Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem for th
Verify the hypothesis in case of applicability
(9) f0)=x-22, g (x) = 3x2 4x? in [0.1]
FC) =e, g(x) =e in 10, 1]
(©F(4)= sin x, g (x) = cos x in [-7/2, 0. DIFFERENTIATION-II
, P "
2. Find c as prescribed by Cauchy’s Mean value Theorem for :
(a) (x)=, g (x)=? in [1,2]
(Df) =x (= 1)r—2), g (0) =x (e= 2)or~ 3) in [0, A].
(Of) =e, g (x)= e* in [0, 1]
3. Evaluate the following limits
x :
(@) tim 22+) 8) tim 2!
2 © ine, OF
(©) Kim (sin x)"* (@ lim, (+x)!*
wi
(@) lim (tan x)" (D lim, (cot x)*™*
x0"
oe
2
4, Find the values of a, b, c so that
. ae* cos x +c ris
Jim 42 =P 008 ** 06 may be equal to 2.
2390 xsinx
5. Find the values of a, b, cso that
a+bcosx+csin x
lim 7
x30 x
FEMI SOME APPLICATIONS OF TAYLOR'S THEOREM
In this section we discuss some applications of Taylor's ‘Theorem with regard to
convex functions and relative maxima.
exists and equals ; .
Convex functions
Convexity is a very important mathematical notion which has a number of applications,
particularly in the Theory of Optimization. Graphically speaking, a function f: 1 Ris convex
ifthe graph off between any two ofits points lies below the line joining the points. ‘An immediate
example of such a function is f(x) = ||.
Definition 4.3.1. Let | cR be an interval. A function f: I + R is said to be convex on lit
for any with 0 <¢< 1 and any points x), x2 € I, we have
F((1 1); +e) $ (1-9 Fs) + F)-
Here you may note that for x; <2, O R have second derivative on l Then
a
Convex function on | if and only if f"(x) 2 0 for all x € L
Too}
I. Let be a convex function on I. First we shall prove that
+m-2f@+fe-"
f"a)= lim Lei
nyo
points. However,
except possibly at the end
perties exhibited
