De

f.T
hef
unc
ti
onf
:(
a,b)
→Ri
ssa
idt
obedi
ff
ere
nti
abl
eatx∈(
a,b)i
f

(
ft)(
-fx)
l
im =L
t
→x t
-x

e
xis
ts.

Byde
fini
ti
ont
hisme
anst
hatLi
sar
eal
numbe
randf
ore
achϵ>0t
her
eex
ist
saδ>0s
ucht
hat

0<|
t-
x|<δ⇒ |(
ft)
-
t
-
f
x
(
x)
|
<ϵ
.

Theli
mitList
hede r
iva
tiv
eoffa tx
,wr i
tt
ena
sf'
(x)
.Incal
cul
us,Δx=t-xist
hec ha
ngeinthe
i
ndepende
ntva
ria
blex,whil (
e Δf=ft)-f
(x) ist
heres
ult
ingcha
ngei
nthedepe
ndentva
ria
ble
y=f(x).S
o

' Δf
(
fx)=l
im
→0Δ
Δx x

I
ffhasader
iva
tiv
eatx,the
nt hefunct
ionfi
sdif
fer
ent
iabl
eatx
.Thi
siss
amea
ssa
yingt
hatt
he
g
raphy=f(
x)hasata
ngenta (
tx .
fx
( )
)withsl
ope f
'(x
).

I
ffi sdiff
e r
enti
ableateverypointof( a
,b)[i.e.f'
(x)e x
ist
s∀x∈( a,
b)],thenfissaidtobe
dif
fere
ntiabl
eon( a,
b)andt hefuncti
on f':x→f'(
x )iscal
ledthedi f
fer
enti
abl
efunc
tion. T
he
operat
ionofobt ai
ningf
'(x
)f rom f
(x)iscal
leddiff
e r
enti
ati
on.Wer ema r
kthatanyoneofthe
fol
lowingnotat
ionsmayal
sobeus edins
teadoff'
(x)forthederi
vat
iveof=f(x):

dy ' 1
Df
(x, ,y,f(
) x
)
dx

dy
Not
e:Itisi
mport
antt
oremarktha
tthesy
mbol i spur
elyanot
ati
ona
nddoe
snotme
ans
ome
dx
qua
nti
tydy“di
vi
dedby
”anot
herquant
it
ydx.

Re
mar
k:Ata
nis
ola
tedpoi
ntdi
ff
ere
nti
ati
onofaf
unc
ti
onc
annotbede
fine
d.

Pr
ope
rti
es

Theorem:L etfbedefi
nedona nopeni nt
erval
(a ,
b),andx∈ ( a,b)I
.ffi
sdi
ff
erent
iabl
eatx
,thenf
i
sc onti
nuousatx.
Proof:Forh≠0wec ons
idertheidenti
ty
( [(
fx+h)-
f(x
)]
f +h)-f
x ()=
x ×h
h
Takingh→0
li
m[
h→0
(
fx+h)-(
fx)]=li
m
h→0( (
fx+h)
h
-
f(
)
x
) '
h=f(x
).0=0

i
.e.
limf(x+h)=f (
x)
h→0
So,fi
sconti
nuousatx.
Buttheconver
seisnott
rue.F
ore x
ampl
e,ifweconsi
derthef
unc
ti
onfx
()=|
x|,
x∈(-1,
1)wes
ee
tha
tfiscont
inuouson(-1,
1)i
.e.
at0buti
snotdi
ffer
enti
ablea
t0asf
orh≠0wehav
e
 (
f0+h)
h
-f0) |
( h| 1,
= =
h -
i
1,
fh>0
i
fh<0{
' '
i
.
e.f
+
(0)=1whe
rea
sf(
-0)=-
1.

Note:I
ffisnotc
onti
nuousa
txt
henfc
annotbedi
ff
erenti
abl
eatx
.
Exa
mple:Def
inef:R→Rby

f
(x)=
xs

0,
i
1
n ,x
x
x
≠0

=0
{
T
henfi
scont
inuousa
t0butf
'doe
snote
xis
tat0.

