(Ome _ KAeaning 2 Sebinition | 2 Comfoany~ — = le sel : Company! is derived from the Latin waarel Com swith oe begether, panise bread) and if evigqinatl de weferved bo an tis 56 élatiog ef persong ts he fool their 4 ments lege they. 7 Po al ase the Sections Go) of the Conpanies acl aeid, a Compeny? weant a Company inter pevated tneley this Act Or under aay Previeus Company Las _ - * A Corpeny S$ a Covpovate bedy and a leqel person ety Araled. accel ibeneasalt ly neites male deal ke Sovale sore tse members Cons b hating Talkin abent Separate Legal Entity. U Bseres— x eleathe the Salomon’ Cor Ud. wes a Corfany af aul ~ tcthether Salome, was liable for the clehly of-the Gm fany? Foctse HA ron Aelemen Kad fev many yeavi Cawtd ona preshevous t bruginess as a leather mercheat. On 1892, he decidest te homer Convert it inte a limited Company ancl for thak purbes< Salemeon £ Cor Ltel, toad cfov meet wei ey Salomon, hes fe, bis dough ber ancl his 4 fe Song and - | Calemen ot Mameqing director (. | tbe itreun Wives The Conpang purchated the business of Salomon vy 34 G30 potuscl « The price wet salryrtied byae - _ = dorowe* in cle hentuve Confe evn, aochkarvge evev all the fowspany's ascedh diereneeandl i potty pete bb tp, ghaves, and the balance in cath: Seven Shave Soeye Sttbsevibed in Cash by khe memberg anal fhe etety teat that Salem held der oot khavet out of 20s ouy, | Shaves issued. on liquiclation the $ fate of affairs } ~ eh the (ojoony eet broadly like fAis. + Reaticable value of assels — Groce rounclt, Labs lites. Bebentayet— Le, ove feunel Unseured Bebls — Yrore pores - ST wol 4 ementt terd Malebury Once Comlsany ic le ell = ¥ at incovperater Tk is an indebenclents Pere cofth wiawe ancl liabilibies obits oon ane these aren't in dluenced by the mofives ef fhe peeble i nveloed Ln TH bvomes fio the Corfpany Corducth th on busines 05 a separatt perder Cope Mew Horizons Ebel Ve Union of fnelta, (alk .19974) the 2x bewonce of a Shave heleley ¢] a company Can be repucled at weil (Shield bat a wsall bw the bompany andig| members The effechef Mis princ’ple is Phat thew” IS a ficmal veil and is permilfled to lok at the person beArnd the veil: | Meaning 35 Nefeni fe — ou A__Corperade veil isa leyat cence bt thal Sabarelg the acts done by the Companies ane! ee qaninatin {ves the actions &] the thaveheloless ge profech the Bharehaldens strom being ha ble efor He achiey dene by the (onpeny. This if not ana boowlk yet the Court depenoliug on the fach of the Cage can fake the Satecicion whether the shartholeler is liable or nof- Aft_te Cambsdge Biclionagey " Shave hvlelevs may Aide | balind the” Gtporate veil patcured Hak phar Habilily deel not extencl Beyonol Phe value + Of their shares,“Wwe X | OOVCMAT ANCE nels wisteh the Covpermte Vell ean be \ fleet, Vier ‘ Le ME Ee dae Gaye Mood bonus cover whieh the fan fencale WA Gay be (| Veat Wy Avda Shoat tery : | Vvouts ieng, Juotichal Uovtey pala tions | Bede tony Pevvistangs | Seelam as ef the Corpanies ACH oeit® Aodasatoann Relat Men oT] WEMDEK P belo Ine SVeta tory Uys the gab Meu bey XfmMemberd ory sy And ia o payate Company 11 a nel ip the eoerheutlip 1s vetted betes that Me ig | Lerbotate vetl is wae weaslent, have holleg Uy public ceupany | MeeHon lye Mit ctece Spline} Names ff am office af « Comprony who fang any Wile “} erchonge (oheve Hat mane ef the Company 11 ned mentioned” in. the pretewbea manners, duet officer will be Hele