CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF KVL:- viene vc v (020 (020 (020 1KQ 2kQ 5602 yee ZT RPS (0-30)V Fig-1 1KQ (0-200) maMc (0-200) mA MC ; WV-@ bk 2KQ (0-200) mAMC ae Vs a RPS (0-30)V_ 5602 (0-200) mA MC Fig-21.VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL S.NO | NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT RANGE TYPE QUANTITY Ja. | KVL& KCL Trainer kit 1 2. Voltmeter “| (0-20)V MC 3 3. | RPS (0-30V/2A 1 4, | Ammeter (0-200)mA mc 4 5. | Connecting wires ‘as per need Theory: KCL AND KVL are used to solve the electrical network, which are not solved by the simple electrical formula. KCL: It states that in any electrical network the algebric sum of currents meeting at a point is zero, Consider the case of few conductors meeting at a point Ain the fig. Assuming incoming currents to be positive and the outgoing currents to be negative.I1+(-2)+(-13)+144(-15}=0 Incoming current=outgoing current. KVLilt states that the algebric sum of product of current and resistance in each of the conductors in any closed path in a network plus the algebric sum of the e.m.. in the closed path is zero. Procedure: KVL:- (1) Set the rheostats to given resistance values with the multimeter. (2) Make connections as for circuit diagram (3) Verify the connections by the lab instructor. (4) Switch on the DC supply (5) Note down all meter readings, the sum of VI, V2 and V3 must be equal to the Vs.KCL:- (1) Set the rheostats to given resistance values with the multimeter. (2) Make connections as for circuit diagram (3) Verify the connections by the lab instructor. (4) Switch on the DC supply (5) Note down all meter readings, the sum ofl, lz & ly must be equal to ls. Observation: FOR KVL S.NO. ‘THEORETICAL VALUES PRACTICAL VALUES Vs Vi Vive Vs Vi Va V3 FOR KCL. ‘S.NO. THEORETICAL VALUES PRACTICAL VALUES Is I hr by 5 in I 5 Calculations: KVL-Total resistance of the circuit Req =R1+R2+R3.0.VsR -- Amp Total current of the circuit Volts. Voltage drop in resistance R1 is V1 = | x R1-~ Voltage drop in resistance R2 is V2 = 1 x R2-—-—-Volts Voltage drop in resistance R3 is V3 = 1x R3———-Yolts. Now Supply voltage Vs= V1+V2+V3 KCL- R1, R2 and R3 resistances are in parallel so effective resistance 1/Reg =1/ R1+1/R2+1/R3- 0. Total current of the circuit I= Vs#Req ~ Amp. Current through R1 resistance I1 = Vs/R1 = Vs/R2 Current through R2 resistance 1 Current through R3 resistance 13 = Vs/R3 Total current Is = 11412413 Precautions LAll connections should be tight and correct. 25) itch off the supply when not in use. 3.Reading should be taken carefully. Result:- Viva questions: \ 1 Whats the statement of Kirchhoff's first law? 2. Kirchoff’s second law is related to what? 3. What is the internal resistance of the ideal voltage source? 4, What is higher, the terminal voltage or the emf? 5, What is the internal resistance of the current source ideally? 6. What is the active network? 7. What is the bilateral network? 8, What is the difference between a node and a branch? 9. What is the non-linear circuit?eee 2, SUPERPOSITION THEOREM Aim: To Verify Superposition theorem theoretically and practically Apparatu: S.NO. | NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT RANGE TYPE ‘QUANTITY 1. | Regulated DC power supply _| (0-30V)/2A De 2 2 | Ammeter (0=20)mA MC 1 3_ | Superposition Theorem Trainer kit 5 _| Connecting wires As per need Superposition theorem Circuit Diagram: When both sources are acting 1k 2.2k0 o + ae Ix(A) (020!ma RPS fe (oz0v Vs DC Z£ — mc 7 V2 (0-30 DC 3.3k0 FIG (1)When Vs source acting alone When Vi source acting alone FIG (2) + (0-20)ma, — wc + RPS (0-30)v Dc 22K ‘ 1 as (0201ma FIG (3) ———ei a a a iTheorem Statement: 'm any linear bilateral network containing two or more energy sources the response at any element is. equivalent to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual sources. as shown in fig (1) 2. Current through 500 resistor i noted as |, by appl ig both the voltages V; = 10Vand V.