S
ol.L
etϵ>0beg
ive
n.Now
|
f(x
)-f
( |= xs
0) i| |
1
n ≤|
x|<ϵ
x
whenever|
x-0|<δ=ϵ .S
o,fisconti
nuousat0.
Butfi
snotdif
fer
ent
iabl
eator
igi
nastheli
mi t
f(0+h)-
f(0) 1
li
m =lms
i i
n
h→0 h h→0 h
doesnotex
ist
.

Algebraofderi
v a
t i
ves
LetI⊆ Rbea nint erval,l
etc∈Ia ndl e tf:I→Ra ndg: I→Rbef unc ti
onsthataredif
ferenti
abl
eatc
.
Then
(a)Ifα∈R, thent hefuncti
onαfi sdiffer
entiablea tc ,a nd( αf)'
(c)=αf '(c)
nd( )(
' '
(b)T hefunctionf+gi sdiff
ere ntiablea tca f+g c)=f (c)+g '
(c)
nd( )(
' '
(c)T hefunctionf gisdiff
erentiablea tca fg c)=f (c gc
)( )+f (c)g'
(c)

()
' ' '
f f f(c gc
)( -fc
)( )g(c)
(d)Ifg(c)≠0, the nthefunction i sdi f
ferenti
a blea tca nd ( )=
c
g g (gc
())
2

' f(x fc
)(
- ) ' g(x)-g(c)
Proof.Bythea ssumpt ion f c
()=l im , g( c)=l im
x→c ( x -
c) x
→c x-c
(a)Wes eetha tforα∈R, x∈I ,x≠c
αf( x)
-αf(c) f(x)(
-fc )
lim =αl im =αf '
(c)
x→c x
-c →c x
x -c
Hence,αfi sdi f
ferenti
ablea tc .
(b)He re
, f
orx∈I ,x≠c
(
f+g)(x)
-(f+g )(c ) (
fx)(-fc ) g(x)-g(c) '
lim =l i
m +l i
m =f ()+g
c '
(c)
x
→c x-c x→c x -c x→c x-c
(c)F orx∈I ,x≠c ,weha ve,
fg(x)-f
g(c) (
f x gx
)( )(
-fc gc
)( ) f(x gx
)( )(
-fc gx
)( )+fc
( gx
)( )(
-fc gc
)( )
l
im =lim =l i
m
x→c x-c x→c x-c x→c x-c
f(x fc
)(
- ) g(x)-gc
()
=l im limg (x)+f (c)l
im
x→c x -c x→c x→c x-c
=f
'
(c gc
)( )+f( c
)
'
g([c)a sgi sc oninuous
x
→c
,li
mg (x)]
=g(c)
He
nce
,fgi
sdi
ff
ere
nti
abl
eatc
.
 (
d)Si
ncegisdi
fferent
iabl
ea tc,i
tiscont
inuousatthatpoi
nt.Ther
efore,asg()≠0t
c her
eexi
st
s
anbdof, s
a yJ(⊆I)suchthatg(x
)≠0, ∀x∈Ja ndc∈J .Now, forx∈J ,x≠c,weha
ve,

(
f f
x
(
g g
)-( c
) ) [
=
1 f (x)f
-
(c) 1 f
= ] [
(x gc
)( )(
-fc
]
gx
)( )
x-c x-cg (x)g(c) x -
c gx
()g (
c)
fx
( gc
)( -fc
)( gc
)( )+fc
( gc
)( -fc
)( gx
)( )
=
g(x gc
)( )(x
-c)
=
(
gx
1 f
gc
)( ) x
x
()(
-
-c[
fc)
g(c-fc
)( )
g(x)
x
-
-
(
g
c]
c)