Gable and nol Me {gf Seen as — Parory of Intec thy fe tnvetligaten this Sec Vio provietey y the Poway af the \nthecter be | feast als Wwe okboive st 8 femhuny hey sits ea then sf MIE PY Frove ments ah hee tivnn ete Section Joys Voow these Secon Apbly do every bivactey ane alee med Meector, Ch Aladey Vth Wha netave sf bhery sthnathalig matt be mentionest in the & have helolers vegivter ane 4S hen = Com frlian ce toll dee we rath Vin the shifty *| We Cov povate vetSechion a7 ef The Companies Act Pei provision of Section ard, this See Hen broviel yy - Subject te the efin excess of that no individual Con be a olivecto OF any given wnements Sechion 279 furnishes -fov a veh oul REL wey f Cliseiptihe with fine wohich may ‘ Covbanien after the in_segavel of every ome of these nik At — Lroenty. _ Tuclicial Intex pretablon- \ ae fie a Follecoiig: ave the ins tances where the Tuoblclary can uf ined Ler powede veil. Tax Pvation- ethere it ts eviclent Hat the Cenrfocey is bys lo evade taxation, thea fhe Courts Can Lift the bev tq vetl ancl punith the people veg foonsi ble t tT — Faust Dr order lo prevent purcesllapract | wardulert aclivibes ov imfvepey _tnduets the Courks Can ft the Per Corporate veil, ince the prauolulart ov txbveber | Umeluct Canne} be Committed by the Company, FF which is an arkfictal legal perme, hence the : | oeeple woke manrye th are vespensi ble. fn | Gill-foed “Mote Com] nt Udels V Howne- if wes held that Companies Cannot be utecl Gs a Cleat by member< for t Prete Loreng cleinps Ug 0 Kelerminaton cf enemy thavacter- fn certain gt heatim, Ee _ becomes eesential to litt the Covpovate verl and _- check the character ef Fhe incliveetual anal fo cheter mine whether they ave enemiet ef. the f Country :» aa a re ee fe am enly the ack which ave mentioned Init emer oF ot __—Memerandum ef Asteria, however If acis which ave Lebillly fer Oliva vieracts Fun Genjaap is bound fe the acts which ave mentored |: vliva vives th f _Memorancum ef afsecialon are clone tren Lifleg el, Corporate veil is vee uirect m T Conetisaion - The penciple if ytve . v Sat = Prasad Jaton Vs Makably Prasad Jalan. this c&se ts about a Subsictiary Hololing Company: the Court, fe Centicler an ab objection of misiVeatment held hat the Cov bevate veil can be lifted in the inttances th not Rebly ef a holding lompanys but alco it dubsidiacy wher beth ave Rlonying te the parent - oy f iow antindion. u Conctusion ~ whe boi} princible is qven in Salomon Vs Salomon Cof Ml iy the tule and the Bbeve gtabatory ane Tholicial provisten Are an ex ception be_the vale of the Covpovate veil. the Separate iolentity ef a Corfoary is of utmes+ imbertance but there meecls be be a balance and the lerpevate vetl needs fe be {ited ohenever oh ts needled «Excts x Salomon 4s weannist Salomon Vs Salemen & Com thd C197y) ; L _ a batiness of book making anol lea ther Imevchoant a4 & ole B prebweldvehip ancl tvansfevrec! Kis business fy t Selemon Lhd, incorporated with membert Comfrteing of Ais oven amily and him self. mone The value paid be Salomon spor tech erchange Clrang teeta” boas anseale! UatER ike autre lance of Shaves anol r — il “debenture eving, a cblendian, chavge on the yegkources ef he Company: The beeit business: Lous failed ane wad ineurwig losses. when the Compeny't burinets failed iY I toent Inte Uquidatiio BR whe Uquidalow on behalf of unsecured creslleg ” alleged Phat the Conary 20s fichon anol wou i zl