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(2). Claude BONTEMPS, Manuel des Institutions Algirlennes: de la Domination

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(1). Charies, Robert Ageron, Us Algerians Musutmans et la Franca; 1871-1919. Paris:

Presse UniversKalre de France, 1968, 1968 • pp. 26-27.

(2). Jean-Marie Antolne, Lanlssan (editor), I'expanslon colonlale da la France. Paris:

Anclenne UbraMe German Ballllere et Cle, 1886, p. 42,

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V-^i «Sja» jil6 fxJ IJiij .^ ^"^ Jp ^l .UJij ^UJI

0^ -try Vj^ ij^J iJl» ^j *lj»wJI Jj I^^-jJj jljdl
oUj! yd! V-J^l olWJI Jl f+JLy ^l j^Jp ^l ^^Jl <^UI

49-39 ^ ,1979 e 5iUsJlj

f
5UVl Sjljj TjUjfl Oj>i o^" .(1)

149
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9
fj* J9^" ^-r* Vjl**M 51
u-*J 0? N| .fel^ 16, 33LaJt Jlufo, 26j

liJaUT, .»LiJI JUJ&I Jl r

lJ^ ^U-l f l&^! .Jw^-j 1880 j^y

•^l^J^ V* ^
9
<** J^ 2 777 .
:
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%u» 23 SJl tto-J^JI ^jUo ^ tfjJtf VtW ilAJi, jWI ^IjJ-l

oiij <v> aw** ji ^ ^jm jaUJi jl* ^Sii js,j .(1904 - 1881)

^ ^Ll ^V ^jl aw* Jl ^ (^>l " V/" ^»

«<->j_yw y» U5j .i^f- JaJb\ fUil
J Ui/ J-1Jj uw»J>5JI Vi-lj" Jp
jfl^-l Cxi
Cr^l </***•* *Vjf 4W* f—S? Of 1845 Jb. cJ.U- JL* LJ> «ty

aljil Jjvly 'LfiJ JJo^l **Lpj> jA^iJI ^S3 .^j oW^ jUoj i-»>il_}

,*Lfc jl* Cte-ljti JJl^j ^JiJI ow J** cr^'j jWj ^J^ 1

y* ^^
Jp »U21J S^ a^SL* Hj LJ> cJL.jl 1881 j^yl 22 ^ Jj

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Jp *Uaiil
^ j^i 01
Jj ^ lj-i*j (Weinbrenneur j^j^lj)
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J AiyU ,_^ oJLpUc jljiJl

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a*
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«

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1

(1). Charles Robert AGERON, Los AlgdrTens Musulmans at la France, Tom.l,

(1871-191S), Paris : P.U.F. 1968, p. 59.

150
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J*^l oljiJ IjJUaJ Ji uyjJl>l 0I W CL-S ^lj «>* £-Ul OjJH

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^ Je jXJl jUrJj
jJUJJ

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<C^
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40 ^ t j,L.
^ yijf I Oj^ JL£* .(1)

151
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y-J^Jl ^1 ^0 c1848 Sia as J**lj U^ i^u- oir jfljj-l, ^j^l

£*~*i jj «1830 fc-,
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oxjjjM ox fto oir *uji jp ^uji ^i ou oWdlj

^l yiilj OLU- tf> yi Jt-fl ^JLil os>- c?t <1870 ^Ui jM-b
^juj u<n cJu iui iiiifj couSfi u3> ^ lijidi Oj-i^u j»

. 1954 ^^ Jji AiW ^U-| ^^ l^j-i^j i^UI Ojj-^

(Ji {4*-*>*i {f^** ^ ^L? fij^ cs* p-*^** (^^ «-**£« i/*- ^*-

J* jflj»M* £a«UJ^ Ul^J^I Oliak^ il>lj >Cill j^pjH l)ITj .JLiSfl

152
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t^JJi (August Warnier Jjjj l*~J-jfi) jjsToJI

jLis—T Jiail UT .<Jlill

Vju**^ 1
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U» & v\*h ilM OjJ^U
f
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^ v-3>JI =UjSUU

.4^1 S^L^-I ^Jli ^jjj\ g&^ ^ yrt«^*J <-*^ £»*^ Jji»

^ <W>k e^ 1
^ ^jf- cu ^ ^^ J ^
1 1 1
<y * *» v*.*

(yr>~Jl ^1 ^ V J,) ^j, ^J^ 3L*Ui . 2

yi*M tufl
^ >jb x^yi\ ^u^ju
cuji . 5

im ;l£u> filu «*ifo j\j& ^>ij, j>\j*y\ ^ . 7

^ UuU 5>Jl ^ SiU S^Up ^l c^^y UjUpj

1866 l.jSf

V^l *L^ ^UJ Oj^jjVI 0>jsJil

lyllj
d868 *& J\ l^JUt-l

*^J i^ c*W l*ji\ oi* of

f
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(1). Chartes Robert AGERON, Op.Clt; pp. 41-42.

153
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y> (Le Comte Lehon) OjAjJ cJjTjJ SjU^JI btJJI ^Jj OlTj

M> </ Sjs^ *"~* W ^& »y^ VJj^l ^M oL^^JtJI

V ^ OfcOJ^
i/tt

06*l»jS-JJ UUa. SOP

J* fe«JJI ji>" J-^lj

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^jiJl -
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tft- 1-^ W»*

2^1 ^JUI ^j <JU* 1869 J^il 14j 13 fji OM £L*-» </J

(1). Ibid., p. 44.

154
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dJliJI c)j^U cJ^lj as^jsUl 4jajL.

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C&J-ll
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-
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tff (Lavigerie) tf^V j#l d~>- (jJjS) JUuT ^j/Vl

at^l <Jtf,y yiui
^ ja^ 5J^^^^ ^^, t

J ,*VA t*J-U aO c u.i j* j^jij ^i j ^vi

. W-u *wi Jl o^ui ^ ^ Wjw) of j*ji
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155
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tf-w <<&*/*) ajp u^ u^ ij,u ur'.^i ^ L&V pju* Ojs;

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(/^^ y^ j\ tji ^ 18 7i ^w yui ^ a^w-j jp ^i
£JUJ 5>^ oUi^ ^ssJ ^jJI £WI l.jSU o»W <1873 U
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f

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yi SJj.4-1 JL-LJI Ji^j .^1 dJWi OjJ^U l^bU ^tjjl £ttjfl

JUsiUj jJI>l* jltf Uj*,, 36 p*\ &J> #. JUS, U> y1>l ^o

^l^ll olfe jvAl
<yj .OyjjVl Oi^js-ll ,y *JaO
**i
J[ uyj£-*M -li

J JLpIL. 6 ^ jULIj 1870 jt^f 4 fji

j^UJI (j-jll . 1

y~A~Jl JaftJl ^3! ^SUVjj <1848 flp Jui 4 ^ *iljj y-Jydl CftJ\

ySJli fgM ^j* ^U-lj 1870 ^l & jiUJi

8 fJ -.>» . 2

.yijdl j^JJ a^»U > CJIT yJl V^-*J» jW^l £** J\

i^aiA 1870 j!j?'\ 24 jiLaJl fj-^l 3

<fi-jC j^SJl utJUIj fji
.