=15V through RPS. 3. Make the supply voltageV, short circuited and apply; through RPS as shown in fig, (3) and note down the current through 50Q resistor as ly 4, Make the supply voltageV; short circuited and apply V. through RPS as shown in fig. (2) and note down the current through 500 resistor as; 5. Now verify i=l, + lztheoretically and practically which proves Superposition Theorem, 6. Repeat the above procedure for V;= 15V, V.= 20V and V,= 20V, V3= 25V.Observations: When both the sources are acting ie., fig (1) Theoretical | Practical S:NO vi ve Ix he ). ™ (ma) (ma) a 2v__| av Z 6v av 3 aov | a2v When V; source alone is acting i.e, fig (3) Theoretical | Practical smo | y, | 16 fr m | | (ma) (ma) 1 ov . av 2 ov av 3 ov | aav When V; source alone is acting i.e., fig (2) Theoretical | Practical S:NO Va Va ly Wy ™ ™) (ma) (ma) A ge nov 2 ye ew 3 tov | ovSe Precaution: 1. Avoid making loose connections. 2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error. 3. Avoid series connection of volt meters and parallel connection ammeters. Result: Viva questions: 1.Superposition theorem is not applicable for? 2.What are the applications of Superposition of theorem? 3,What is an active, linear, bilateral network? 4.Superposition theorem is not applicable for? 5,State Reciprocity theorem? ‘6.What is an active, linear, bilateral network? 7.Mesh analysis based on which laws? 8.Nodal analysis based on which laws? 9.Applications of reciprocity theorem? 10.Reciprocity theorem applicable for? tN3. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Aim: To verify ma jum power transfer theorem. Apparatus: S.NO. NAME OFTHE | RANGE TYPE QUANTITY EQUIPMENT ae Regulated DC (0-30V)/2A | DC 1 Power Supply | 2 Decade resistance 2 box 3 ‘Ammeter (0-100)ma_| MC r 4 Maximum Power i Transfer Theorem Trainer kit 5 Connecting wires as per need Circuit Diagram: (0-30)V RPS DC pre (-100)ma FIG (1)Theorem Statement: Its ‘tates that the maximum power is transferred from the source to the load, when the load resistance is equal to the source resistance. Model Grap! Rc corresponding to Pa ® Procedure: 1. Make the connections as shown in fig (1) 2. Apply constant voltage of 20 V through RPS 3, Fix Rs= 1KQ through DRB 1 and note down readings of ammeter (\,) 4, By varying the value of R, from 5002 to 2KQ. in regular intervals note down the readings in the ammeter as |, 5. Calculate the power by P=h’R. 6, Plot the curve between Ri vs PL 7. Verify that the power transferred is maximum at R= RL, 8. Repeat the above said procedure from step 2 to step 7 by fixing Rs=2KQ and verify maximum power transfer theorem.Observations: When R= 1KQ Theoretical values Practical values S.No R K PaIR, K PaICR, (2) | (may | (rmwate) | (ma) _| (Watts) 1 200 lies 2. 400 7] 3. | 600 4. ‘800 | 5. | 1000 6 ‘| 4200 7. | 1400 3. | 1600 3. | 1800 10. 2000 When R= 2 KQ Theoretical values Practical values S.No | h Pal R. hk (2) (ma) | (mWatts) | (ma) 1. ‘| 400 2. ‘| 800 3. 1200 4. 1600 5. 2000 6. 2400 7 2800 8. 3200 9. 3600 10. 4000Model Calculations: Precautions: 1. Avoid making loose connections. 2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error. 3, Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection of ammeters 4, Allthe meters and components are handled with care. Result: Viva Questions: 1.What is load matching? 2. What is max power transfer formula? 3, What is the field of application of this theorem? 4, What is electric network? 5. What is necessary to know the polarity of voltage drop across a resistance? 6. What is the reason that terminal voltage is less than emf? 7. What is the resistance of ideal voltage source? 8. When will the power extracted from a circuit is maximum? 9, How is the ammeter connected in circuit? 10..To find the voltage drop across a resistance, where should the voltmeter be connected?— 4. THEVENIN’S THEOREMS To verify Thevenins theorem theoretically and practically. 