Chapter 4 - Expansion

Exercise – 4(A)
Question 1
Find the square of:
(i) 2a + b
(ii) 3a + 7b
(iii) 3a - 4b

(iv)
Solution:

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Question 2
Use identities to evaluate:
(i) (101)2
(ii) (502)2
(iii) (97)2
(iv) (998)2
Solution:

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Question 3
Evalute:
(i)

(ii)

Solution:
(i)

(ii)

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Question 4
Evaluate:

(i)
(ii) (4a +3b)2 - (4a - 3b)2 + 48ab.
Solution:
(i)Consider the given expression:

(ii)Consider the given expression:

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Question 5
If a + b = 7 and ab = 10; find a - b.
Solution:

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Question 6
If a -b = 7 and ab = 18; find a + b.
Solution:

Question 7

If x + y = and xy = ; find:
(i) x - y
(ii) x2- y2

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Solution:
(i)

(ii)

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Question 8
If a - b = 0.9 and ab = 0.36; find:
(i) a + b
(ii) a2 - b2.
Solution:
(i)

(ii)

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Question 9
If a - b = 4 and a + b = 6; find
(i) a2 + b2
(ii) ab
Solution:
(i)

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(ii)

Question 10

If a + = 6 and a ≠ 0 find :

(i)

(ii)

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Solution:
(i)

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(ii)

Question 11

If a - = 8 and a ≠0, find :

(i)

(ii)

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Solution:
(i)

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(ii)

Question 12
If a2 - 3a + 1 = 0, and a≠ 0; find:

(i)

(ii)
Solution:
(i)

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(ii)

Question 13
If a2 - 5a - 1 = 0 and a ≠ 0; find:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

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Solution:
(i)

(ii)

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(iii)

Question 14
If 3x + 4y = 16 and xy = 4; find the value of 9x2 + 16y2.
Solution:

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Question 15
The number x is 2 more than the number y. If the sum of the squares
of x and y is 34, then find the product of x and y.
Solution:
Given x is 2 more than y, so x = y + 2
Sum of squares of x and y is 34, so x2 + y2 = 34.
Replace x = y + 2 in the above equation and solve for y.
We get (y + 2)2 + y2 = 34
2y2 + 4y - 30 = 0
y2 + 2y - 15 = 0
(y + 5)(y - 3) = 0
So y = -5 or 3
For y = -5, x =-3
For y = 3, x = 5
Product of x and y is 15 in both cases.

Question 16
The difference between two positive numbers is 5 and the sum of
their squares is 73. Find the product of these numbers.
Solution:
Let the two positive numbers be a and b.
Given difference between them is 5 and sum of squares is 73.
So a - b = 5, a2 + b2 = 73
Squaring on both sides gives
(a - b)2 = 52
a2 + b2 - 2ab = 25
But a2 + b2 = 73
So 2ab = 73 - 25 = 48

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ab = 24
So, the product of numbers is 24.

Exercise - 4(B)
Question 1
Find the cube of :
(i) 3a- 2b
(ii) 5a + 3b
(iii)
(iv)
Solution:
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

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(iv)

Question 2

If a2 + = 47 and a ≠ 0 find:

(i)

(ii)
Solution:
(i)

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(ii)

Question 3

If a2 + = 18; a ≠ 0 find:

(i)

(ii)
Solution:
(i)

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(ii)

Question 4

If a + = p and a ≠ 0 ; then show that:

Solution:

Question 5
If a + 2b = 5; then show that:
a3 + 8b3 + 30ab = 125.

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Solution:

Question 6

If and a ≠ 0 ; then show: a3 +

Solution:

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Question 7
If a + 2b + c = 0; then show that:
a3 + 8b3 + c3 = 6abc.
Solution:

Question 8
Use property to evaluate:
(i) 133 + (-8)3 + (-5)3
(ii)73 + 33 + (-10)3
(iii) 93 - 53 - 43
(iv) 383 + (-26)3 + (-12)3
Solution:
Property is if a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
(i) a = 13, b = -8 and c = -5
133 + (-8)3 + (-5)3 = 3(13)(-8)(-5) = 1560
(ii) a = 7, b = 3, c = -10
73 + 33 + (-10)3 = 3(7)(3)(-10) = -630
(iii) a = 9, b = -5, c = -4
93 - 53 - 43 = 93 + (-5)3 + (-4)3 = 3(9)(-5)(-4) = 540
(iv) a = 38, b = -26, c = -12
383 + (-26)3 + (-12)3 = 3(38)(-26)(-12) = 35568

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Question 9

Solution:
(i)

(ii)