M> •la* c J-^j jW °^J 3 J f^» ^ y^ fu r*^ tf

1 4

.(1*1, JU-I 0^ IS ^>l Sj'jj

u^j)

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^ ^ ^^
. 4

r<^l t*" </" ^^ s/

jdiJI 5 °f
fSL* c?l
«tf

156
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jiUJl ^Jkl . 5

^j Ojo*Ij4-I d*J-U W^ </" jW=U Jl (^ ij*i jj— jj 01 ^jjSlI

>tf
iall ,^U 3*>tf-l jUAl ^ ^J|
r^y'-f •-'j^b 187 ° ju*^ 24 c^j ^ j^ 1*^ 1 1
fW • 6

*i*sll_} ij-Jyii Aj-U^-I JU- IjL^xj 01 Aj^-lJ 4i £**- "j-XjT

^
t^iil _jfcj

,V> 01 Oji 0i*~vK V*jJU OjiUJI l^ ^1 oljLuVl £^

(^Js-js-J.1 oLaj jji^sS o^Us- jlS j^j-ljll «i* Oti cjW«>-lij

i^L, £*j$ ^ i^Jlj oyjj^l OlO iJ^ AiyJ y» SliuU owjj^l

SJL.^ C-s4 1870 j^y ^ ^j .^b ij^SLjl SjUJI ^LJ-

^iJl
^ ^t ^i u-Jl^i JW-j oiy^ jJuaJ
J\ VjAj4-I J^~»"

^J> jSto-l > ijatt

VjJ ^U jfljj-i _^y aJL,
J j^jUuf
,>« ^^j .ol&i ^/u 8»i ^yui oiiiyi ,y sjiiu-vij

vJW-Sllj Oi^^l uuWjsUl 0U c V-Jj*M j^Uit J olA^ISajljJi

y-aW j^jN Of VI .&,* 7 J 6 J 2 J. J O^-Ki Ijrtf

frljj U*-j 2
.< U,J^ jst-l^ 1,600,000 ys ^
J\j>.

J^ OjL*, IjJlS* ^ JJI

(1). AGERON, Op.CIt., pp. 24-25,

(2). Ibid., p. 53.

157 1 1- js»>ji
v-l ji isjai
s
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f*^y »»j- v^ji t^iji cju^ .ui"

dK4 ^oUJI oss-J^l us*=r^l ^ -Mj* j* pfW- ^jaj ^| v ujl

^ lj> ^^ Uiiu m c^*i J* "^-^ijiVi" lum.
dttjSl J*aJI ol^l Jp. cttJ-l oJL*
^ rf^ ItjSXu . 1870 "a^
jfljsLI y> (HftH tf-M V-jW dl&lj «*^l *M «y ,yjWI uss~iy»Jl

0l£~* i*>-lj^ luJa* v^l ^j^J-l <—*fj r&-f~* 01 lfl£»l _» jJl

t1870 JL^ cljJjU- ui*-Jyyi o&ds.jiJd Oi JUS U JS* jy jj^UaJ

f

.^J^l ^ ^U" 01 j£c M tl«*o ^Ij4-I JJsJl aJ^» £*Ij» ij»Jy 01

Jom *±~j>*i sjipUJi ^yj lWJJ^I (^- V^j^l v-^ C 5-4

(1

jy^! OwjjVl *lj £~4- a^JUjJj! ^ v-J>M v^M

,/j .jfljH

<w- > u^ 4 jfl>l ^ u-& Jjl (J***

4
) <>' »'
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1 1
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1

^ obUI ^ <>JJI <y coJLUI J\>J,£ J aUU*> 0l~*^

0\* <1875
f
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J Ul .4*** yjjjjl 2.000.000 «-W (J^^J^
7 Jl 6 cJU- c>l J* (Le Blanc Prebois »j«y ^J 5
)
as;Ji

^^^ jvjx- ^jjji /t- if 1.600.000 ou <. *ij J jJj «j*-w &J oy^

u * "
. 71 - 70 ^ t1979

(2). AGERON, Op.Clt., pp. 52-53.

1S8
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^ 1870 iu- JL^ Oirfjj^' Oi^j^l £^ y» 3JlsJi *M (2

Ssllsll ^^JJ ^j J,Sf jJU; y ^^ .l*Y| UU ^j 1871j .

J p^ljH ,»%- j<l Oljji, \yjAJ. Of uJyJJ j<c" 4 JU tf

Jil

^tiLi^/b Oj--J>JI OjitjaJll fU 1871 lu. ^ii ".^^l

ifcU l^iT ^U Jp l^U? fljjfl i^tf vV jlsSU 500.000 JU
fli M* 298 ^1a 5JU oUI>
O^L.11 l**» ^y 36.282.298 -j
^ (OjJLS) fLJI pTU-1

OjOi cUiy JL> oljjS;

f
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UyTL-

'V-Jj* ^> 34.906.887 ^ Uy JL> OlSCJI l^U- ^dl

2.639.600 a l«*-L* OjJi 4«s^Jb 313 ^ij SjaUc IUUJI 3^1

cS^, ^Vl CJIT I3l jl^U ^ ^ 50 uyjl>l"«jwUl J l^

• Jj***
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(1). AGERON, Op.Clt., p. 53.

(2). JULIEN. Op.Cit., pp. 14-15.

159
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.Ol&JI *M> Ijj^
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Of (OjJJ) xJI yijWi WI <^U1 JU jJUbM j^ Uurtjj >

^
t fl
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Jl l^UsdL apIM Jlp ^jJLII o^f LJ>

&jM *£j* «*«* «*1 J*>-^ U&j .^Uj j^jUspIj

u^-i 2,000 j*p-
taaUj^l ujil»iUi l^j ic^Jl, 0j~J>JI 0j~-LJI JiJUl tvUWI

ji*a£ d^*** tJWi ofj tiij*^. <Jjj[ SjLis- ^Jus- 5^ ^jjjf SjUa^

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^' Vt~* (»*>=>- lj»V a» <£#/r 600.000 Jgji L. ot clJ JL5*

6 (J J»j&\ ^JUI (^ j^) Uyf UJbM oJU oTl 05j .^JuMj

^ WW ^ ^ ^ '"J 11 jfyW y tfjw 015- Ic 1891 ^jU

1883

0* S^'
hSi>

^
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Jj> tf
JUjj

ftW OUa-^Vij OUa-s^Vi

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(1). Ibid, pp. 14-16.

(2). JULIEN, Op.CIt., p. 19.

160
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^^^
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^
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</
jf yH^ 1

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fS oljIjiJI Oji^j OjJj^j c,Hfebf u-*U*sJl flj^-li Oj^ Oj-jjj^I

.<Wl ^1 y» f+u J*JJ ^Ijpf Ol^J ^b O^Sj

OjJLJjj) JUijUi jo.jlJ-1 fUJI ^U-l l^ 1871 ojf j^i ^j-

V>sJI *li>y #W 4 l** 4iUU iijku-i

J\j J\
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.aaj^s ij~J> ^a. ou«i i^i* j^jtr Ojj^y ijv ^Aii ^.jji jr

(1). Charles R GALLAGHER, The United States and North Africa. Cambridge, Mass:
HARVARD University Press, 1963, pp. 64-74.

161
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:^ UJ Jus J*^ ^SCJ

^ V* t> cJj^ ^ *0p yyjjt oH>* 35,000 jUp! -

(1). JULIEN. Op.CIt., Tom II, p. 11,

(2). Ibid; pp. 12-13

162
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(1). AGERON, les Algerians Musulmans et la France, Op.Clt., pp. 50-52.

165
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(1). AGERON, les A1g6rlen8 Musulmans et la France, Op.CIt, pp. 26-29.

(2). Ibid, p. 102.

166
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fi .(1883 ^jU) jfi>-b AiX, jT ^ 3U*UU 3uS^| ijip cs\S$ l^y.
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(1). Plerw MONTEGNON, La guerre d'Alg£iia. Parts: Pygmaflon, Gerard Watetet, 1984, p. 74.

(2). AGERON, las Algdrlens Musulmans at la Franc*, Op.CU., p. 77.

167
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(1). Ibid, p. 49.

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(1). AGERON, Hlsfolre de FAIgSrle Confemporalne, Op.CH., p. 26.

(2). ibid; p. 186.

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(Les Delegations Financieres) o^UI uyj-Hl" ^r^* Jj* 1924
f^*
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(1). AGERON, Histoiro de I'Algfirle Contemporalna, Op.CIt., pp. 187-189.

170
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(*) (1891 - 1879)

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63 184 1.884.124 7.383.583 1880
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75 209 2.770.667 10.659.344 1884
78 232 3.224.475 12.075.692 1886
73 249 3.620.585 12.855.053 1891

(*) Source : C.R. AGERON, Les Alg&Iens Musulmans et la France, Op.CIt, p. 162.

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(1). AGERON, les Algerians Musulmans et la France 1871-1919. Tom. I, Paris: P.U.F.,

1968, p. 190.