Asgisc
ontinuousatc,weha ve,limg (x)=g(c).
Thustaki
ngli
mi tx→c,weget
x
→c
f f
x
()-(c
) '
g g fc
( gc
)( -
fc
)( )g'
(c)
l
im =
x
→c x-
c (
g(c)
)2

f
He
nce
, i sdi
ff
ere
nti
abl
eatc
.
g

Da
rboux
’st
heor
em[I
nte
rme
dia
tev
aluepr
ope
rtyoff
']

I
ffi
sdiff
ere
nti
abl
eon[a,
b]andki
sanumbe
rbe
twe
enf
'(
a)a
ndf
'(
b)t
hent
her
eex
ist
sapoi
nt
'
c∈(
a,b)suc
hthatf
(c)=k.

'
Proof
:Letussuppos
et hatf
(a)<k<f'(b).L
etusdefi
neafunc
ti
ong :
[a,
b]→Rby
g(x
)=f x
()-kx
Cl
e ar
lygisdi
ffer
ent
iableon[a,
b]andhe nc
ei sc
onti
nuouson[a,
b].So,gatta
insi
tsmini
mum on
' '
[a
,b].Nowg( a)=f(a)-k<0.T he
ref
ore,gisdecr
easi
ngata.Sothereexi
st
ssomet1
∈(a
,b)s
uch
t
ha (t1)<g(a). Si
tg mil
arl
y,g(
b)=f
(
'
b)-k>0i
'
mpl
i
est
hatgi
sinc
rea
singa
tbi
.
e.t
her
eex
ist
s
t
2
∈(
a,b)s
ucht
ha (t2)<g(b).Thusmi
tg ni
mum ofgc
annotbea
tta
ine
dataorb.S
o,ga
tta
insi
ts
'
minimuma tsomec∈( a,
b). T
husweha v
eg( )=0i
c .e.
'
fc
()=k
'
As i
mila
rresul
tholdsforfa
( )>k>f '
(b).
Cor:I
ffbede ri
vablei
na ninterv
a l
Ithenf'(
I)i
seit
heras i
ng l
etonsetorani
nter
val
.
' '
Proof:Iff
(x)=x ,∀x∈It he nf(x)=1, ∀x∈Ii.e.f(I)={1} ,
as i
ngle
tonset
.
I
ff '
(I)i
snotas i
nglet
onset, f
ortwodi s
ti
nctel
eme nt
sy1,y2 ∈f'(
I),
thereex
istt
wodis
ti
ncte
leme
nts
x,x ∈Is
1 2
ucht
hatf
((x1)=y1,f(x2)=y2.Letx1<x2.Then [x1,
'
'
x2
]⊂I
.Ify1<y<y2,byDa
rboux
’s
t
heor
emt
her
eex
ist
sx∈(
x ,)
x s
1 2
uc
htha
tf'
(x)=y.
Henc
ey∈f
'(
I).
He
ncef
'(
I)i
sani
nte
rva
l.

E
xampl
e:T
hef
unc
ti
ong:
[-1,
1]→Rby

g
(x
1f
)= 0f
-
1f
{
or0<x
orx
or-
=0
≤1

1≤x<0

'
Doe
sthe
ree
xis
taf
unc
ti
onf
:[-1,
1]→Rs
ucht
hatf=g
.
 '
Sol.Ifpossible,l
etthe rebeaf uncti
onf: [-1,1]→Rs uchthatf=g . Now,
1
g( 1)=-
- 1< <1=g (1)
2
1
Butthe r
eisnox∈[-1, 1]suchtha tg x
( )= . Thusf' f
ail
stos a
tisf
yDa rboux’
st heore m.
2
Hencegi snott hede rivati
veofa nyfunc tionon[-1, 1].
Problem.Iff' e
xist
sa ndi smonot onicon( a,
b)t henshowt hatf'iscontinuouson( a,b).
Solut
ion.I fpos s
ibl
e,l etf'hasadi scontinuitya tsomec∈( a,
b).Le tuschooseac loseds ubi
nter
v a
l
[α,β]of( a,b)whi c
hc ontainscini tsinte r
ior.Sincef'ismonot onicon[ α,β]t hedi scont
inuit
yatc
mus tbeaj umpdi scontinuit
y.He ncef 'omi tssomev al
uebe twe enf '
(α)a ndf (
'
β) ,contra
dict
ing
Darbouxe’st heorem.