Question 10

If and a - = 4; find:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

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Solution:
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Question 11

If and x + = 2; then show that:

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Solution:

Thus from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have

Question 12
If 2x - 3y = 10 and xy = 16; find the value of 8x3 - 27y3.
Solution:
Given that 2x - 3y = 10, xy = 16

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Solution:
Expand :
(i) (3x + 5y + 2z) (3x - 5y + 2z)
(ii) (3x - 5y - 2z) (3x - 5y + 2z)
Solution:
(i)
(3x + 5y + 2z) (3x - 5y + 2z)

= {(3x + 2z) + (5y)} {(3x + 2z) - (5y)}

= (3x + 2z)2 - (5y)2
{since (a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2}
= 9x2 + 4z2 + 2 × 3x × 2z - 25y2
= 9x2 + 4z2 + 12xz - 25y2
= 9x2 + 4z2 - 25y2 + 12xz
(ii)
(3x - 5y - 2z) (3x - 5y + 2z)
= {(3x - 5y) - (2z)} {(3x - 5y) + (2z)}
= (3x - 5y)2 - (2z)2{since(a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2}
= 9x2 + 25y2 - 2 × 3x × 5y - 4z2
= 9x2 + 25y2- 30xy - 4z2
= 9x2 +25y2 - 4z2 - 30xy

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Question 14
The sum of two numbers is 9 and their product is 20. Find the sum of
their
(i) Squares
(ii) Cubes
Solution:
Given sum of two numbers is 9 and their product is 20.
Let the numbers be a and b.
a+b=9
ab = 20
Squaring on both sides gives
(a+b)2 = 92
a2 + b2 + 2ab = 81
a2 + b2 + 40 = 81
So, sum of squares is 81 - 40 = 41
Cubing on both sides gives
(a + b)3 = 93
a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b) = 729
a3 + b3 + 60(9) = 729
a3 + b3 = 729 - 540 = 189
So, the sum of cubes is 189.

Question 15
Two positive numbers x and y are such that x > y. If the difference of
these numbers is 5 and their product is 24, find:
(i) Sum of these numbers
(ii) Difference of their cubes
(iii) Sum of their cubes.

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Solution:
Given x - y = 5 and xy = 24 (x>y)
(x + y)2 = (x - y)2 + 4xy = 25 + 96 = 121
So, x + y = 11; sum of these numbers is 11.
Cubing on both sides gives
(x - y)3 = 53
x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y) = 125
x3 - y3 - 72(5) = 125
x3 - y3= 125 + 360 = 485
So, difference of their cubes is 485.
Cubing both sides, we get
(x + y)3 = 113
x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y) = 1331
x3 + y3 = 1331 - 72(11) = 1331 - 792 = 539
So, sum of their cubes is 539.

Question 16
If 4x2 + y2 = a and xy = b, find the value of 2x + y.
Solution:
xy = b ….(i)
4x2 + y2 = a ….(ii)
Now, (2x + y)2 = (2x)2 + 4xy + y2
= 4x2 + y2 + 4xy
= a + 4b ….[From (i) and (ii)]

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 Exercise - 4(C)
Question 1
Expand:
(i) (x + 8) (x + 10)
(ii) (x + 8) (x - 10)
(iii) (x - 8) (x + 10)
(iv) (x - 8) (x - 10)
Solution:

Question 2

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Solution:

Question 3

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Solution:

Question 4
If a + b + c = 12 and a2 + b2 + c2 = 50; find ab + bc + ca.
Solution:

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Question 5
If a2 + b2 + c2 = 35 and ab + bc + ca = 23; find a + b + c.
Solution:

Question 6
If a + b + c = p and ab + bc + ca = q; find a2 + b2 + c2.
Solution:

Question 7
If a2 + b2 + c2 = 50 and ab + bc + ca = 47, find a + b + c.

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Solution:

Question 8
If x+ y - z = 4 and x2 + y2 + z2 = 30, then find the value of xy - yz - zx.
Solution:

Exercise - 4(D)
Question 1
If x + 2y + 3z = 0 and x3 + 4y3 + 9z3 = 18xyz; evaluate:

Solution:
Given that x3 + 4y3 + 9z3 = 18xyz and x + 2y + 3z = 0
Therefore, x + 2y = - 3z, 2y + 3z = -x and 3z + x = -2y
Now

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Question 2

If a + = m and a ≠ 0 ; find in terms of 'm'; the value of :

(i)

(ii)
Solution:
(i)

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(ii)

Question 3
In the expansion of (2x2 - 8) (x - 4)2; find the value of
(i) coefficient of x3
(ii) coefficient of x2
(iii) constant term.
Solution:

Question 4

If x > 0 and find: .