(2). Montegnon, Op.CIt., p. 64.

172
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(1). AGERON, las Algerians Musulmans at la Franca, Tom. 1, Op.Clt., p. 188.

(2). Ibid, p. 190.

(3). AGEROIM, Hlstolra do PAlgeria Contemporalne, Op.Clt., p. 25.

173 la-jiijJi^JiJiouai
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(1). AGERON. les Algerians Musulmans at la France, Op.Clt., p. 207.

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(1). AGERON, las Algerians Musulmans et la Franca, Op.CIt., p. 201.

(2). AGERON, Hfstolra da I"Algeria Contamporalna, Op.CIt., p. 36.

(3). IbFd; p. 145.

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de Contemporalrw, Op.CIt., p. 19.

<1). AGERON, HIstoIre I'Algdrlo

Franco, Op.C!t., p. 25.

<2). AGERON, les Algerians Musulmans «t la

178
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j^di d ^-U JU- t 1857 ^jL. 14 ^ssjUj U^j* jJL^f ijM\ LiJWI

3-^1 &NI (JLj yi O^ji ^JJI jjVj^jJlIj (jiJLJil fhf <y JlJj 150 l#
^^J l^jju £& viJlill OjslU ^1 1863 fc- ^ij .v-J^I ^'j
tr^ 5
(j»j • 186S k** V>-*^ **•<** J*iiJ oLu»l_j toUULIj t^JUil

(1). AGERON. Hlstolre da I'Algerls Contemporalna, Op.Clt., o. 57 - 161.

(2). Ibid; p. 161.

179
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^j . 1871 o\jJ ^ l^lp ^ *£j (JjJ ^ ^1: 3^ _ ^

•iifcj c154 VJjiM- ^yJl *-jJdJ
J. JutAdl jJLp ^ U^UJI jflj^-l

^<J t(pl«. 117 p^) igauJ l^jju yi JLJ; 199j <1871 fc.,
^
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C&rfjjVl iajkjsJU fyU, s_w dUi, wUI jJij^-l IL-jJU

^ Ja5i

Vfcil iOA ^ pj 1882

f
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yij

^M\ C&US
.plw J^Jj 3,172
uy^l t\it &>
^ j£\
'/A,26
^d\ J^ ^j
jj\^S V l~J\ cLJlT 1902
tyjijU
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#Ujf p*UsJ
fWV f tf-M
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^5^ ^ c^jf
f

5JUL,Sf| jOp ^Ij? d870 ^ SjaJUl

198 Jl 1877 Um.

^ jJLm 216 ^ iJbJI juUli jlS* .6ajJl>l

t^Ul ^ 115 Ji Oj-j-dl iOP j^iwt 1886

f
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1
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J-^jj <1889 iu/^ LU 81 JJ

fJ^J 5:>
U J^ ^>j^ j*l>! y» 0*uA 1962 ^Wj 1870 JLu

(1). Ibid, p. 155.

180
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j r
un piui ou>i r
ijjji

fjtfjj uyjSlj^li *L** Oj& Oiyi ^1p oiSij* q>u" 01 '**£*- '4

jflj4-l
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1 -^

.<
1
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.£j\y~. 3 SJd Jt-^l Oj^ L~J> ^ Oj~J>JI OlT Uijj 1905 SjUJ
lyir as yi>u uajj^i ou cj^ijji joji *i*i & sfjUi f
jlp
^ fi-jio
Hilji 6 J axJI ^l 1881 fU yij .yj^Ji oiyi
^ vljl 3 w cab*
j> 0U <1876 fc- ^ JOalj e^ju y JjU J jy Si\
0^-jo

^ Jt ^Si\ /jjj JUl J^jlII of Lcj .,1*^ ^ l^ioj v-J>Ji

g^Ull
J^ u>!T > j*u «S ilj J| uJl^; ^ / 86-80 V-f <uji~.

J* OjLoi ^^Ji oii^b ^iy f^ jl» <oi*a&J ^jW^ij vij^i

Oj^>ji j^^ v l/>. (ij\jj '4 u^ js,) jjij^-u ^,u yj-. ^uji

Si) 0^ 47 jjl^."^ ,J yij^J JUI Jj^Jd! OU «JUU

J^ JIpj

(t). AGERON, Hlstolra do I'Algdrla ContemporaJne, Op.Clt., p. 47.

(2). Le decret du 26 Aoflt compete par un autre decrat du 26 Novembre 1881

181
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J
128 Jl V-ijU* c^uJjl U^ ,lU> OjJU 45 J, J\y*U JVH Jj^oU

d~*o ^-Jj-JI 0^1. vJU 25 J AJUa aUj ^ Ojsijj^i 0>jfc-U

UJLtfj yU aifc— jJljfl C^^l 1900 ^*~~o 19 Ojili ^J^O

JUfc 24 (^IjSU O/JHI) OjrfjjSlI 0>jS-U -

JUi. 24 ... (^IjSU As£MJ » <W>H ^S~^ "

O^LI) Djjjflj^l
-
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OpU. 6 (W^ M**) **ftjH ~

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J*»* yP UWJJ^
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^ ^Juv,
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jsuii jpuu 6

^ ,U,l C*
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700,000
^
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Contemporalne, Op.Clt., p. 47.

(1). AGERON, Hlstolre de l'Alg«rta

182
01 ^j Ja*-o t-««J JJUi* OyjJlj4-l uy JULsJI jU jl "xJi j/' "4+*
i/yj^v m% &vm cr* </ ***** &$& cr* c ^ 5

Le Conseil Superieur de l'Algerie J\j*ii Js^\ _r^>^ *~d\ij

i

o^ir j*. r
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c>i jsj .y£* Vj v ^ y& ^
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pS\yi IJaJL. *W 1898 Ojl 23 ^ jJU* <^JJI ^JS J& .OpV*.

olfitfl
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:iJUIi

ul^l -
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^il v^) l^^U

01 (1923/12/21
^ j^UaJI
f

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JAS u^\
o^jil

(1). AGERON, HIstoIre de FAIgerie Confemporaine, Op.Cft„ p. 53 et p. 145.

183
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r*^

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.tf>I .j-U^f ,y ,_^S< 346,000j y~J> J^f

184
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jJlp OlT Ljirf i-J 85,792 jjljf* ^ ^J ^J i> c*~J>Jl OlOl
J olUotfVl i^J Of .Um IJUj .fcJI db ^ U-J 156,925 ^l*-} 1

J Sillily JA £^l J a^iy Ui^M OjLii <i~»v <VJW'VI

.

i)L* OlT t1896 fc* Ju-J 157,560 ^mOp £1* ^JJI uj-iL~«V'

J 37,000j 1881 fc* JLwJ 31,865 Ctf j^*A* £jly ^JUI OjJUa^l

15,675 ^Up^ ^JJI OjMil ^ tflill **yjJl yij «1911 2Lu*

jJl>^ C&rfjj^J ^M <iM ^ aJjUv DU tjUas^bj . 1891 lu*

ijUj* 3L4. c-itt UUpj .L-J^iJ ^LJI AJ\ jjaJUj jfljj.^ SJ^-ljsli

Oj^jjVi ^jUi i^-iji ^i v^jJi iis^ii cjit ^

j! SjbsOJ i^l J|/Vl Oj^Lc 'ifj ,l> ^l ^ yij4-l
Jl a^LBI

(1). AGERON, Hlstolre do I'AIgdrie Contemporalne, Op.CK., pp. 120-128.

185
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ar^i" ^lsjj, vj^ji ajjoii c-» 1865 fU ^j .tMj Ojst. 300 ^

JUjUJ £*JU y-Jji iiii> c)jJL% 100 ^ Ujj* U^wj ^VA^ 1 ^
aT^I J^ dU* J<tf,j <0U^-yi t£j» >W viAJij /. 5,25 v»*
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c^f < JjSfl XTjJtJI 01 j* <LL* Jv*» c?JJI
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^f 1900 ^ ^ I ^jfsfi ^ {\J ?+* fJ&S} i« y-w </3

dJUJ ^ <^ji«JI L J
4 >^JL* £jy tpJL~» 3,674 iS'yUi oAft Aa*> Ji^
774,000 J[J^d ^3 1910 fc- ^jl ^ ciU> 461,275 fcJI

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c ^
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CJjJ yJI AJ-Jt ^j) 1904 Up J[ 1870 4- SOxJ.1 !>!! ^> l»t

(1). La Compagnfe Genevolse,

(2). La Soctete Odndrala Algfirienne.

