Assignment

Artificial Intelligence (IFT4204)

MCA 2nd Sem.
Q 1: What is Artificial Intelligence? Discuss its applications in
(a) Natural Language Processing
(b) Vision Processing
(c) Robotics

Q 2: Design suitable heuristic function for Block World problem and solve the given instance
of the problem using Hill climbing algorithm.

Initial State: Goal State:

A
A D
B D B
C E C E

Q 3: Find the optimal goal from the below state space.

Start state: S Goal states: G1,G2,G3
State S A B C D E F G1 G2 G3
h(state) 5 7 3 4 6 5 6 0 0 0

5 S 1

A 9 6 6 D 2

9 2 3 2
B E
C
1 2 7
G
1 5 7
G
F 8
G 3
2
Show the OPEN and CLOSED list at each stage.

Q 4: Given figure represents a graph with the values labeled as follows. The value in a single line
circle is an estimate of cost. The value in a double lined circle, a SOLVED node, is the actual
value. Each edge is labelled with a different cost. What is the value of the root node for the optimal
solution for the given graph, using AO* algorithm?
Q 5: Solve following crypt arithmetic problem

SEND+MORE=MONEY

Q 6: Convert the following expression into clausal form.

Q 7: Given the following information for a database:

A1: If x is on top of y, y supports x.

A2: If x is above y and they are touching each other, x is on top of y.
A3: A cup is above a book.
A4: A cup is touching a book.
Translate statements A1 through A4 into clausal form.
Show that the predicate supports (book, cup) is true using resolution.

Q 8: Consider the following set of axioms

i. Everyone who loves someone who loves them back is happy
ii. Mary loves everyone.
iii. There is someone who loves Mary.
From the above statements conclude that: Mary is happy
Q 9: What do you mean for forward and backward chaining?
Consider the first-order logic sentences defined below.

Use backward chaining to find ALL answers for the following queries. When matching rules,
proceed from top to bottom, and evaluate subgoals from left to right.
Query 1:

Query 2:

Q 10: A semantic network is a graphic notation for representing knowledge in patterns of

interconnected nodes. Semantic networks became popular in artificial intelligence and natural
language processing only because it represents knowledge or supports reasoning. Represent the
following using semantic net
Emus are birds.
• Typically birds fly and have wings.
• Emus run.

Q 11: The monkey-and-bananas problem is often used in the Al literature to demonstrate ideas
about common-sense reasoning. The problem can be stated as follows: A monkey is in a room
containing a box and a bunch of bananas. The bananas are hanging from the ceiling out of reach
of the monkey. How can the monkey obtain the bananas. (The monkey is supposed to go to the
box, push it under the bananas, climb on top of it and grasp the bananas.) Write the production
rules for the above problem.
Q 12: MYCIN was developed at Stanford by Shortliffe (1970’s). It is an expert system for
diagnosing blood diseases. Make a small case study on MYCIN which includes following

• About MYCIN
• Architecture
• Knowledge base
• Inference Mechanism

Q 13: Syntactic Analysis in NLP involves analysis of words in the sentence for grammar and
arranging words in a manner that shows the relationship among the words. The sentence such as
“The school goes to boy” is rejected by English syntactic analyzer.
There are a number of algorithms researchers have developed for syntactic analysis, two simple
methods are −

• Context-Free Grammar
• Top-Down Parser
By taking a suitable example illustrate the both

Q 14: Conceptual dependency (or CD) is a theory of how to represent the meaning of natural
language sentences in a way that: First, facilitates for drawing inferences from the sentences.
Second, it has been argued that the representation (CD) is independent of the language in which
the sentences were originally stated.
Represent the following sentences using Conceptual Dependency
(a) John gives Mary a book
(b) John took the book
(c) John took the book from Mary
(d) John ate the ice cream with a spoon
(e) John drove his car to London from Guildford

Q 15: Explain any four of followings

(a) Frame (f) Informed search
(b) Expert System (g) Turing Test
(c) Handling uncertainties (h) Means End Analysis
(d) Missionary and cannibal problem (i) Unification
(e) Water Jug Problem (j) Machine Learning