t the a Company essentially an agent of. Salemen- t ¢ t t Salemen being the Prindpel was masle table be joa fre ursecured Crectitert. fn Semple voovely Ine’ Lnquidalers Aisveyaretesl Hye ge pavate pertonalh ob Salomon Ltd: particularly vom tie members waking Kim able perftenally sfor the acts of He Contbany. Te Salomon sat the major thaveboleler of the Comfoanys he wees macle pers malty able fer Une Company's olebt: Hence the issue toot Tohether he is personally UWable fer the Cornpouny aebty veqare less of the eae 2eparsle Tegal entity +f bee a Conpany « - a | _—— ae eeAsa coat and lel oUt a at vequivementt. ib Rad pevent “ten te menbert ancl therefore, 5 Crecti bors were fe be paid at poorly ved debenta haven the Genoa nl es Acti a0 chefines prospectus unclew Sec Hen &C7) | Prothectus ean be defined at any document which is desewhed ov issued afa forties bere Thrs alse inclucles any nolce, Civulav, aclverlisement erany other deaimest | aekivg. os an invitabon fe offerd dovem the publ Auch Siem invitation, too }ew dhwatd be fev the purchase of any secures ofa Corporate becty shel ; prospects ancl ved herving prespechus ore alle Lesticleved as a pres pectud Eseenttals force clocumentt fo be Catlect ofa prospecks Il tfor cony cle cument be considered of a pres bechuty sae tt Should Btatisty hoo Comolibias. x the clecument Shoutel Invite He Subseripken te public hares ov cle henhives » or it Should invite | de po vits. | yi Such an invitation should be mate te the public x] the mvilation Bheutel be made by Phe Gmbany or om the bebalt Of Combeny the trv! tablon theuld welt be Shave debentures oy Such other Wihument-Stakement in Lieu of Prosper bet- t i 2 Evecy pubter Conseuny either issue @ Pres estas oy file a Statement ta liey +f presbesbut This tt ns Pan nola bs vy troy a pivate compan: uk wher, > lost valle Loafoany cepuile Corey private be putty Cewfoany, if mest have te either bile o fees peatey Y { LA eartiey Sssued ov th has fe file a fheotemeg ia lieu th pvesfec bus Lees the provision regarding the Statement In lieu o pre sheebes have Qeen Gz pacteal tuncley SechmTo et He t tombanies Act, 2013- + Advevitsement of Procbectus: : a Seclenso of the Companies Att deld Contains the | Provisions vegavoling the adver hisement ef the | prospects. ris sedition ¢ tates that when rang | wranney the adverbitement of @ precbechar 1s budtill This mandatory te beet fy the Cortents el memevancum ef Me Comnpany vegarding the objesb reembevis lialnliber, amount sf the tem foany't Ahare Capt lals ziyrete ner and He number +|, Shaves tubseriel by thems const the Capital structure of He Gabany, + Types Pres pects Bexiceal Prospectus- AS ber SecHon 2sC1) ef He Companies Ack, Qci3, @ dlecument will be doomed |e bea pros pec tus ik he away exp agvees te colle tor ef fer gecunber te the publec- ’ Abredgect Prospectus J+ \f defined os the bwe} | dummary tf the pecberts, whch includes all useful land matewaliste Information filedTater ‘the veq vegslvar as 5 ber See Hen pony B2C#) of the els, an abwvdy, bagel bre Spectas mush be included — ocument he me Rhee ore Secusber lesuecl by & - tombe _ ee ae thabis wequaved be filed belere the repistcae prow te the stfey The prospec bus seme rectly lacks information such os the al elfeved. farktular pee ov quantum of seumbes bet a vy Shelf Preosbectas- itis defined as the prospectur issued by A Company, bank ov jinandal insiitulin fer mexe than one