AGERON, las Algfirlens Mu*ulmana at la Franca, Op.Cli., p. S1.

<3).

186
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1871 «^> 4
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Ji
0>jUl JjJi
1
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>& 3,114,792 >

jlSi a^jsJj lA </Nj M*-l yr^ W 1

^ 1900 ^ Jl 1880 ^ JJUJI S/ill

^j .j^» 2,317447 c^L
D^UI
3L.L- 3jp t yM li*u .(Kfa^lJ o* 2,000,000
jiSl

i/W tf*L^ ^ J ^ 5,056,000

15 SjL-^- CxiJ\jU c~UT Ji Ollaf-Ml

jM4 uaj> u^j^-JJ ^U« <£U >M *-W< if e ^ 5

uW
4U* OK U*jp
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7
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<y C^l^uJI yi
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26 Jb. Mfli I*,* >W U* >ia-< W JJ; .

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(1). Ibid, p. 766.

(2). AGERON, Hlstoire do I'AlgJrie Con temporal™, Op.Clt., p. 59.

187
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OjsUJ^ v'jJl >a- "^ «/» .Ojaij/lll -4 sJUm dlTt. U*j c/yM

^ Ml J^ V ejWj C
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p^JU £*iJ c^-^l ^l olaJiJLJl o\p 3L^jWI or^-JI <y ^Alj ja

U *•£> 3> »ldf

Jj . 1891 ii^ ,y 249 CJ^ «J^p ^» ^ali

^ i/»" jW ^^ M>* &X\) dy&o^ OjtiUaj Oj^jjVl 0>ji-U

oU& *Uf Ju^l AiijiLl cJ-^j «1900 f

U>
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dUJ^ ^iOJj t 1898 *l- yi di> OjJU 55 ^ j^J cJlT ji\ jJA
^> Jjl3> i^ttdl ^»L>j Jtfljill ^> qVjVi
OjJU 84
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1>jU. ^ ^Jl jJJij jflj4-l ,> U* UTU- O^K" J*- «&rf

lS
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tj

^j tj3j ir jijlu-i jupj .jflj^u 5-^> v^ c> "Z tr- 1 ,lail,

o-^j J JK c^ ,> ^^i cs Ail JO.Jbj-1

f
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(1). Ibid, p. 66.

188
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0yjflj4-l SL-L 4J
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^ UT
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•
J|U>
j>" c^JJIj 1870 yj^l 24 ^ j^LJl ^ ff*j> ,Wi . 1

(1). Charles Robert AGERON "Jules Feny et la question AlgerJenne en 1892". Ravue
d'hlstolre moderne et contemporalne, vol. 10 (avrll -Juln), 1963, pp. 130-132.

189 i3-jsi>ii ^-uLJ cijta

ji» t^JJlj 1827 2u- jiUJI ^jto obUI OjJli J-JI t l^l . 2

£? <^ _>*j 1851 0\yr 6 £.jb jjU j>-\ O^U >l ^ jflpW
^

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V^iJI Oi Wj^ Ji vy^l ikJUl JW-j „U S^JT lt>4» Ij-jU ^jb
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:
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(1). Ibid, pp. 131-139.

190
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192
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CJIT cl830 3^* 5 **^WI Jfi >%?*% £> J,*
ol>. J*
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t^.% LA>i JUA Wk* J U> ijij J^

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193
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(^OJI ^Sll j^l^l y> OjJlH <^jJ»j4-U c JUJIj <Lj> Jbs-ljdl ^yj-l
£*s£l
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12 ^.jW y^J^iJI a-UIjlJI

j^ Ji XJL.J fUJI p5UI l^ Sj&tll a J^i

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J ujJbM

!**a$U bA*^ 01 Oj^ IjJlS" OisO^I uO^W^ 01 «U> I.Uj

(1). AGERON, les Algdrlens Musulmans et la Franca, Op.CK., p. 52.

(2). AGERON, Hlstolre de I'AlgSrie Contemporalne. Op.Clt., p. 65.

(3). Ibid; p. 128.

194
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(1). Ibid; p. 195.

195
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Inserructfon. 1964-1862.
(1)Edgar O'Ballance, TTie Algerian
pp. 102-109.
Hamden, Conn. Archon Books, 1967.

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p. 224

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(1). AGERON, les AlgeXens Musufmans et la France. Op.Clt.. d 11 17

(2). Ibid; p. 33 et 393.
(3). Ibid; p. 83.

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(1). Charles R. Ageron "Jules Ferry et la question algdrlenne en 1892" % Revue d'Hfstoire
Modtrne Contemporalne, (AvrlKJuIn), 196S, p. 130.

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(1).Lazlo J. La Nalssance et le D6veIoppemont

du Mouvement do LlWratlon
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A Cademlai Kldo, 1989. pp. 40-41
(2) Ibid; p 41.

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(1). AGERON. les Algfirlens Musulmans et la France, 1871-1919, Op.CIl; p. 1046.

206
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(2). Le Journal L'Echo d'Oran du 29 Juln 1871.

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(1). Andrd Nouschl, BrnuAto sur to Niveau da Vto efes Popufatlons Rurales
Constantlnols. Paris: P.U.F. 1961, pp. 650-652.
(2). Ibid; pp. 650-652,
(3). AGERON, les Alg^riens Musulmans et la France, 1871-1919, Op.CH., p 187
(4). Ibid; pp. 189-190.

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(1). Charles R. Ageron, "L'Emigratlon des Musulmans Algerians et I'Exode de Tlemcen:

1830-1911". Annales Economlques, Socittes, Civilisation. Vol. 22, Num6ro 5.
(Septembre-Octobre), 1967, p. 1063.

(2). Ibid; p. 13.

(3). A. Messlmy, "Ressources Mllltalres de I'Afrique du nord, Revue de Paris, Vol. XVII,
Numero 6 (Novembre). 1910, pp. 336-346.

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(1). Gilbert Meynler, L'AlgArle Revellli. Geneve: Llbralrie Droze, 1981, p. 13.

212
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(1). AGERON, Les Algerlens Musulmans si la France: 1871-1919, Op.Cft., pp. 224-257.
(2). RSIIx Falck, Guide Economlque da I'Algarte, Paris: Albln Michel, Edlteur, 1922, p. 19.

213
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(2). AGERON, Les AIg6riens Musulmans et la Franco: 1871-1919, Op.Clt., pp. 259-261.

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(1). Ibid; p. 261

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,1979 .^ij j&jO vM w^i ijflj-M .Uji ^ cauHjfi jui <j.^jt jU* l( i)

(2). AGERON, Les Algerians Musulmans et la France: 1871-1919, Op.Clt„ p 1218

216
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(1).Andr6 Nouschl, La NaisBance du Nationalisms Algerian, 1914-1954. Paris: Les

Editions de Mlnult, 1962, pp. 53-54.

217
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(1). Gilbert Meynler, I'AlgAria Reveille, Geneve: Llbralrie Droz, 1916, p. 712.

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(1). Charles R. Ageron, Polltlques Colonlales au Maghreb. Paris: P.U.F. 1972, p. 258.
(2). Meynler, Op.Clt., p. 716.
(3). Ageron, Polltlques Colonlales au Maghreb, Op.Clt., p. 259.

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(1). Ibid; p. 261.

(2). Ageron, les Algiriens Musulmans et la France: 1871-1919, Op.Clt., p. 304.

222
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(1). Ageron, Polltlques Colonlales au Maghreb, Op.Clt., p. 273.

(2). Ibid; p. 273.

(3). Ibid; p. 274.

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(2). Ageron, Polltlques Colonlales au Maghreb, Op.CIt,, p. 279.

