v SVAN 0 / Q = S zo = m = l i = 3. eo = e 3 x © bo S a Literature and Studies Related literature and studies consist of written documents and works. It systematically presents facts, theories, constructs, concepts, variables, and measures related to the study as culled from documents. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) At the end of this chapter, students are expected to: * Organize the review of related literature and studies. | Demonstrate skill in acknowledging sources of documentation or citation of | references. . Distinguish the synoptic and argumentative parts of related literature and studies. j (Ge tvcact Organizing the Review of Related Literature and Studies Organized related literature and studies inform the reader of what is a known and conflicting area. The word “review” means that the research goes over the materials, books, journals artictes, theses, dissertations and internet presentations. The purpose is to determine what has been written about the problem. The word “related” means “similar” especially on the problem dimension.' The purpose of this review is to inform the reader about what already is know, what is not known or research blank spots (unexplored areas) and blind spots (conflict areas) in the literature. Here are the major steps in a literature review according to Gale, Gale and Borg. STEP 1: Search preliminary sources such as books, articles, theses, etc. STEP 2: Use secondary sources - a document written by someone who do not actuallydg the research, STEP 3: Read Primary sources - obtain and study the original outputs of at least those Studies that are most central to your proposed investigation. STEP 4: Synthesize the literature - synthesize what you have learned in order to write a little literature review, STEP 5: Identify recommendations for further research. Researchers often conclude their reports with a discussion of issues raised by them and the recommendations for other research that might be done. These issues and Tecommendations should be considered carefully because they represent insights gained by the researcher after considerable study of a given problem. lat studies also and then a theory is derived grounded theory because itis can be designed such that data are collected first, from these data. The Tesulting theory is called “grounded” in a set of used data. Related Literature Related literature is also called conceptual literature. The Bathering of literature related to the research clarifies the different variables being studied, The related literature Temoves any vagueness in the concepts central to the study. As the related literature and Studies are gathered, the different variables Of the study are clarified, and the Imitation of the stody is determined. The indicators Per variable are clearly based on read articles from different Published reference books, textbooks, manuals, and other materials, (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2013). By organizing, integrating, and evaluating such materials, the author of a Teview article considers the Progress of current research towards clarifying a problem,The different variables used in the study are the focus of the literature search. The title, statement of the problem, scope and limitation, Including the paradigm of the study are the elements that give the research an idea of the relevance of the thesis to his/her own investigation. The number of materials to be gathered for the literature review depends upon the . researcher's judgement, The review of related literature Is considered sufficient if the researcher belleves that important concepts and variables have been adequately explained and established. Related Studies Determining whether the research is objective and empirically-based includes surveying previous studies that involve similar variables (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2013). It is important to note that even if a previous research used the same variables as his or hers, the two studies may vary in the limitation in terms of the sub-variables investigated or in terms of focus and purpose. An adequate review of related studies is needed. This serves as the basis of the analysis of results because it allows the researcher to compare and contrast his/her findings with those of previous studies. The results of a study are verified by similar findings or negated by different findings of previous researchers. The studies are in the form of theses, dissertations, or journal articles. These are collectively called research literature. The collected studies are related to the present study when the author uses the same variables, sub-variables, concepts, or constructs; and have same subject or topic of the study. , _ Inthe review ofa related study, the following are indicated: 1. the name of the author, the date and the setting the study was conducted; 2. the title; and 3. the salient findings. Sample Related Literatui Leadership Preparation Program An important aspect of leadership expertise is to propel student learning (Murphy & Vriesenga, 2006). However, reviews found that the effect of school leaders without leadership preparation on student achievement is near zero (Morris, 2010). Some authors like Grogan and Andrews (2002), Hess and Kelly (2005) express that many preparation programmers have been relatively slow in preparing future school leaders. Source: Darang, 2014 Questian: What are the blind spots/conflicting areas?Sample Related Literature The recognition of school Principal role to improve students learning remains inevitable. in this sense, formal and structured initial orientation as well @5 essential leadership training is still in need for principals (Khan, Ahmed, Ali Fayyaz-ur Rehman, 2011). However the preparation program for student learning and school improvement received very little attention from educators, policy makers and Government officials due to the lack of Principal leadership preparation (Atlam and Hoque, 2010). Question: What is the blank/unexplored area? Sample Related Literatu School personne! have long talked about the need for “parent involvement”. In recent years the language has shifted to “family involvement” in order to honor that many other family members (Ferguson, n.d.) Parents, grandparents, foster Parents, siblings, aunts and uncles, even close friend and neighbors (Ferguson, n. d; Onikama, Hammond and Koki, n.d; Carlisle, Stanley and Kemple, 2006) - support and nurture children and youth and may play significant roles (Ferguson, n.d.), However, Epstein {2005) cited that school, family and community Partnership is a better term compared to parental involvement in to recognition of the fact those parents, educators, and others in the community share responsibilities for students learning and development. With this approach, there is a wide range of responsibilities for parent involvement in School activities with the support of the community. Source: De Guzman, Arenas, Magdamit, Ruililan and Samson (2010) Question: Can you identify the synoptic and argumentative parts?pocumentation Style Throughout the research, the published researches of of credit those who prepared the foundation for your work. To prenat ‘ome cee ides or work as your own is to commit plagiarism. Plagiarism Is a serious breach of ethics. fetes ee citations (giving others credit when credit is due) must be included in your pa ‘ wherever else's ideas or work has Influenced your thinking and writing, (Gravetter & Forse, 2006). The American Psychological Association (APA) Is a popular style commonly used by researchers in documentation or reference citation, The APA format is also called the author- date method of parenthetical documentation or in-text citation. Documentation refers to the acknowledgement of sources. These sources are cited as direct quotations or as indirect quotations (paraphrases). Colleges, universities, and institutions make their own choice of documentation style. This may be defined as style of citation or acknowledgement of authorities or sources. Reference citation will be discussed in full in Chapter 14. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is using or putting in one’s own words to restate the author's ideas, and acknowledging the source to give credit to the original author (de Belen, 2015). Paraphrasing is used when we want to express someone else's idea in our own words. * uses different words to express the same idea. * is rewriting the text in order to simplify focusing not only on what is said but also on how it is said, * makes the understanding of the source text less difficult by breaking down the information into manageable units, Paraphrasing Techniques Replace a word with a synonym. * Paraphrasing can be longer or shorter than the original. Concentrate on the meaning not on the words. . © Verbs and adjectives have counterparts that are interchangeable with the authors’ original words, . * Not all synonyms have exact meanings (look at a thesaurus and double check with a dictionary). * Avoid using abstract words - they come as weak words. * Use of synonyms is a problem in scientific writing because often there is only one word to describe a certain action or object. It is better to keep the important words and change the sentence structure. ‘Cuarven 6: Review of Related Literature and Studies @®