0 ——————L—————————=—= [comes As per need | | | Name Plate Details: | edie eee | power = SHP Power = 3kW | Voltage =220V Voltage = 220V current = 208 current = 13.6 speed = 1500 RPM speed = 1500 RPM Theory: Magnetization curve is relation between the magnetizing forces and the flux density B. this is also expressed as a relation between the field current and the induced emf, in a D.C machine. Varying the field current and noting corresponding values of induced emf can determine this. are ereSSE ee ee we wwe eee For a self-excited machine the theoretical shape of the magnetization Curve is as shown in the figure. The induced emf corresponding to residual magnetism exists when the field current is zero. Hence the curve starts, alittle above the origin on y-axis, The field resistance line Rinis a straight-line passing through the origin. Procedure :- 1. _Allthe connections are done as per the circuit diagram. 2. Before giving the supply to the circuit the potential divider is kept at minimum output position and motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position. Close the DPST switch and start the motor with the help of 3-point starter. Speed of the motor is adjusted to rated speed by using field rheostat of motor. Since generator is mechanically coupled to the motor, generator also runs at rated speed. ‘Take the readings of Voltmeter at If = 0. By varying the potential divider, note down the readings of ammeter and voltmeter. SN on ew Take the meter readings until voltmeter reads the rated voltage. Tabular column: S.NO FIELD CURRENT I (A) GENERATED EMF E, (V)Irina Precautions: 1) Connections should be made tightly in order to avoid loose connections. 2)While performing the experiment the load should not be applied Result: Viva questions: 1. What is meant by critical field resistance? 2. What is meant by critical speed? ne a eS 3, Residual magnetism is necessary for self excited generators or not? 4.Why this test is conducted at constant speed?GP SF Fs oF oF oO ew ys 2s > smlceOehrhrhrrhUCUr () = + ve Wyuovid LinduiDTo obtain the speed control ofa OC shunt motor above and below rated speed Apparatus: [SNe] Appar] fangs wantty | =a Se osov ft | (3 glanne=rr gap MCunes| C75 err [| Reomae | Wiewound | [s-| Rheoas eg [aurea moos <— | eo | itiemaer™ | pelareonar See al Name Plate Detai DC shunt motor Power = 3HP Voltage = 230 Current = 124 Speed = 1500 RPM Theory: ‘The speed of a shunt motor can be changed by Flux control method, Armature control method, & Voltage control method. The first method (Flux control method is frequently used because itis simple and inexpensive. 28 it Si1. Flux control method: By varying the flux ©, the motor speed (N a 1/ @ } can be changed and hence it is referred as Flux control method. In this method, a variable resistance (known as shunt field rheostat) is placed in series with shunt field winding as shown in circuit diagram. The shunt field rheostat reduces the shunt field current ly, and hence the flux ©. Therefore, we can only raise the speed of the motor above the normal see, wider speed rngesten prods tablt and poor commutation | 2. Armature control method: By varying the voltage available across the armature, the back e.m.f and hence the speed of the motor can be changed. This is done by inserting a | | variable resistance R, (known as controller Resistance) in series with the armature as ) shown in circuit diagram. ) NavV-I(R.+ Re) , spcte See Se ele eae eee ie iteraere ee , covrenscsiel doe alessio eee a ot aenioecin terre normal speed. Procedure: (21) All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram. (2) Before giving the supply to the circuit ensures that the armature cheostat and field sheostat is kept at mit imum resistance position. | (3) Start the motor with the help of 3-point starter. (4) Bring the speed of motor to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat. (5) To obtain speed control above rated speed, adjust the field rheostat till the speed of motor is about 20% above its rated speed. (6) Note down speed