(3). Ageron, les Algerians Musulmans et la France, 1871-1919, Op.Clt„ p. 288.

(4). Ibid; p. 288.

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France: 1871-1919, Op.cn., 289.
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(F.E.MA).
(2). Le Rassemblement Franco-Musulman Algerian (R.F.MA),

231
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(1). Ferhat Abbas, La Jeune Algerian: da la Colonle vers la Provlnco. Paris: Editions
Gamier Freres, 1981, p. 26.

(2).Charles-Robert Ageron, Hlstolre de I'Algerle Contemporalne (Tom. II). Paris: P.U.F.

1979, pp. 321-322.
(3). La Federation des Elus Indigenes d'AlgSrle.

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1962, p. 63.

(2).Badra Lahoual, "Politique Colonlale, Identity natlonale et supr-natlonale en AlgeYle,

1830-1937", Revue d'HIstoIre Maghrtblne. Vol. 15. Numero: 49-50 (|uln) 1988, pp 71-87.

234
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(1). Robert Aran, Les Orlglne de

la Guerre d'Alg6rle, Paris: Fayard, 1962, pp. 72-73.
(2). Le Rassemblement Franco-Musulman AlgSrien.

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(1). Jeanson, Op.CH., p. 71.

(2). Les Amis de Manifesto et de la Liberie (A.M.L).

(3). Benjamin Store, Mosaall Hadj 1898-1994. Paris: Editions Le Sycamore, 1982, p. 189.

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(1). Collette et Francis Jeanson, L'Algfirle hors la lol. Paris: Seull, 1955, pp. 70-71,

(2). Les Amis du Manifest et de la Liberie (A.M.L.).

(3). Jeanson, Op.Clt., p. 70.

239
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(1). Benjamin Store, Op.CIt, p. 192.

(2). Jeanson, Op.CIt., pp. 70-71.

(3). L'Unlon Ddmocratlque de Mantfeste Algerian (U.D.M.A.).
(4). Aran, Op.CIt., p. 250.

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(1). Ibid; p. 250.

(2). Aran, Op.CIt., p. 253.

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(1). Andr^ Nousohl, La Nalssance du Natlonallsme Algerian. Paris: Seuil, 1962, p. 149.
(2). Charles Robert Ageron, Hlstolre de I'Algdrie Contemporaine, Op.Cit., p. 610.
(3). Nouachl, Op.Clt., p. 153.

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(1). Ferhat Abbas, Autopsle d'une guerre. Paris: Editions Gamier, 1980,
pp. 77-83.
(2). Ibid; pp. 150-153.

(3). Benjamin Store, Op.CIt, p. 189.

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(1). Saadedlno Ben Chneb "Quelques Hlstolres Arabes Modernes d'Alg^rle", Revue
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(2). Merad, Op.Clt., p. 49.

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(2). Merad, Op.Clt., p. 49.
(3). Ibid; p. 100.

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(1). Ageron, Hlstolre d'Algirie Contemporalne, Op.Clt., p. 333.

(2). Alf Andrew Heggoy, Insurgency and Counter Insurgency In Algeria. Bloomlngton,
Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1972, p. 11.

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(2). Andrd Nouschl, La Naissance du Nationalism© Algtirien. Paris: Mlnult, 1962,

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(3). Ibid; pp. 70-71.

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(2). Merad, Op.Clt., p. 179.

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(1). Merad, Op.Clt„ p. 184.

(2). La Defense, Journal dee Outemas, num6ro 88 du 3 Janvier, 1936, p. 1

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(1). Ageron, Hlstolre da I'Algerle Contemporalne, Op.Clt., p. 385.

(2). Ibid; p. 385.

282
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(1). Danldle Joly. The Fronch Communist Party and The Algerian War. Now YorK:
St. Martin's Press, 1991, pp. 15-16.

283
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(1). Pierre Leffont, Hlstolra d« la Franc* an Algtrh. Paris: Pton. 1080, p. 314.

284
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(1). Ageron. Hlstolre de l'AIg6rle Contemporalne, Op.Clt., p. 599.

(2). Mohamed Harbl, Le F.L.N.: Mirage et Reallt*. Paris: Editions Jeune Afrlque, 1980,
p. 138.

285 i<j- Ja >a (/

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(1). Ibid; p. 138.

(2). "Les Combattants de la Liberation'

286
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mjl «jNjJl* jiJL^ji ^ JlK- f t 1956 y?l ifcJl ^-ii yij .^^l

(1). Les Communlstes Europeans 6ont: (1) Camllle Larrlb&re, (2) Jacques Salord, et (3)
William Sportlssa.

(2). Harbl, Op.Clt., p. 138.

287
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(1). Ageron, Hlslolre de l'Alg6rlo Contemporalne, Op.Clt., p. 350.

ndr
?i;^ $ Nousch| La Nalssanco du Natlonallsme Algirlen,
. Paris: Editions de Mlnult,
1962, p. 62.

289
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(1). "Gtorleuse Etolle Nord Afrlcalne".

(2). Ageron, Hlstolre de l'Alg6rle Contemporalne, Op.CIt., p. 351

290
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(1). Ibid; p. 352.

(2). Ibid; p. 352.

291
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(1), "L'Unlon Natlonale des Musulmans Nord Afrlcalns".

(2). Benjamin Stora, Messall HadJ: 1898-1974. Paris: Le Sycamore, 1982, p, 127.

292
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(1). Stora, Op.Clt., p. 133.

293
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(1). Ibid; p. 137-141.

fcjb ^IjOJ Ola^j JJUj \^W JUJJI ^ .^UI Jiji^. «,>JU J*^ .(2)

294
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1

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<L~~ 1937 ^U i-lAjl 1936 ^jJ ^^ SJLuIl o^uJl ^i ^y.

(1). Raoul AUBAUD, Socr6talre d'Etal h I'Intirlour.

(2). Stora, Op.CH., p. 143.

• 60 ^ «j,L- «.y <J.\JJ iJlM .

( 3)

295
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(2). La Llbert6 du 8 Janvier 1937.

(3). Lb Figaro du 14 Decembre 1936.
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(2). Stora, Messall HadJ: 1898-1974, Op.Clt., pp. 164-165.

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(1). Ageron, Hlstolre de l'Alg6rie Contemporalne, Op.Clt„ p. 355.

(2). Store, Op,CIi., p. 169.

(3). Ageron, Hlstolre de I'Algfirie Contemporalne, Op.Clt., p. 356.

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(1). Robert Aran, Los Orlglnes da la Gusrre d'Algfirls. Paris: Fayard, 1962, p. 79.

(2). Store, Messall Hadj: 1898-1974, Op.CK„ p. 186.

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(1). Ageron, Hlstolre de l'Alg6rle Contemporalna, Op.Cit., p. 587.

(2). L'Unlon D6mocratlque du ManKeste Algerian (U.D.MA).

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(2). Harbl, Aux Orlglnes du F.L.N.: La Scission du P.P.A.-M.T.LD.. Op.Clt., p. 29.

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(1). Parls-Prosse, numfiro du 7 mars 1947.

P). Andrd Jullen, I'AMqua en Marcha. Paris: Jullard, 1952, pp. 325-326.

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(1 ). Aran, Les Orlglnes de la Guerre d'Algerie, Op.CIt., p. 278.

(2). Ibid; pp. 278-279.

(3). Charles H. Favrod, La R6volutlon AlgSrlenne. Paris: Plon, 1959, p. 80.

(4). Aran, Les Orlglnes de la Guerre d'Algerie, Op.CIt., p. 279.

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(2). Benjamin Stora, Dlctlonnalre Biographique des Militants Natlonallstes Algerians.

Paris: Editions L'Harmattan, 1985, p. 269.
(3). Ageron. Hlstoire de I'Algerle Contemporalne, Op.Clt„ p. 589.

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(2). L'Organlsatlon Sp6clale,(O.S.).

(3). Harbl, Le F.L.N.: Mirage et Reallte, Op.Clt., p. 70.