class ef Secuntier- 5 Khe is Smewbert AS bec Sechon aCsy) cf the Gmbentes Ach, de 13 member ia xe icles Ges Como any mennd= a the Aubscvber fo the memeranclum ef the Company whe halt be deemed be have agreed be beceme & mnember ef the Cenbenyy anctim TH reqistvabion shall be enteved at menbey ia ik veqister of members. y Every other bevsen Who ayrees in eth, ke become g | & member af the Company and whose name ts entered tn the veqister of members el He Gufpeny. + Fvery person heloling shaves ef the Coupany ane G , Lohose name Ts entered as benelrcial ia the veces ela debestbovy. i ; Modes ef Atquinny Members h b- | T y + | A cqguidng a member hitb in a Combany veg ures [many Jove cess anol model the following are the modes of nequiving membership in a catbany-classmate > re 5) ate. Poce ty Subscwbing te Memovancurm ef Associaton. - o_bev ben agrees te SA Hye memevanclum ond bled - t | his bred in ce om the heard of memberey' he become the member el Fhe Combany, - : lames of the pesple the have agveed te fein the membership ef the Comba ny Shoulot be antered in ™ Reqisker of Menbers. aL Aleng with the agreement, Uf they bave greed fp 8 hase dhe compen ahaves thew Pecame Hk ths ceke ol the Company = | 2 by Ay veement in Kin bu t slp fess would become the mbmbey of the Company if he “agqvees in webing” and ge Ais name enteved in — He sepals eb mteiber of Phe Componny, 4 f TT 1 % Kvansber «(pshaves— Trans fevable tn the manner og ? beovicled tn the avbtcles of the (ewpany andl in F f accovdance with the Provisim ef secHm fb rE the act a person may purchase 4 haved se Company IA the eben saclusion «| his name asa member tn he Companys veqister af members. + $ OY Aransmisston efshaves— 4 bevsen maa regu’ merbeeh’p SL a Company by operation af lar that is = the cleaty as member hts executes ov the person whe ls en liHeol fe ducceed be the estatete of Ihe deceased uncler the law, qets the aqhts fo have the Shaver transmeHed anal t v wegicherec| + | oy 4 equbepeence ov tate bpel- the name ef person hat L been enferecl in the tempany Us regtstey of membesd due fo mistake or inaclvevbence af the Goubany any _| Aebl arises |) the menmberg Lia hy |i by es Yeates and extends fo Hyeiv beriena) assets + Ty pes ef ¢} Companies Based on Contyo | Htaltog Company « A he ldting Coupany if a Company having the roofodty Col, 5 has, powers of ‘ane bir fompany (aubediory " boopal)- whe helsing tenpony the parent Company Controltag the “subst diary Company's belt cies; asst and nanajement | diss hevadhs However, 1 een i$ nol involved —| in the Aubsicliary's dow fo olay achivitesI Chelating I boavcl of move bh Sus! supsidli nf Conan . A Subsioliary Comfpan is owned by ‘another @ “Compary) either ba vhally ov erdively. ate S _ |b hotel ieee centyels the Composition of tgg i, Olicectors of dhe subscllary Company g > en Sorfe of ibs volng. powers: toheve g 3 The substoliagy is Known ag the varhelly Diane Single holding Combany elds Love]. voting eat | - | subsidiary Cratos) of the helaig Company: > | Ty bes e|__ Companies GBesed om Usk he ¥ | Usteat Lomb any r i & Ws ted Conpeny ts a Company wohtch iS weaishered + on various ve cornised Shock eechanqes wwithinoy outside Indta.” the shares of the listed Coubanig — I have le ave feeely bvacled on the Abock eveckangels they — , wivliaws “he Guidlulings sivan by - Beurnihies Ex chang of Bearcte| Cuca (SE GI). 