THE FEMALE

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Presented By :
Agdon, Robin
Jabla, Trisha
Moreno, Azeaneth
 OBJECTIVES
Identify the part of female reproductive
system
Analyze the Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy
Preparation
Internalize the importance of hormonal control
of the ovarian cycle
 OVERVIEW
The female reproductive organs include several
key structures, such as the ovaries, uterus,
vagina, and vulva. The functions of these organs
are involved in fertility, conception, pregnancy,
and childbirth.

Immature at birth and develops to maturity at

puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to
carry a fetus to full term.
FUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE 1
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ova Production
Ova and sperm transportation
Microenvironments for fertilization
Implantation and fetal-placement growth
Nourishment and support of offspring
Postnatal repetition
Hormone production
The female reproductive organ is consisting of ovaries,
fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
 1
PRIMARY REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
Ovaries
Located by uterus
Produce eggs (ovum)
Hormone production
Control menstrual cycle
Pregnancy regulation
Ovulation
 OVARIES 1
Medulla
Inner portion
Loose connective tissue
Neurovascular network
Oxygen and nutrient provision
Ovarian tissue support
Follicle support
 OVARIES 1
Cortex
Outer portion
Connective tissue stroma
Numerous ovarian follicles
Follicle structure
Where folliculogenesis occurs
Egg cell maturation
Ovulation preparation
 INTERNAL ACCESSORY ORGANS 1
Uterine tubes
-(also called fallopian tubes or
oviducts)
-serve as the conduit of the
oocyte from the ovary to the
uterus.
 INTERNAL ACCESSORY ORGANS 1
Uterine tubes
 UTERINE TUBES 1
Fimbriae
Finger-like projections
End of uterine tubes
Close to ovaries
Capture released egg by
create a sweeping motion
 UTERINE TUBES 1
Infundibulum
Funnel-shaped
opening of uterine
tube near ovary,
receives egg after
ovulation.
 UTERINE TUBES 1
Ampulla
Widest and longest
part of uterine tube,
usual site of
fertilization.
 UTERINE TUBES 1
Isthmus Narrower middle part
of uterine tube
between ampulla and
uterus, passage for
fertilized egg to
uterus.
 UTERINE TUBES 1
Interstitium
Tube portion
penetrating uterine
wall, connects
isthmus to uterine
cavity.
 INTERNAL ACCESSORY ORGANS 1
Uterus
Also called as womb
Normal - 7 cm long x 5 cm wide
Pregnant- 35 cm long x 25 cm wide
Supports embryo during pregnancy.
Facilitates childbirth through contractions.
Contracts during labor to facilitate childbirth.
 UTERUS 1
What is ectopic pregnancy?
fertilized egg implants
and grows outside the
uterus, typically in the
fallopian tube. It
implants and begins to
develop in the wrong
location.
 INTERNAL ACCESSORY ORGANS 1
Uterus
 UTERUS 1
Internal
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
 UTERUS INTERNAL 1
Perimetrium
Outermost layer of uterus.
Composed of serous
membrane.
Provides structural support
and protection.
 UTERUS INTERNAL 1
Myometrium
Middle layer of uterus,
smooth muscle tissue,
contracts for labor,
expels menstrual blood.
 UTERUS INTERNAL 1
Endometrium
Inner layer of uterus, cyclical
changes with hormones, site
for embryo implantation,
sheds during menstruation if
no pregnancy.
 UTERUS 1
External
Fundus
Body
Cervix
 UTERUS EXTERNAL 1
Fundus
Superior portion of uterus.
Uppermost and widest part.
Connects to fallopian tubes.
 UTERUS EXTERNAL 1
Body or corpus
Main portion of uterus.
Narrows towards cervix.
Site of fertilized egg
implantation during
pregnancy.
 UTERUS EXTERNAL 1
Cervix
Lower uterus, connects to
vagina. Contains cervical
canal for blood and
sperm passage. Produces
mucus affecting sperm
movement -inhibit.
Vagina

Serves as the entrance to the

reproductive tract. It also serves as the
exit from the uterus during menses and
childbirth.
Receives penis during intercourse, site for
sperm deposition.
Vagina
Lactobacillus - protects the
vagina by maintaining an acidic
pH (below 4.5)

Lactic acid, in combination with other vaginal

secretions, makes the vagina a self-cleansing organ.
VULVA
 VULVA
Labia Majora
Outer folds around vagina.
Protect internal organs.
Contain adipose tissue, glands, hair follicles.
Cushion vaginal area.
Enhance sexual arousal.
 VULVA
Labia minora
Inner folds within labia majora.
Enclose vestibule with vaginal and urethral
openings.
Protect openings, secrete lubricating oils.
Swell and darken during arousal.
 VULVA
Clitoris

Highly sensitive organ at labia minora junction.