of motor and field current. (7) Bring back the speed to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat. (8) To obtain speed control below rated speed, adjust the armature rheostat tll the speed ‘of motor is about 20% below its rated speed. (9) Note down speed of motor and armature voltage,TABULAR COLUMN: For Armature control method: For Field control method: rn Voltag speed S. (N) (Va) SN (N) ro} rpm volt rf ampere Graph: The following 2 graphs can be plotted «For Armature control method: N versus V, «For field control method: N versus l ' Model Graph: ee wet , i . y \ , , > va = | ; For Armature control method For Field control method J ) | : 30 , jm » aa ae a >b , » ’ , Precautions: | ti 2) Connections should be made tightly in order to avoid loose connections: , 3) The field of a shunt motor in operation should never be opened because its speed will > increase to an extremely high value. » Result: , | , 4 VIVA: ' } 1. Whatare the different methods of controlling the speed of a DC motor? 2. Explain Flux control method? What are the advantages & Disadvantages? t 3. Explain Armature contro! method? What are the advantages & Disadvantages? 31akie 2 opetak slowlew 2 pok fe Stay te tyaouph cok poh 50009 118, V_ )c0-s00)v me |8.SWINBURNE’S TEST ON DC SHUNT. MACHIN Aim: To predetermine the efficiency of D.C shunt machine when it runs as a generator and as a motor by conducting Swinburne’s test. Apparatu: S.NO | NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE ‘QUANTITY EQUIPMENT | 1 | Voltmeter josov [Mc aa 2 Ammeter [ose Mc 1 aor 3 | Ammeter =e ee |e . qT Rheostat—~S~*~*~SCS OOM F_—~=C*d|«WWiree wound | 2 aan 14,1000/5A {5 Tachometer | Pee an eps mar} oe | Gi [ oe fale | se shemale Shes Name Plate Details: DC shunt motor Power = SHP Voltage = 220V Current = 124 Speed = 1500 RPMTheory: itis simple & indirect method in which losses are measured separately and efficiency can be determined for any desired load. Ths test ts applicable only to those DC machines ally constant as in the case of d.c shunt machine and level which the flux remains practic compounding generator. Swinburne testis one such method wherein the machine Is run at no {oad to find out no load losses which normally constitute constant losses. Copper losses cant be calculated which is helpful in finding total losses & efficiency. Procedure: (1) All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram. (2) Initially the shunt field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position. (3) Supply is given to the circuit and start the motor with the help of 3-point starter (4) Bring the speed of motor to the rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat (5) After bringing the speed of the motor to the rated speed, note down the voltmeter and ‘ammeter readings. (6) Constant losses are to be calculated from the above reading (7) Calculate the efficiency of the machine both as a motor and Generator. Tabular column: (vy) (a) (a) 33Model Calculation: V- Supply Voltage To ~ Motor Input Current. Power Input = V Io Constant Losses = We = V Io -(fo - IF)! Ra Efficiency of a machine running as a Motor: be the load current at which efficiency has to be found. Input = VI= Armature current Ia = (F1F Armature Cu loss= Ia? Ra Constant loss = We = Total losses WT = We +(la.Ra) Output = Input - Total Losses = VI- Wr Efficiency (n) of motor = Output/Input x 100 iency of a machine running as a Generator: I= Load current supplied by generator. Output = VI 35ee ee ee ee ee eee te | | I | | I Aqddns, | Dd AOTZ | | | | | WveSviG Lind |° : y 9.BRAK Aim: To determine the efficiency & to draw the performance Characteristics by performing br: motor. Apparatus: S.NO | NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT a Voltmeter 2 | Ammeter ges 3 | Rheostat [a | Tachometer 5, | Connecting wires Name Plate Detail DC shunt motor Power =5HP Voltage = 220V Current =12A Speed = 1500 RPM ET [RANGE ae Sees 0-300¥ 0-208 |S000/iA TON DC SHUN MOTOR fake test