Rol
l
es’
the
ore
m

L
etf:
[a,
b]→Rbeaf unct
ionsuc
hthat
(i
) fi
sconti
nuouson[a,
b],
(i
i) f'
exi
stsin(a
,b),
(i
ii
) f a
()=f (
b)
'
Thenther
eexi
s t
ssomec∈( a,
b)suc
htha
tf(c)=0.

Proof:L e
tusc onsi
derthefunct
ionF: [
a,b]→Rby
F(x)=f(x)-f(a
)
ThenFi scont
inuouson[ a,b]
,di
ffe r
enti
ablein(a,
b)andF( )=F(
a b)=0[us i
ng(iii
)].
' '
I
fF( )=0on(
x a ,
b),t
henF( x)=f (x)=0, ∀x∈( a,
b)a ndtheres
ultisprov
e d.
So,letF(x)≠0f orsomex∈( a,
b) .Si
nceFi scont
inuousonac l
oseda ndbounde dinte
rvali
tat
tai
ns
i
tsma ximuma ndmi ni
mum, s
aya tx1
andx 2
res
pecti
velyin[
a,b]
.SinceF(x)isnotidenti
cal
l
yzer
oon
)=F(
b)=0,a .AsF( )=f' '
[
a,b]a
ndF(
a tle
astoneofx
1
a
ndx
2
,s
ayx
1
∈(
a,b) x1
(x1
)e
xis
ts,byl
oca
l
eF( )=f' '
e
xtr
emumt
heor
emweha
v x1
(x1
)=0a
sde
sir
ed.

Note:1.I nthes tat

eme ntofRolles
’theor em ,thedif
fer
enti
abi
l
ityoffin(a,b)i
se s
sential
.For
exampl e
,ifweconsidert
hef unct
ionf:[-1,
1] →Rby
f
(x)=1-| x|
thenfi sconti
nuouson[-1, 1]anddi ff
erentia
blee ve
rywher
ein(a,b)exce
pta tt
heinter
iorpoint
'
x=0. However,ther
ee x
istsnopointxsucht hatfx
( )=0.
2.Se tofcondi
tionsofRoll
e s
’theorema r
es uff
ici
entbutnotnec
ess
ar y
.Forexa
mple,l
etusc onsi
der
thefuncti
onf:[0,1]
→Rby

f
(x)=1i
f0≤x<1a (
ndf1)=2

T
henfi
snotc
ont
inuouson[
0,1]a
siti
sdi
scont
inuousa
t1butwes
eet
ha
'1

2
1
tf =0, ∈(
2
0.1)
. ()
Ge
ome
tri
cal
int
erpr
eta
tionofRol
l
es’
the
ore
m.

I
fwecons
idert
hecont
inuousgr
aphofaf
uncti
onfde
finedoveracl
osedandboundedinte
rva
l[a
,b]
s
ucht
hattange
ntsc
anbedr awnate
achpoi
ntoft
hecurv
ee x
ceptpos
sibl
yatt
woe ndpoint
sandthe
or
dinat
esoftheendpoi
ntsa
ret
hes
amet
hent
her
eisapoi
ntont
hec
urv
eta
nge
nta
twhi
chi
s
pa
rall
elt
othex-a
xis
.

Remark:1.Ifonemodif
iesthest
ate
mentasf'
exi
st
son[a,
b]the
ncondi
ti
on(
i)ca
nbedroppedbut
thi
ssta
tementc a
nnotbea c
c e
ptedase
xis
tenc
eofder
iva
tiv
eoffatendpoi
ntsisnotr
equi
redin
Rol
les
’theor
em.