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Solution:
Given that

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Question 5
If 2(x2 + 1) = 5x, find :

(i)

(ii)
Solution:
(i)
2(x2 + 1} = 5x

Dividing by x, we have

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(ii)

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Question 6
If a2 + b2 = 34 and ab = 12; find:
(i) 3(a + b)2 + 5(a - b)2
(ii) 7(a - b)2 - 2(a + b)2
Solution:
a2 + b2 = 34, ab= 12
(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
= 34 + 2 x 12 = 34 + 24 = 58
(a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
= 34 - 2 x 12 = 34- 24 = 10
(i) 3(a + b)2 + 5(a - b)2
= 3 x 58 + 5 x 10 = 174 + 50
= 224
(ii) 7(a - b)2 - 2(a + b)2
= 7 x 10 - 2 x 58 = 70 - 116 = -46

Question 7

If 3x - and x ≠ 0 find : .
Solution:

Given 3x -

We need to find

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Question 8

If x2 + = 7 and x ≠ 0; find the value of:

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Solution:

Given that

We need to find the value of

Consider the given equation:

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Question 9

If x = and x ≠ 5 find .
Solution:

By cross multiplication,
=> x (x - 5) = 1 => x2 - 5x = 1 => x2 - 1 = 5x
Dividing both sides by x,

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Question 10

If x = and x ≠ 5 find .
Solution:

By cross multiplication,
=> x (5 - x) = 1 => x2 - 5x =-1 => x2 + 1 = 5x
Dividing both sides by x,

Question 11
If 3a + 5b + 4c = 0, show that:
27a3 + 125b3 + 64c3 = 180 abc
Solution:
Given that 3a + 5b + 4c = 0
3a + 5b = -4c
Cubing both sides,
(3a + 5b)3 = (-4c)3
=>(3a)3 + (5b)3 + 3 x 3a x 5b (3a + 5b) = -64c3
=>27a3 + 125b3 + 45ab x (-4c) = -64c3
=>27a3 + 125b3 - 180abc = -64c3

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=>27a3 + 125b3 + 64c3 = 180abc
Hence proved.

Question 12
The sum of two numbers is 7 and the sum of their cubes is 133, find
the sum of their square.
Solution:
Let a, b be the two numbers
.'. a + b = 7 and a3 + b3 = 133
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
=> (7)3 = 133 + 3ab (7)
=> 343 = 133 + 21ab => 21ab = 343 - 133 = 210
=> 21ab = 210 => ab= 2I
Now a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 - 2ab
=72 - 2 x 10 = 49 - 20 = 29

Question 13
In each of the following, find the value of 'a':
(i) 4x2 + ax + 9 = (2x + 3)2
(ii) 4x2 + ax + 9 = (2x - 3)2
(iii) 9x2 + (7a - 5)x + 25 = (3x + 5)2
Solution:
(i) 4x2 + ax + 9 = (2x + 3)2
Comparing coefficients of x terms, we get
ax = 12x
so, a = 12
(ii) 4x2 + ax + 9 = (2x - 3)2
Comparing coefficients of x terms, we get
ax = -12x

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so, a = -12
(iii) 9x2 + (7a - 5)x + 25 = (3x + 5)2
Comparing coefficients of x terms, we get
(7a - 5)x = 30x
7a - 5 = 30
7a = 35
a=5

Question 14

If

(i) (ii)
Solution:
Given

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Question 15
The difference between two positive numbers is 4 and the difference
between their cubes is 316.
Find:
(i) Their product
(ii) The sum of their squares
Solution:
Given difference between two positive numbers is 4 and difference
between their cubes is 316.
Let the positive numbers be a and b
a-b=4
a3 - b3 = 316
Cubing both sides,
(a - b)3 = 64
a3 - b3 - 3ab(a - b) = 64
Given a3 - b3 = 316
So 316 - 64 = 3ab(4)
252 = 12ab
So ab = 21; product of numbers is 21
Squaring both sides, we get
(a - b)2 = 16
a2 + b2 - 2ab = 16
a2 + b2 = 16 + 42 = 58
Sum of their squares is 58.