on a DC shunt [TYPE Quantity —— | MC | Slim, ea “|WireWound | 1 5 Digital contact | 7 Aeperneed | =) 38| Theory: ircuit diagram. The The braking arrangements to conduct the brake test on DC motor are shown in circuit diagram. Th Brake band is taken round the water cooled pulley & attached on both sides to spring balance S; & Sz-The belt tightening hand wheel works as a load adjuster. This method is suitable for small machines which can be subjected to direct load test. If ‘R'is the radius of the pulley in meter & ‘N' is the motor speed in r.p.5. Then shaft Torque Ty’ developed by the motor = 9.81 x (5:-5:) R Ke-m FN Tyy/60 = 271 N x 9.81x (S,-S,) R /60 watts The motor output power If "Vis the supply voltage and is the full load current taken by the motor, then. Efficiency (n) = Output/Input Procedure: 4)_Allthe connections are done as per the circuit diagram. 2) Before switching the supply ensure that there is no load on the motor. 3) Initially the shunt field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position 4). Supply is given to the circuit and start the motor with the help of 3-point starter. 5) Bring the speed to the rated speed by varying field rheostat of motor. 6) Note down the no-load values of meters (Voltmeter & Ammeters,) 7), Now load the motor by tightening the belt and take the readings ofS, ;, voltmeter, ammeter and speed. 8) Repeat step 7 by gradually increasing the load til rated current of the motor is obtained 39Tabular column: a —To7p power cefficlency (n) ppower | Torque N | S& NT () | Gem) | Ke) Viv " Le a ee Model Calculation: Radius of the pulley = R Torque developed by the motor, T = 9.81 x (5 The motor output power = 211 NT / 60 Input power = ViPerel ler rr wr see Ag-l “¥8 > ay ( AOLZ AOEC-O mh le ' : 3 | yy = rhe éyddng 3 eS A(OSI-0) Sao BINS ( os T Ud Sal LINDUD NadO ¥OF WVEDVIG LINDUID10. 0.C AND S.C TESTS ON A SINGLE PHASE T! To conduct OC and SC tests on single phase transformer, and pre-determine the regulation and efficiency of the transformer, RANSFORMER to find the equivalent circuit parameters Apparatus: sino | SAMEGFTIE 7 sange | wwre | quanriry EQUIPMENT | | Ammeter [0208 mi i 2 | Ammeter (0-2)A MI 1 3 | vormeter (030017 wi 7 3| Py | vekimeter (030 mi | s,_ | Wattmeter 300V,5A iF ae ee| ea ~ 30V,208 ur | 2 ie a | 1-@ Transformer 3kVA,115/230V 1-0 a |g, | Heat Testame eee eae) ane | Connecting wires rraneanieed Name plate details: Voltage Ratio= | 220/110V Full load Current_| =13.6A VA RATING= 3KVA ‘Theory: Transformer is a static device which transfers electrical power from one circuit to another circuit either by step up or step down the voltage with corresponding decrease increase in the current, without changing the frequency. OcTest ‘The main aim of this test is to determine the Iron losses & No- load current of the T/F which is| | | TIE AD VOL | Ka AOLZ/ A0EZ-0 ay | i | t 1 | Va ae eS Adding Afoe-0){ A = OVO ‘zHOS ‘A0Ez S C i 7 5 ‘ vooesng c SAL LINDUID LYOHS HOI WVEDVIG Lindel a OU CT Trwen to primary and secondary kept supply will be gi be 5 to 10% helpful in finding Ro & Xo.ln this test generally small current (magnetizing curr din primary will give directly the w and it will ent will flo (core open, Since secondary is opened a s ie of full load current, The wattmeter connecte ros Saee losses) SCTest: ich are helpful in finding the full load copper losses whi hort circuited The main aim of this test is to determine the low voltage side will be s Roi, X01 201, efficiency and regulation of the T/F. Generally | and supply willbe elven to high voltage side & it will be of -10% of the rated volt28® The wvattmeter connected in primary wil give directly the full load copper losses of the T/F Procedure: oc TEST: 1. Allthe connections are done as per the circuit diagram of OC test. By using the single phase variac apply rated voltage to the LV side: {At this rated voltage, note down the readings of voltmeter as Vo", wattmeter as ‘Wo’ readings. 