2.Rol
le
’stheor
emg uar
ant
eest
hatt ntce
hepoi xis
tss
ome
whe
re,a
lthoug
hitg
ive
snoi
ndi
cat
ionof
howtofi
ndsuchapoint
.

3.I
ff(
x)i
sapoly
nomia
lsuchtha
tf(a
)= f (
b)= 0,t
henf'
(x)=0ha sarooti
n(a
,b)i
.
e.be
twe
en
'
anyt
woreal
root
sofapol
ynomial
equat
ionf()=0t
x her
eisarootoff
(x)=0.

Me anvaluetheorems
L
a gr
ange s’
MVT
L
e tf:[
a,b]→R (a<b)beaf unct
ionsuc
ht ha
t
(i
) fisconti
nuouson[a,b]
(i
i) f'ex
ist
sin(a,
b)
Thenthe r
ee xi
st
sapointcin(a,
b)suchthat
(
fb)-
f(a
)
=f'
(c).
b-
a

Pr
oof
:Le
tusc
ons
ide
raf
unc
ti [
onϕ:ab]
, →Rby
f(
b)-f(a)
ϕ(x)=f x
( )-fa
( )- (x-
a).
b-a
Then( a)ϕi scont i
nuouson[ a,
b](by( i))
' ' (
fb)-
f(a)
(b)ϕ( )=f
x x
()- showst ha tϕ'ex i
s t
sin( a,b)[by(i
i)]
b-
a
(c)ϕ( a )=ϕ( b)=0.
'
So,byRol l
es’the oremthe r
ee x
ist
sc∈( a,b)s ucht hatϕ( c )=0i .
e.
' f(b) -
f(a)
f(c)= .
b-a
Note1.I fwet ak eb=a+h( h>0)t hent he r
ee xistsare alnumberθ∈( 0,1)sucht
hat
f(a+h)=f (a)+hf
'
(
a +θh).
'
2.I
fwet akef(a)=f (b)weg etRollet
she or em.
3.itiscleartha tiffisdi
ffer
enti
ableatct he nfisa pproxima te
lyaline
arfunct
ionnearc
.Tha
tist
he
equati
on f x
()=f (c)+f'(c)
(x-c)isappr oximatelyc orrectwhe nx-cissmall
.

Rema rk: Wa tchingnot e2onema ythinkt ha tRolles’t heoremi sas pecialcaseofL agrang es
theoremorL a g
r anget he or
emi sag eneral
isati
onofRol les’theor embutt hisisnott ruea sLagrang e
theoremc annotbepr ov edwithoutRolles’the orem.T husnot heoremi stheg ene r
a l
i
sationoft he
othe r
.
Ge ome tri
calint
e rpre t
ation
I
fwec onsi
de rthec onti
nuousg raphofaf unc tionfde finedonac los
eda ndbounde di nterval[a,b]
sucht hattang entsc anbedr awna teachpoi ntont hec urv ee xceptpos s
iblyattwoe ndpoi ntsthe n
thereisapoi ntont hec urvetangentatwhi chispa ral
leltot hec hordjoi
ningt hee ndpoints .
'
The orem:I faf unc ti
onfi sdif
ferenti
ablein(a ,
b)a ndf (x)=0, ∀x∈( a,
b)t henfi sconstanton( a,b).
Proof:L e
tx 1
an d x2
bea nytwo poi
ntsin(a ,
b )s uchthat
a< x 1
<x 2
<b.
The nfisdiff
e re
nt iableon( x ,x
1 2
) andcontinuou so n[x ,x]
1 2
,ands obyt heme a
nv aluethe orem,
f
(x2
)-f (x1
)=( x2
-x1
)f'
(c)
f
orsomec∈ (x ,x)
1 2
.S
incef(c
'
)=0,weha
v (x2)=f(x1)whi
ef chi
str
uef
ora
rbi
tr
arypoi
ntsx
1
a
nd
x
2
i
n(a,
b).T
h us
,fiscons
tanton(a
,b)
.