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 Exercise - 4(E)
Question 1
Simplify:
(i) (x + 6)(x + 4)(x - 2)
(ii) (x - 6)(x - 4)(x + 2)
(iii) (x - 6)(x - 4)(x - 2)
(iv) (x + 6)(x - 4)(x - 2)
Solution:
Using identity:
(x + a)(x + b)(x + c) = x3 + (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + bc + ca)x + abc
(i) (x + 6)(x + 4)(x - 2)
= x3 + (6 + 4 - 2)x2 + [6 × 4 + 4 × (-2) + (-2) × 6]x + 6 × 4 × (-2)
= x3 + 8x2 + (24 - 8 - 12)x - 48
= x3 + 8x2 + 4x - 48

(ii) (x - 6)(x - 4)(x + 2)

= x3 + (-6 - 4 + 2)x2 + [-6 × (-4) + (-4) × 2 + 2 × (-6)]x + (-6) × (-4) × 2
= x3 - 8x2 + (24 - 8 - 12)x + 48
= x3 - 8x2 + 4x + 48
(iii) (x - 6)(x - 4)(x - 2)
= x3 + (-6 - 4 - 2)x2 + [-6 × (-4) + (-4) × (-2) + (-2) × (-6)]x + (-6) × (-4) × (-
2)
= x3 - 12x2 + (24 + 8 + 12)x - 48
= x3 - 12x2 + 44x - 48

(iv) (x + 6)(x - 4)(x - 2)

= x3 + (6 - 4 - 2)x2 + [6 × (-4) + (-4) × (-2) + (-2) × 6]x + 6 × (-4) × (-2)
= x3 - 0x2 + (-24 + 8 - 12)x + 48
= x3 - 28x + 48

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Question 2

Solution:

Question 3
Using suitable identity, evaluate
(i) (104)3
(ii) (97)3
Solution:
Using identity: (a ± b)3 = a3 ± b3 ± 3ab(a ± b)
(i) (104)3 = (100 + 4)3
= (100)3 + (4)3 + 3 × 100 × 4(100 + 4)

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= 1000000 + 64 + 1200 × 104
= 1000000 + 64 + 124800
= 1124864

(ii) (97)3 = (100 - 3)3

= (100)3 - (3)3 - 3 × 100 × 3(100 - 3)
= 1000000 - 27 - 900 × 97
= 1000000 - 27 - 87300
= 912673

Question 4

Solution:

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Question 5

Solution:

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Question 6
If a - 2b + 3c = 0; state the value of a3 - 8b3 + 27c3.
Solution:
a3 - 8b3 + 27c3 = a3 + (-2b)3 + (3c)3
Since a - 2b + 3c = 0, we have
a3 - 8b3 + 27c3 = a3 + (-2b)3 + (3c)3
= 3(a)( -2b)(3c)
= -18abc

Question 7
If x + 5y = 10; find the value of x3 + 125y3 + 150xy - 1000.
Solution:
x + 5y = 10
⇒ (x + 5y)3 = 103
⇒ x3 + (5y)3 + 3(x)(5y)(x + 5y) = 1000
⇒ x3 + (5y)3 + 3(x)(5y)(10) = 1000
= x3 + (5y)3 + 150xy = 1000
= x3 + (5y)3 + 150xy - 1000 = 0

Question 8

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Solution:

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Question 9
If a + b = 11 and a2 + b2 = 65; find a3 + b3.
Solution:

Question 10
Prove that:
x2+ y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx is always positive.
Solution:
x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx
= 2(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx)
= 2x2 + 2y2 + 2z2 - 2xy - 2yz - 2zx
= x2 + x2 + y2 + y2 + z2 + z2 - 2xy - 2yz - 2zx
= (x2 + y2 - 2xy) + (z2 + x2 - 2zx) + (y2 + z2 - 2yz)
= (x - y)2 + (z - x)2 + (y - z)2
Since square of any number is positive, the given equation is always
positive.

Question 11
Find:
(i) (a + b)(a + b)
(ii) (a + b)(a + b)(a + b)
(iii) (a - b)(a - b)(a - b) by using the result of part (ii)

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Solution:
(i) (a + b)(a + b) = (a + b)2
=a×a+a×b+b×a+b×b
= a2 + ab + ab + b2
= a2 + b2 + 2ab

(ii) (a + b)(a + b)(a + b)

= (a × a + a × b + b × a + b × b)(a + b)
= (a2 + ab + ab + b2)(a + b)
= (a2 + b2 + 2ab)(a + b)
= a2 × a + a2 × b + b2 × a + b2 × b + 2ab × a + 2ab × b
= a3 + a2 b + ab2 + b3 + 2a2b + 2ab2
= a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2

(iii) (a - b)(a - b)(a - b)

In result (ii), replacing b by -b, we get
(a - b)(a - b)(a - b)
= a3 + (-b)3 + 3a2(-b) + 3a(-b)2
= a3 - b3 - 3a2b + 3ab2

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