4. Here the ammeter indicates no load current and wattmeter indicates core losses. 5, From these readings calculate no load power factor Cos@a, Ro and Xo, SC TEST: ammeter as ‘ly’ and 41. All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram of SC test By using the single phase variac apply rated current to the HV side. {At this rated current, note down the readings of voltmeter asV.d, ammeter as ‘sc’ and wattmeter as ‘Wsc readings. Here the ammeter indicates full load current and wattmeter indicates full load copper losses From these readings calculate Zc, Ros and Xo. Now calculate the efficiency and regulation of the transformer at different loads and power factor respectively. 7. Now draw the equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to primary side LV side Tabular column: melinee Vo 1) Current i (A) Wattmeter Wo (W) TEST f Voltage Vic (V) Current Isc (A) Wattmeter Wc (W)Where x- fraction of load % Efficiency= jutput/Input = [x * KVA rating * cos) / [(x * kVA rating * cos) + Wo +x* Wsc] ‘Model graph: Efficiency n% Output in Watt ~ load x ‘Output in Watt % Efficiency ‘falllead | % ¥ full load % | | %fullload | % zie full load ie Calculations: Output= (x * kVA rating * cos)2. Take the readings without parallax error 3. Do not exceed the rated current of Transformer Result: Viva question: 41. How are the meter ratings selected for 0.C and S.C tests? 2. Whyisthe O.€ test conducted on the lv side of the transformer and S.C test on hv side? 3, What are the losses measured inan .C test? 4. What are the losses measured in an S.C test? 5, What is the condition for maximum efficiency in a transformer? 6. What is meant by ‘regulation’ of a transformer? 7. isa high orlow value of regulation preferred? Why? 8. How can the parameters on one side of the transformer be transferred to the other side?FEF FEF rr rrr rrr PPP PPP Perr eS re, go neee|nn SPL YRAS : a ale a : ; te i ! f || hans 27 i i 1 BRIS i ea ROS 1 ee | 0 44 ry mnt asad HANgOF Te as¢Ad INIT NO tsar dvo713.LOAD TEST ON TRANSFORMER of the Transformer. ‘Aim :-To conduct load test on Transformer and to determine the efficiency Apparatus S.NO. NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT. RANGE TYPE QUANTITY 1 Voltmeter 0- 150V MI 1 2 Voltmeter 0- 300V MI 1 3 Ammeter 0-104 MI 1 : Wattmeter 150V,20A UPF i . Wattmeter 300,108 UPF i 6. Ammeter 0-20A MI a 2. ‘Transformer 3KVA(115/230V) 1.0 1 8. Connecting wires As per need Name plate detai Voltage Ratio= — 220/110V Full load Current =13.6A KVA RATING = 3KVA Theory he ac voltage is applied to the ary coil, the ac current in the primary coil gives rise to flux change. The change of flux induces emf in the secondary coil due to mutual induction. We can calculate the efficiency by using voltmeter and ammeter since we are using resistive load.Procedure :: |. Make all the connections according to the circuit diagram. Keep the auto-transformer at minimum position, Give the supply, close the DPST switch. Now by varying the single phase auto-transformer adjust to rated voltage at primary side. ‘Now apply the load and varying the load take the readings upon the rated current. ayeen From the above reading efficiency can be determined. Tabular column: SNO. [Vim [hw Win Ya | bw Wa | Yen =(WalWi)" 100 Precautions :- 1) All the connections should be right and tight. 2) Take the readings without parallax error. 3) Do not exceed the rated current of Transformer.T, What is the effect on the frequ yy in the transformer? 2. What is the medium for the energy conversion from the primary to secondary in the transformer? 3. What is the main ri ration of harmonics in the transformer? Why are the ferrite cores used in the high frequency transformer? What type of winding is used in the 3-phase shell type transformer? What is increased in step up transformer? 7. What is the effect on voltage in step down transformer? 8, What is the formula of efficiency? What is the function of bushings in the transformer? 10. What is the principal of transformer?