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^ Jl l^i Ji^Sfl v^ Uk^l ^JJI
J*^JI iU*!^ ^ ^1 ^ jly U> jjuj 01 a.ljicjJI oL>l jL^l

• 135 ^ {JyL. ^^ (f Uip jljl t,j-l^ JUj>v»

.(1)
(2). Harbl, Le F.L.N.: Mirage et Reallf6, Op.Clt., p. 56.

322
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1
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. 1950 ,j>j\a SjiOj yi («_i-jj ijijjj ol^ J-j^P <«->W»jj Xk>^4

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3, 5j ^ 1950 o-j^
4

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a< 0>-^J JU\ Xs>

J.& J* JzJft *UJl ^ CJ& "<u~iji$\ '^>j^\ oi

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(1). Ibid; p. 56 et p. 83.

323
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1

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J *~-LJI oU5U^I ^ ^liaJlj iij\j±.\ ^\j>S\ £**
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4
/ >iJ*1ylcJi5l

. 54 ^ .1991 .cJ^ W" :y'l>l «*Uip...jl/ <</l^ -A*^ .(1)

(2). Harbl, Aux Origlnes du F.L.N.: La Scission P.P.A.-M.T.L.D.. Op.Clt., p. 41.

(3). Ibid; p. 41.

. 113 cjiL- ^.^ «Ui*...jiy (t/

l*P J*»-u. .(4)

324
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^
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tfj* Vy^l ^Usjyi </ Xj'^tt '>^y '^r jU jus,

urll

uy oNU^I oU, 1950 ^^^ j+i. j, |jb|j 1951 b\yr 17 fr .

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1951 ^jU J Ji^ ^ soxJl 3>JI ^j 1
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(1). Harbl, Le F.L.N.: Mirage et R6allt6, Op.CH., p. 84.

325
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. 1951 £jj\ 5 fji l*pUfts-l ,/ ^j Vk? fc>S- Vs- *^l <>

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s^l 01 U> .Jiu~« ^Ij*- Oil.* ^UiJl
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Cji <~** ji

ji\ <vjJ-l ^i aJjladl oL^i-t3l j* SJb^ ^ Olfj . 1951 ,j-> ^i»

d&j kj^ vi^i yf^i^ oJUj OjUj jU o/i Jl*s

(1). Ibid; p. 84.

(2). Harbl, Aux Origlnes du F.L.N.: La Scission du P.P.A.-M.T.LD. Op.Clt., p. 43.

(3). Ibid; p. 45.

326
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(1>
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(1). Stora, Messall HadJ: 1898-1974, Op.Cit., p. 212.

327
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(1). Haiti, Aux Origlnes du F.L.N.: La Scission du P.P.A.-M.T.L.D. Op.CIt.,

p. 49.

328
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(1). Ibid; p. 50.

(2). Harbl, Le F.L.N.: Mirage et Reallte, Op.Clt., p. 90.

329
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(1). Mohamed Harbl, Les Archives de la Revolution Algtfrlenne. Paris: Editions Jeune
Afrlque, 1981, pp. 52-56.

(2). Harbl. Le F.L.N.: Mirage et Reallte, Op.Clt., p. 94.

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(1). harbl, Le F.L.N.: Mirage et Realltd, Op.Cit„ p. 95.

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(1). Harbl, Las Archlvea de la Revolution Algfirlenne, Op.Clt., p. 62.

(1). harbl, Le F.L.N.: Mirage et Realltt, Op.Clt„ p. 97.

333 22- jSj^B^JiJl^a

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das militants nationalises
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p.

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(1). Ibid, p.132.

(2). Mohamed HARBI, Dlctlonnalre blographlque des militants natlonallstes
Algerians. Paris: Edition L'Harmattan, 1985, p. 332.

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(1). FAVORD, La F.L.N, et I'AlgSrle. Paris: Plon, 1962, p. 139.

Charles-Henri
(2). Andre NOUSCHI, La nalssance du Natlonallsme Algerian. Paris: Mlnult, 1962, p.150

370
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4,359,600 3,781,100 578,500 1896

5,158,100 4,447,800 680,300 1906

5,984,200 5,150,800 833,400 1926

7,147,100 6,201,100 946,000 1936

8,601,400 7,679,100 922,000 1948

9,784,000 8,745,000 1,042,000 1954

* Source : Charles-Henry Favrod, Le F.L.N. et I'AlgMe. Paris : Pion, 1962, p. 139.

(1). Ibid; pp. 176-183.

(2). FAVORD, Op.Cit; p. 139.

371
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(1). NOUSCHI. Op.Cli; pp. 116-120

(2). Colette et Francis JEANSON, L'Algirie hors la lol. Paris: Editions du seull, 1955, p. 144.

(3). Robet ARON, Les Orlglnes de la guarre d'Algfirlo. Paris: Fayard. 1962, pp. 224-233.

(4). Ibid; p. 227.

372
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ASOO.yjid 600 jb 414,700 900 j. 963,000
532,000 > 7,612,100 24,900 jb 2,720,000
t^ 1

Sources Robert Aran, Les Origines do la guerre de I' Algeria, Paris: Fayard, 1962, P. 224,
:

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(1).N6usCHI,Op.Clt;p. 122
(2). ARON. Op.Clt; p. 228.

373
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(1). Ibid; p. 228.

(2). JEANSON, Op.Clt; p. 167.
(3). Ferhat ABBAS, L'autopsfe d'una guerre. Paris: Editions Gamier, 1980 d 90
(4). FAVORD, Op.C1t. p. 178.

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(2). "Le tournant Algdrlen" Esprit, N° 10 (Octobre) 1951. pp. 326-348.
(3). JEANSON, Op.Clt; p. 183.
(4). Mohamed HARBI, La F.L.N.: Mirage et R6allt6. Paris: Editions Jeune Afrlque,
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. 271 ^ t/JJI ^l ^JlI ^ .(2)

(3). Mohamad HARBI, Le F.L.N.: Mirage at realltfi. Paris: Editions Jeune Afrlque,
H 1985,
p. 190.

402
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(1). Ibid, pp. 204-205.

403
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J*3 tyj

OIRJJ J^dl, kb" sWli. S^lic 1954 j^JjJ Jjf 5^ o*L>. JL5J

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. 1985 Ojf
(2). Henri BOURGEAUD, Senateur dans la DepAche Quotldienne du 2 Novambre 1954.

404
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(1). Frangols QUILICI, U monde du 3 Novembre 1954.

(2). Bernard DOZ et Evelyne LEVER, Hlstolre da I'Algerle: 1954-1962. Paris: Seull 1982,
p. 62.

(3). Michel K. CLARK, Algeria In Turmoil. New York: Praeger, 1960, pp. 119-120.

405
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. 1954 jfJjJ !> Jp Wj^j 5Ub ajj^l J*iJI ijij .^Ul, ^U ^U ajJ^ .
( 1)

. 89-88 ^ t1983 t S*JI Ji iHukLi

(2). DROZ et LEVER, Op.CIt; p. 62.

406
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407
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o* ^j

(1). Bernard DROZ et Evelyne LEVER, Hlstolre de la guerre d'Alge>ie: 1954-1962. Paris:
Seull, 1982, p. 64.

(2). Allstalr HORN, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria: 1954-1962. London: Mc Mlllan,
1977, p. 105.

(3). Ibid; p. 106.

408
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(1). DROZ et LEVER, Op.Clt., pp. 66-67 OU

- HORN, Op.Clt„ p. 106.

409
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(1). DROZ et LEVER, Op.CIt., p. 69.

410
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(1). Michael K. CLARK, Algeria In Turmoil. New York: Praeger, 1959, pp. 133-134
(2). Ibid., pp. 140-147.

411
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(1). Home, Op.Clt., p. 123.

(2). Ibid., p. 123.

412
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O^ <^ "Pierre Clostermann d^j^J^jJ' JlytJ-l 1958 iu-

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d j* U>\>- *Lai "JjS-.^ ilU-'j (^wJ^iJl isLnaJI gc-jf g;ij| p^iJl

(1). Home, Op.Clt., p. 117.

(2). Ibid; p. 114.

413 27- j8>11 1|

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.^Uy
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(1). Ibid, p. 112.