Contains erectile tissue, nerve endings. Source
of sexual pleasure, engorges during arousal.
 VULVA
Vestibular glands
Located by vaginal opening. Produce lubricating
secretions, maintain vaginal pH, protect against
infections.
 MAMMARY GLANDS
Highly evolved organ on anterior chest wall.
Primary function: Milk secretion
Well-developed in females, rudimentary in
males.
Hormones like prolactin and oxytocin stimulate
milk production and release.
 The Breasts
to supply milk to an infant in a process called lactation.
Parts of the breast
Nipple - contains
numerous
openings from
which milk is
released during
breastfeeding.
 Parts of the breast
Areola - contains small
glands called
Montgomery glands that
secrete an oily substance
to lubricate the nipple
during breastfeeding.
 Parts of the breast
Areola - contains small
glands called
Montgomery glands that
secrete an oily substance
to lubricate the nipple
during breastfeeding.
Parts of the breast
Lobules- they are
responsible for producing
milk during lactation.
Parts of the breast
Alveoli- sac-like structures
within the lobules where
milk is synthesized and
stored.
Parts of the breast

Lactiferous ducts- tubes

that carry milk from the
alveoli to the nipple.
Parts of the breast
Lactiferous sinus -
serves as a temporary
storage area for milk
before it is released
through the nipple during
breastfeeding.
Parts of the breast
Suspensory Ligaments -
fibrous bands that
provide structural support
to the breast tissue. Help
maintain shape
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE
WHAT IS FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE?
The female reproductive cycle, also known as
the menstrual cycle, is a complex series of
events regulated by hormones that prepare the
female body for reproduction.
 OOGENESIS
Occurs in outermost layers of the ovaries. It
starts with a germ cell, called an oogonium
(plural: oogonia), but this cell undergoes
mitosis to increase in number.
PROCESS OF OOGENESIS
 MENARCHE

Menarche refers to the first

occurrence of menstruation in a
woman's life
Typically occurs between the ages of 9
and 16, although variations are normal.
 AMENORRHEA

There are two main types of amenorrhea:

Primary Amenorrhea: has not experienced her first
menstrual period by the age of 16.
Secondary Amenorrhea: has previously had normal
menstrual cycles stops menstruating for at least
three consecutive menstrual cycles or more.
 MENSTRUATION
Commonly known as a woman's period, is a
part of the menstrual cycle and takes place
in the uterus. During the menstrual cycle,
the lining of the uterus (endometrium)
thickens in preparation for a potential
pregnancy.
 OVARIAN CYCLE

Follicular Phase

Ovulation

Luteal Phase
 Follicular Phase
Begins on the first
day of menstruation
and lasts until
ovulation, typically
around the first 14
days of a 28-day
menstrual cycle.
 Ovulation
Ovulation occurs
approximately in the
middle of the
menstrual cycle,
usually around day 14
in a 28-day cycle.
 Luteal Phase
After ovulation, the empty
follicle transforms into a
structure called the corpus
luteum. The corpus luteum
secretes progesterone and
some estrogen.
 MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The menstrual cycle is typically divided into
three main phases.

Menstrual Phase (Days 1-5)

Proliferative Phase (Days 6-14)
Secretory Phase (Days 15-28)
 MENSTRUAL PHASE (DAYS 1-5)

The first day of menstruation

(bleeding). Also known as period.

Progesterone and Estrogen are

relatively low.
PROLIFERATIVE PHASE (DAYS 6-14)

This phase occurs after

menstruation and is
characterized by the
development and growth of
the endometrium.

Rising levels of estrogen

FSH is released
SECRETORY PHASE (DAYS 15-28)

After ovulation
(release of the egg
from the ovary)
Ruptured follicle
transforms into
corpus luteum
 PREGNANCY AND
CHILDBEARING

Women can conceive during their

reproductive years and may experience one
or more pregnancies.
Childbearing and raising a family are common
aspects of this stage.
MENOPAUSAL STAGE

Premenopause
Perimenopause
Menopause
Postmenopause
 DYSMENORRHEA
There are two main types of dysmenorrhea:
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Usually begins 1-2 days
before menstruation and may last 2-4 days.
Secondary Dysmenorrhea: typically caused by
an underlying reproductive health issue, such
as endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
COMMON DISORDERS OF
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH
POLYCYSTIC OVARY
SYNDROME (PCOS)
caused by hormonal
imbalances, particularly
elevated levels of
androgens (male
hormones) and insulin
resistance
ENDOMETRIOSIS

It occurs when tissue

similar to the lining of the
uterus grows outside the
uterus, leading to
inflammation and scarring
OVARIAN CYSTS

form due to hormonal

imbalances, follicle
abnormalities, or
conditions like
endometriosis
UTERINE FIBROIDS
also known as myomas
the exact causes are
unclear, but hormonal
factors and genetics
likely play a role in the
development of uterine
fibroids
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY
DISEASE (PID)
caused by bacterial
infections, often
transmitted sexually, that
spread from the vagina
and cervix to the
reproductive organs