4 | A Compan I Shock bo the qunewal public for fubsenbing fe ils yg thak wishes be list ibs Shares ow exchanges Should issue a bres bechy leben ule tes oy Shard. A Conbeny Can ist if Bhares through an fatal Public offer, tohile an acte: already” Itsheal Coupary Con Make o pucther Public ttter CF PO) Untistedt \tsted iB shaves An walisted fompany is a Coupany bab ie ned Lomporny © | { tm_any re commised gheck erchange, and ave net tvecly iradable entne 1S$ these acemente- 1€_Combanies, “fuk i! eb Hed nt = venaliy = wel Ae bowls : Seis Eset hienactal int tublong o¢ pavale ctexbouy must convert be & ——2 _ pablic Cowpens anc secu & brotbectus ib it wishes — | fe Lek § . y [L V8 _Se€cunbies othe shock cxchanqer- 4, uy ~_Feragn Coubante ec tien QCu2) B foreign Combeny ot ber “the (oupanies Act, 9019 : means & Company Si Corbacalie- becky whieh ts incor berabed outside Pnetia which aither has a place sh business In fwdien wohether by Hhrell or through On agent) either physically or thromah an etechemic mole ancl condtact any business in any obhec manner’ [ris Lente mpole activi ly in trelia _ rhe Corbenies utes dey del ‘eleckvenic mecle” in the Contert inves the beyws eh a freoveiqn Company under Rule ath). the game is alse defined ander Rade AU Cedef Combanies (Registration -toretyn Zw Lombani 2p) Rules rel4- the ole linitt fo.\. electvente meele eAcombases aul ech eleclvenic besedl transactions . such of business ts business ancl business be Consumer beans Sections , clata evchange ancle ther oli qital Bubply transaclos. Tt further incluoles ett HS online tervicer anchall reba ve Canmunrcabton fervices whe by e-mails Mobile olevices, lated! olata Fher Conclucted Cloud Compakings peetal mectia, alalatransmirsion ov otherwiseAccounts of FC — Ate Section 301_ef the “Companies felines 448465 tho 5 nl or _insdewefion abeest how a ‘foreign Compan y'4 ace are te be & hancl led. Drstates Meade Every dovelgn Company mash, in Query Calendar year = iat + Govt «_(ombani'es A_Grovt Comfonny 18 cle bined uncles Seckin aCuS J the Combanies Bet, de B asf Any Eonsfy, tasohtch od Less than lef. Af the Noches share Cabstal ay 1 held by the Central Gov or any fate Gout or Geax, partly by the O-Gand partly by engox move State & Gevty ane inclucles a Company tobsch tq Aubsrctiacy Company ef Such a Govk Comfory” Fep— Bhavat Heavy Fleetyical United (HEU, Sall, On alete Features «| Govts Company eperel these ave seveval Feaares af Govt Coup tohich are hetpul Wwe: ner enti} the peberHal anol wtiiedeney eh Che Grahany Je a qeect exbent. 4 et 1 J ul Separate Leal exby, { nl TPatorporaters tuncler the Companies Act aiermal T a x Management &s per the Coupanies act } 2 Ap peiatment ef Cubleyees. L { it Fund Rarsiny-teetgestgs ee [| +h Bectwne st Utea vives et phe a Sr reer ae | _Vltes vives ig a latin weed which means " beyond FRE pewer®. Pa the Neqat sense the doctrine >} a U . __Uliva vives” is 6 fundemantal rule ef the torpany Lee St States that We attaing ef a Company hes fe be f rt Wy Accordance voit the clauses menHoned tn the ations a is saicl fo be vote theme vanclim ol ascoct ctheve fore any aet or confyact 3 ~ Gnd ileal tthe Company is cleing the act, atlenpt a te sanction bey ene is. bacoxe os prescei bed by is Bs Noa. An Ack beta ultra Vives the elirectevs Compania [ber sinker vines the Ceoxpany itsell 1 can be clene if —T members of the Coubony ) pats a vetolubls lovality th _ : this dectdne steps the Company from chantiny J