(2). DROZ et LEVER, Op.Clt.. p. 80.

(3). S.A.S. - Sections d'Actlon Spdclale.

414
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(1). DROZ et LEVER. Op.CIt, p. 87.

(2). Ibid., p. 89.

(3). Ibid., p. 97.

416
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(1). Edward BEHR, The Algerian Problem. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1962,
pp. 142-143.

417
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(1). Wszeverso W. KULSKI, De Gaulle and the World. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse
University Press, 1966, p. 330.

(2), Joseph KRAFT, The Struggle for Algeria. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1961, p.98.
(3). Jean-Marie DOMENACH, "The French Army In Politics" Foreign Affairs, (January)
1961, p. 189.

418
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(1). Bernard DROZ et Evelyne LEVER, Hlstolra de la guerre d'Algdrfe: 1954-1962. Paris:
Seull, 19B2, p. 95.

(2). Home, Op.Clt., p. 157.

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(1). Home, Op.Clt., p. 160.

(2). Philip TRIPIER, Autopsio do la guerre d'Algdrle. Paris: EdlUons France-Empire,

1972, p. 151.

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(1). Michael K. CLARK, Algeria In Turmoil. New York: Praegar, 1960, p. 301.
(2).TRIPIER.Op.CH. J p. 153.

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(1). Roy C. MACRIDIS and Bernard B. BROWN, Thft De Gaulle Republic. Homewood,
Illinois:The Dorsey Press, 1965, p. 55.
(2). Home, Op.Clt„ p. 156.

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(2). Ibid., p. 57.

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(1). TRIPIER, Op.Clt., pp. 151-152.

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New York: Praeger. 1960, p. 213.

(1). Edgar FURNISS, France Troubled Ally,
(2). DROZ at LEVER, Op.Clt., p. 143.

(3). Home, Op.Clt., p. 240.

425
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(1). Ahmed H. EL-AFANDI "Roll Call Analysis of the Input of Support The case of the
French System under Stress, 1954-1962" Ph. D, Dissertation, the University of
Political
Missouri at Columbia, 1970, p. 85.

(2). Home, Op.Cit, p. 240.

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(1). Wlllam G ANDREWS, French Politics and Algeria. New York: Meredith Publishing
Company, 1962, p. 160.

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(1). John Steward AMBER, Soldiers against the State: The French Army In Politics.
New York: Doubleday and Company, 1968, p. 243.
(2). MACRIDIS and BROWN. Op.C1t., pp. 59-60.

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(1). MACRIDIS and BROWN, Op.Clt., pp. 95-96.

(2). ANDREWS, Op.Clt., p. 279.

,1979 &jl\j j±U VM *J^ '-Jj& U '

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. 120,,.

431
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(1). MICHAEL K. Clark, Algeria In Turmoil. New York: Praeger, 1959, pp. 417-418.

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(1). KULSKI, Op.Clt., p. 314.

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(1). MACRIDIS and BROWN. Op.Clt. f pp. 212-213.

(2). Home, Op.cn., p, 305.

(3). MACRIDIS and BROWN, Op,CK., p. 253.

434
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(1). KULSKI. Op.Clt., p. 341

(2). Ibid; p. 341.
(3). Ibid; pp. 341-342.

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(1). HORNE, Op.Clt., p. 310.

436
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(1). Ibid; p. 340.

437
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OIT j^l j^a 5/iJ jflj^-l yi ,^J>JI js^l SjU >i Jj 0^
(1). Home, Op.CIt., p. 343.

(2). Ibid; p. 343.

(3). PHILIPPE, TRIPIER, Autopsle de la guerre d'Algdrle. Paris: France-Empire, 1972,
p. 373.

438
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(1). HORNE, Op.Clt., pp. 356-357.

440
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(1). Edward BEHR, The Algerian Problem. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1962,
p. 167.

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(1). Ibid, p. 173.

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(1). Edgar O'BALLANCE, The Algerian Insurrection: 1954-1962. Hamdan Connecticut;

Archon Books, 1967, pp. 152-153.

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(3). HORNE, Op.Clt., p. 392.

. 46 j> t/JUl uii^» jJL^ll ^ .(2)

(4). HORNE, Op.CIt„ p. 394.

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(1). HORNE, Op.Cn., p. 419.
(2). Edgar O'BALLANCE, The Algerian Inserructlon 1954-1962. Hamden, Conn. Archon
Books, 1967, p. 161.

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(1). O'BALLANCE, Op.Clt., p. 162.

(2). Ibid; p. 163.

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L* 5-4
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LJ aLlI od* yi ^_,LidJ iJU^i dUij y'lj^l yi ^I^^^JI Jj^j Dl^j,

(1). HORNE, Op.Clt., p. 434.

(2). Bernard DROZ et Everyne LEVER, Hfstolre de la guerre d'Algdrle: 1954-1962. Paris:
Seull, 1982, pp. 296-297.

450
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(1
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(1). Ibid; p. 297.

451
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(1). HORNE, Op.Cit., pp. 440-448.

(2). HORNE, Op.Cit., p. 462 or O'BALLANCE, Op.CIL, p. 181.

452
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453
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(1). Ibid; p. 87.

(2). HORNE, Op.Cit., p. 473.

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(1). Bernard DROZ et Evelyns LEVER, HTstolra do la guerre d'Alglrle: 1954*1962. Parle:
Seull, 1992, p. 331.

(2). Ammar BOUHOUCHE "The Return and Reintegration of the Algerian refugees
Following the Independence of Algeria" Annales de I'Unlversltft d'Alger N° 5, 1990-1991
p. 95.

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(1). Alislalre HORNE, A Savaga War of Pmca: Algeria: 1954-1962. London: Mc MRIan,
1977, p. 184.

(2). Yacef SAADI, La batallla d'Algar. Algsr E.N.A.L. 1984, p. 230.

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(2). Saadl, Op.CIt., p. 395.

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(3). HORNE, Op.Glt., p. 226.

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(3). HARBI, Le F.L.N.: Mirage et Rlalltt, Op.CIt. ( p. 230.

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(2). HARBI, La F.L.N.: Mirage et Fttallti, Op.Clt, p. 231.

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(1). Bernard DROZ t Evelyne LEVER, Hlstolre de la Guerre d' Algeria: 1954-1962. Paris:
Seuil, 1962, p. 93.

(2). Harbl, Le F.L.N.: Mirage et Realm, Op.Clt., p. 197.

(3). DROZ et LEVER, Op.Clt., p. 100.

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(1).
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Homewood, Illinois: The Doreey Press, 1965,
pp. 212-213.

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(1). Philippe TRIPIER, Autopsle da la Guerre d'Alg^rle. Paris: France-Empire, 1972,

p. 373.
(2). Allstalr HORNE, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria: 1954-1962. London: Mc Mlllan,
1977, p. 364.

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(1). Edgar O'BALLANCE, The Algerian Insurrection,

1954-1962. Hamden Connecticut
Archon Books, 1967, p. 162.

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(2). Olivier LONG, Le dossier secret des Accords d'Evlan, Alger O.P.U., 1989, p. 44.

528
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. 23 ^ .1987 «VU-I
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(1). LONG, Op.Ctt„ p. 87.

530
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(1) r Olfvler LONG, Le dossier secret des Accords d'EvIan, Alger: O.P.U., 1987, p. 87.
(2). tbTd; p. 89.

531
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(1). Ibid; p. 93.

(2). LONG, Op.Cit., p. 94.

«UUs3^ ^\ ij\jj :j}l>\ . 1962-1954 i^jJf jlj^S '^h ^r^ j^y** -(3)

. 74 ^ .1976

532
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(1). LONG, Op.Clt., p. 118.

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538
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(1). Ammar BOUHOUCHE, "The Return and Reintegration of the Algerian Refugees
Following the Independence of Algeria" Annates de I'Unlverslte d'AIger, No5, 1990-1991,
p. 95.

(2). Patrick EVENO et Jean PLANCHAIS, La Guerre d'Alg«rle. Alger: Laphomlc, 1990.

p. 321.