Probl
e m.UseMVTtoprovethat|s
inx -s
iny|≤ |x y|f
- orall
x,y∈R.
'
Solut
ion.Le
tf ()=s
t i
nt,t∈R.T henfe xi
stsonR.
Letx,
y∈Rwi thy<x(thecasex<yi ssi
milar
).Thenusi
ngMVT,weha
ve
'
f
(x)-f(y)=(x -
y)fc
( ,whe
) rey<c<x
Thus,|fx
()-
f( |=|
y) x
-y||
cosc|≤ |x-y| [as|cosc |
≤1]

Problem.UseMVTt oprovetha
tl ogx<x-1f orx>1.
' 1
Solut
ion.Letfx
()=logx ,x∈[ 1,
∞) .Thenf(x)= ,x≥1
x
Letx>1.T he
nf '
exi
st [
son 1, ]
x.T husbyMVT ,fx
( (
)-f1)=(x1)
- f
'(
c)f
or1<c<x
.He
nce
,
ogx-l
l og1=( x
-
1
1) <(
c
x1) a
- [
sc
1
>1=> <1
c ]
Whi c
hs howst
hatlogx<x-1f orx>1.

CauchyMe anVa lueT heorem [Ge nera

liz
edMVT ]
Letf,
g: [
a,b]→R, ( a<b)bet wof unc t
ionssuc
ht hat
(a)f,
ga r
ec ont i
nuouson[ a,b],
(b)f',
g 'exi
s tsin( a,
b)
'
(c) g(x)≠0f ora l
lx∈( a,b)
Thent her
ee xis
tsc∈( a,b)sucht hat
f(
b)-
f(a) f
'
(c
)
=' .
g(
b)-
g(a ) g( c)
Proof:Obviousl
y, g(a )≠g (b),othe r
wisebyRolle
s ’t
heoremg 'woul
dv ani
shsomewhe
rei
n(a
,b)
.
Letusdefi
neaf unc tionh: [a,
b]→Rby
h(x)=f (x)[
g(b)-
g(a)]-g(x[
)f(
b)-f(a]
)
Clear
ly,(
i)hiscont inuouson[ a,
b]( using(a))
(i
i)
'
h(x)=f
'
( x[
)g (
b)-g(a)]-g'(
x [
)f(
b)-f(a)]
.S oh'exi
stsi
n(a,b)[by(b)
]
(i
ii) h( a) =h ( b)=f a
()g (
b )-f(b)ga
().
'
HencebyRoll
es’
theor
emthereexi
st
sc∈( a
,b)suc
ht hath(
c )=0i.e
.
f(
b)-(
fa) f
'
(c)
=' .
g(
b)-g(a
) g (c)
Note:(
1)Ifwetakeb=a+ht henthereexi
stsare
al numberθ∈( 0,
1)s
uchtha
t
(
fa+h)-
f(a) f (
'
a+θh)
='
g(a+h)-
g(a) g ( +θh)
a
2.Ifwet akeg(x)=xintheabovetheorem,weobt a
inL
a gr
ang
eMVT ,moreov
er,i
fwet
ake
fa
()=f(b),wegetRol
l
es’t
heorem.

Ge ometri
cal
l
y,itiss i
milartothatofL agr
angeMVT .T hefuncti
onsfa ndgc anbev i
eweda s
determini
ngac urveintheplanebyme a
nsofthepa r
a metri
cequationsx=f (
t),y=g(t)wher
e
a≤t≤b. Thent heconcl
us i
onofthetheoremisthatthereexis
tsapoi nt((
fc gc
)(
, )ont
) hecurv
e
'
forsomec∈( a,b)suchthatthesl
opeg '(c
)/(
fc)ofthel i
netangenttot hecurv
ea tt
hatpoi
ntis
equaltotheslopeofthelinesegmentjoi
ningt
hee ndpointsofthecurve.