j : ths ackiviber PA aclirectn agveecl by all members We ‘ | whtch if done woorlel be pre-fitable ts the Company.inshecd aay cleCumond filed i. iat (nthred cuniietes Ts dah Secttn g4t- qive Phe priors the Roqisbraw ( ) Da sm of 48 seviahion) . KN 0A (Meme vanclum ns | A Moa xepresent the charter ef the COI ey | ca tse leyel decument prepared uv, o me ae r || spoemation ancl reqistvalion preeets of a Sony) fo define ibs veletionshib soitin $ have held And it also sbecities the objective for which i fombany has been sored . the Combany Can deb uncle tare ealy these achivifies cohich are YL T Menttmed in th MOoA+ L | —J Moo help the sSharcholelers . Creckitert ony we other per alecting with fhe (obany to Knew ~ the basic sight Cal powers ef the Company Bebini on | See aCs¢) ef the (mbanies Act, It chefines Me4. ty fades that q hO-0a'meme rancle “tent tn Ag | Mm Neg as odzinally from eol ~ : = AN ematandum as odpirally fvamed refers be the memorandum as tf was uray Phe incerperakion a e{ Ine Company Memorandum as Altered Hme te Lime. = this means phat all the alteradion that are mack ta_the wemerendum devon time te-fne willalts bell pard ef Moe ; 4 Weaning mow isa tegal ole cument which descvba Me | purpose -fer which the Company is formed: ff . T defines the fowerg +f the Company anal orclilen uncer which i sherater. 04 1s @ document thet= | cncomate a oe ss 4 —teslaiss a She cutey aveil-aainsall ds peck ent a pony welabtens with the Gultiole worlal : lo have w meenernetin of its epere is detailed in th the entire ttvucluve of [he tompany Mons Moa: sAoa is a public document - “i Denis That Contains abt the | | {e | Object} of Roqishenn | on essential ale cument + cletalls o{ the Combany. Db peveens the velabienship bl? — the Kembany and its stale helders Section ef WN Combanis Ach, ae13 deren bes the inbertence sf memorendien by Atabng that, for vepsteday % Comber. — ! 4 7 “ ¢ Tifa case ef m Public Compeny . 1 per mere per ple ave wequies se = A 8 Pdvete % Qev move ” ul fa me me emty me_pertien it cequired “| fa ath the abeve cases, he Concerned Pecple Bhoutd | dics Subscvibe fe a memorandum belece seqleses the | Cempeny with Repsbear: isdess an 2) aca ie essential Te epietgy & Company Scene pecteen Te) sec7 cso) of tRe Ache $ tates thad bev . t cabany MMos B AGA SEINE Comban sa ges pace Vas eis © bend ° ES . eS a 7 nber Shoda be daly aayred_by the Sub’e wlth Geqistrar: u | eo Seen casee atates the Conbends 5 8{ thy My uy Section 4 of Pre ACL = ve att the essentials Information Nines my detalls_ tai : ain apm eracnallies ghewld centeine Fr name of & Company” spade te name of & Compan a 2 Ae Ala mn @_¢ tote | “Fiesa cfauete S92 ———— i name can be chosen for the Company ree big | 1 veqisdered Name= Sechion Uta) fated = { fia Company tem bublic tembany. the the ‘send "ai ! wud be there ia the name = s=Aetates Log a pavate, then “Pavated Limited! then Ph a Corbanyis yo f Secure Pavate United mL Reve im fhe Name- 24 a applicable bo Sechion confer, This Conditien tained Reqistered officer Clause. bi The Pegichered af fice of: 5 Compan defermines ifs neater veal] Juris diclion of Coorlse Th ise place of vesieleny | andis useel for the parpese ef all “Commuaitation wii Company. Sechien Q Obiect Clause: | sectren UCe) of the ach atelails the ehjecd clause. Clause is Fhe most Tor per Sant clause | the ebfect Mon. tt states the bur pose ob ebjective fee wotich | a conpeny formed: -