540
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Nations
(1). International Encyclopedia, edition of 1968, p. 362 or consult the 1951 United
Convention and The United Nations Protocol.

542
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(2)

543
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HASSANI Abdelkrlm, Guerilla sans visage. Alger. O.P.U. 1988.

guerre du F.L.N. on France, 1954-1962.
(2). All HAROUN, La 7e Wllaya: La

Alger Editions Rahma, 1992.

(3). Ibid; p. 307.

(4). Ibid; p. 307.

544
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238,308,105 2,815,377,335 1958

645,668,399 5,071,919,925 1959

1,020,359,570 5,968,201,321 1960

469,825,337 2,578,269,997 1961

2,374,161,411 16,433,768,578
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* Source : All Haroun, la 76 wllaya. Algen Editions Rahma, 1992, pp. 492-493.

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(1). Rapport du Haut Commlssartat des Nations Unles pour les Refugles. New York: 1963,
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(2). Rapport du Haut Commissariat des Nations Unles pour les Re*fugles. New York: 1964,
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(1962-1830)

FRENCH GOVERNORS IN COLONIAL ALGERIA (1 >

Governors
Louis Auguste Victor de Bourmont, comte de Ghaisnes* 1830
Bertrand Clauzel* 1830-1831
Pierre Bethezfcne* 1831-1832
Anne Jean Mane RenS Savary, due de Rovigo* 1832-1833
Thiophile Voirol* 1833-1834
Jean Baptiste Drouet, comte d'Erlon** 1834-1835
Bertrand Clauzel* 1835-1837
Charles Marie Denys Damremont, comte de** 1837
Sylvaln Charles Valfe, comte** 1837-1841

Gove mors- Gen oral

^^^^^^-^^^^^^^^
Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, due d'lsly** 1841-1847
Louis Christophe L6on Juchault de La Morlcfere on Interim

Marie Alphonse Bedeau 1847

Henri Eugfine Philippe Louis d'Orleans, due d'Aumale 1847-1848
Louis Eugfene Cavaignac 1848
Nicolas Anne Thdodule Changamier 1848

* Served under the title Commander-in-Chief of the Army of Africa

** Served under the title Governor-General of French Possessions In North Africa

(1). Source: Alfa Andrew Heggoy, Historical Dictionary of Algeria

Metuchen, N.J.: The Sacrecrow Press, 1981, pp. 207-208.

573 17- ApJiy-ujifcuia

Gerald Stanislas Marey Monge, comte de Peluse 1848
Viala Charon, baron 1848-1850
Mphonse Henri d'Hautpol, comte 1850-1851
Almable Jean Jacques Pelissier, due de Malakoff 1851
Jean Louis CSsar Alexandre Randon, comte 1851-1858

Ministers

NapolSon Charles Paul Bonaparte 1858-1859

Justin Napol6on Samuel Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat 1859-1860

Governors-General
Aimable Jean Jacques Pelissier, due de Malakoff 1860-1864
Edouard Charles de Martlmprey 1864
Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon, due de Magenta . 1864-1870
Francois Louis Alfred Durrieu 1870
Jean Walsln Esterhazy 1870
Alexandre Charles Auguste du Bouzet 1870-1871
ArsSne Mathurln Louis Marie Lambert 1871
Louis Henri de Gueydon 1871-1873
Antolne Eug&ne Alfred Chanzy 1873-1879
Jules Philippe Louis Albert Grevy 1879-1881
Louis TIrman 1881-1891

Jules Martin Cambon 1891-1897

Loz6 (named but refused post) - -
Louis L6pine 1897-1898
Edouard Jullen Laferrl&re 1898-1900

C6lestin Auguste Charles Jonnart 1900-1901

AmSdee Joseph Paul Revoil 1901-1903

Maurice Varnier 1903

CSIestin Auguste Charles Jonnart 1903-1911

Charles Lutaud 1911-1918

C6lestln Auguste Charles Jonnart 1918-1919

Jean Baptlste Eugfene Abel 1919-1921

Jules Joseph Theodore Steeg 1921-1925

Henri Dubief 1925

574
Maurice Viollette 1925-1927

Pierre Louis Bordes 1927-1930

Jules Gaston Henri Carde 1930-1935

Georges Le Beau 1935-1940

Jean Charles Abrial 1940-1941

Yves Charles ChStel 1941-1943

Bernard Marcel Peyrouton 1943

Georges Albert Jullen Catroux 1943-1944

Yves Chatalgneau 1944-1948

Marcel Edrnond Naegelen 1948-1951

Roger Etfenne Joseph Leonard 1951-1955

Jacques Emile Soustelle 1955-1956

Resident Ministers
Georges Albert Jullen Catroux 1956
Robert Lacoste 1956-1958

Delegates-General

RaouISalan 1958
Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier 1958-1960
JeanMorln 1960-1962
Christian Fouchet 1962

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17. DOMENACH, Jean Marie, "The french army in politics" foreign

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35. "Two views of De Gaulle : The french, the Algerian". Round table,
XLC III 'Decembre 1957), pp. 320-337.

36. TERREL, Herv6, "Le F.L.N., objectif conserver le : pouvoir", Cahiers

de I'Orient, No. 23, 1991, pp. 65-74.

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Spaniards from the strategic sites on the Mediterranean coast in
North Africa (in 1529 A.D.). When the Ottoman Empire became
weak in the 19th century, the French traders gave a pretext to the

French Government to invade Algeria in 1830 and made Algiers

the administrative headquarter for its colonial empire in North
Africa. After 132 years of occupation, the Algerians, finally,

succeeded in dislodging France from its stronghold in Africa and

recovered their national sovereignty in 1962,
May I take this occasion to express my gratitude to all

individuals who gave me their time, data, special knowledge and

authoritative perspective on Algeria. Therefore, I would like to
acknowledge that I received a great deal of assistance from
outstanding scholars and colleagues, like Dr. Crawford Young,
professor at the University of Wisconsin at Madison and Dr.
Ahmed H. el-Afandi, Professor at Winona State University, in
Minnesota, U.S.A. Furthermore, I am grateful to Dr. Nasraddine
Saidouni, Professor of History at the University of Algiers, for his
useful comments and his valuable support.

Ammar Bouhouche
Professor at the University of Algiers

December 17, 1997

 INTRODUCTION

The Major goal of this book is to provide the reader with basic
insights and understanding of the major political systems and
events which took place in Algeria in the last twenty centuries. It

was my intention from the 1970's to fill the vacuum in the Arabic
library and write a book which gives an accurate description of the
historical events and different regimes which prevailed in Algeria
from the beginning until 1962.
To put it in a very simple way, this book focuses on the
political aspects and economic reasons which motivated the leading
powers in the Mediterranean area to occupy Algeria. In this

context, the main purpose of the book is to describe how the

natives resisted invaders and colonizers throughout the Algerian
history. This is the case of Phoenician traders who made Algeria
one of their numerous colonies in North Africa (around 880-146
B.C.). When Rome destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C. and extended
its rule to Algeria which lasted for 576 years (146 B.C. - 430 A.D.),
a native ruler by the name of Messiness (died in 104 B.C.) ruled his
kingdom of Numedia from the city of Cirta (Constantine) which
stretched from the boarder of Carthage to Morocco. After the
collapse of the Roman Empire in 430 A.D., came the Vandals
(431-538 AJD.) who had a little influence on the whole territory of
Algeria and they were thrown out by the Byzantines who
succeeded in occupying Algeria for 113 years (534-647 A.D.)
When the Arabs came to Algeria in the 7th century, they
brought with them Islam and established with the natives of Algeria
strong bridges of cooperation and induced them to learn Arabic and
join the Islamic community. Since then, Algeria has remained an
Islamic country inspite of the efforts of the Spanish crusaders who
tried, several times, to occupy Algeria, but failed to establish a firm
control in that area, thanks to the Ottomans who dislodged the
THE POLITICAL HISTORY
OF ALGERIA
From The Beginning Until 1962

BY
Ammar Bouhouche
Professor at the University of Algiers

DAR AL-GHARB AL-ISLAMI

THE POLITICAL HISTORY
OF ALGERIA
From The Beginning Until 1962
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