T
ayl
or’
sthe
ore
m.

L
etf:
[a,
a+h]
→Rbeaf
unc
ti
ons
ucht
hat
 n-
1
(
i) fi sconti
nuouson[a,a+h]
n
(
ii
) fexis
tsin(a,a+h)
Thenther
ee xi
st
satle
astonenumbe
rθ∈( 0,1)suchtha
t
2 n-1 n
h( θ) n
n-
p
h '' h n-
1 1-
f(
a+h)=f a
()+hf
'
a
()+ f( a)+…+ f( a
)+ f(
a+θh)
.
2! (n-1)! (n-1)!
p

Pr
oof:Le
tusconsi
derafunc
ti
onϕ:[a,a+h]
→Rbede fi
nedby
(a+h-)
x2
(a+h-x)
n-
1
n-1
)+( ) )+A( )
' '
' p
ϕ(x)=f(x a+h-
x (
fx)+ f( x)+…+ f( x a+h-x
2! ( 1)
n- !
whereAisacons
tantt
obede t
ermi
nedsuchtha tϕ()=ϕ(
a a+h) .T hus, Typee qua
tion
her
e.

ϕ(
a+h)=ϕ(
a).
T
husAi
sgi
venby
2 n-
1
h '' h n-
1 p
(
fa+h)=f
(a
'
)+hf
(a)+ f( a)+…+ f( a
)+Ah…(1)
2! ( 1)
n- !
Now,
(
a+h-x)
n-
1
n
)-pA( )
' p-
1
x
ϕ()= f( x a+h-
x .
( 1)
n- !
Thef unc ti
onϕi s
(a)Cont inuouson[ a,a+h] ,
(b)ϕ' existsin(a ,a+h)
(c)ϕ( a+h)=ϕ( a)
So,byRol les’theoremt hereex i
stsθ∈( 0, 1)s ucht ha t
ϕ( +θh)=0.
'
a
n-
1
h ( 1-θ)n-
1
n 1 p-1
i.
e . f( a+θh)-pA( 1-θ)p-
h =0
(n-1)!
n-
p
h ( θ) n
n-p
1-
i
.
e .A= f(a +θh) ,( 1-θ)≠0, h≠0
(n-1)!p
Putti
ngt hev alueofAi n(1)weg et
2 n-1 n
h( θ) n
n-
p
h '' h n-
1 1-
f(
a +h)=f (a )+hf
'
(a)+ f( a)+…+ f( a)+ f(
a+θh).
2! ( n-1)! (n-1)!
p
Note: 1.Re ma i
ndera fternt erms .Thet e
rm
n
h( θ) n
n-
p
1-
Rn= f(a +θh)
(n- 1) !p
i
sk nowna stheT ayl
or’srema inderRna f
ternt e rmsa ndi sduet oS chlomi l
cha ndRoche.
2.Put t
ingp=1, weg et
n
h( 1- θ) n-
1
n
Rn= f( a+θh)
( n- 1) !
Whi chformofr ema inde risduet oCa uchy .
3.Put ti
ngp=n, weg et
 n
h n
Rn= f( a+θh)
n!
whi
chi oL
sduet a
gra
nge.

Cor1.Letxbeapointoft heinter
val[ a,a+h].Le
tfs atis
fyt hecondi
tionsofT a
ylor’
sthe
ore
min
[a,
a+h]s ot
hati
tsa
tis
fi
esthec ondi
ti
onsf or[
a,x]al
so.
Chang
inga+ht oxi.
e.htox-a ,weg e t
' x
(-a)2
'
' (x-a
)n-
1 n-1 (x-a
)n
(1-θ)
n-
p
f
(x)=f()+(
a x-a)
f(a )+ f( )+…+
a f( a)+ ( ) p. (
n-1)!)
2! (n-1)!