Atoms, elements, mixtures and compounds (Week 1) =. Atom: Smallest part of an element that can exist. Hydrogen ® ® ® @® Elements: An element contains only one type of Both examples of the (N,) . (N) Nitrogen element (N) @ atoms (4H) atom. All elements are given a symbol and are found on the periodic table. Compounds: Compounds are 2 or more elements that are chemically bonded. These are made in chemical reactions. Compounds are given a formula for example carbon dioxide is CO, means 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms. Mixtures: Two or more chemicals not chemically bonded. Pure and Impure Substances A pure substance contains only one type of element or compound. An impure substance contains more than one type of element or compound in a mixture, for example salt water contains NaCl and H20. All mixtures are impure substances. Mixtures are much easier to separate than elements or compounds as they are not chemically bonded.Key Terminology e@ Atom: The particles that make up all substances with mass, they contain protons, neutrons and electrons. @ Nucleus: The centre of an atom, it contains protons and neutrons. @ Nanometre: A unit of measurement: 1x10°m. e Proton: A subatomic particle found in the nucleus, it has a charge of +1 and a relative mass of 1. e Electron: A subatomic particle found in the shells of an atom, it has a charge of -1 and a negligible mass @ Subatomic: These are the smaller particles that make up an atom e Neutron: A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom, it has a charge of 0 and a mass of 1 e@ Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom. @ Mass Number: The total of protons and neutrons in an atom. Key Skills A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes. The development of the periodic table. The periodic table. Comparison of Transition metals with group 1 elements.Evaporation - to Crystallisation - to separate a soluble separate a soluble salt from a solution; salt from a solution; a quick way of a slower method of separating out the salt. separating out salt. 1 Separating out salt from rock salt: 1. Grind the mixture of rock salt. 2. Add water and stir. 3. Filter the mixture, leaving the sand in the filter paper 4. Evaporate the water from the salt, leaving the crystals. Distillation To separate out mixtures of liquids. 1, Simple distillation - separating a liquid from a solution. thermometer (100°c) water salt ; i heatRequired practical: Separation techniques(Week 2) Chromatography - to separate out mixtures. piece of wood pin paper beaker ink spot water start Filtration - to separate solids from liquids.The development of the model of the atom (Week 3) John Dalton start of 19% Atoms were first described as solid spheres. century JJ Thomson 1897 Plum pudding model - the atom is a ball of charge with electrons scattered. Ernest Rutherford 1909 Alpha scattering experiment - mass concentrated at the centre; the nucleus is charged. Most of the mass is in the nucleus. Most atoms are empty space. ound 1911 Electrons are in shells orbiting the nucleus. James Chadwick ound 1940 Discovered that there are neutrons in the nucleusStructure of the atom (Week 4) ¢ All matter is made from atoms. Atoms are very small. The radius of the atom is about 1x10-10 m (this is also known as 0.1 nanometres). ¢ The central part of the atom is known as the nucleus. It is only 1x10™'m across, which is 10,000 times smaller than the total atom. ¢ An atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, electrons and neutrons. * Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus e Electrons are found orbiting the nucleus in shells (also known as energy levels). * Atoms have no overall charge because they have the same number of positive protons as negative electrons.Structure of the atom (Week 4) Particle lative Mass ‘Charve ee a a 6 protons + 6 neutrons e electron b proton Q neutron ~ Mass number: This is the total of protons+neutrons Atomic number: This is the number of protons Therefore, sodium has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 23-11= 12 neutrons. Electron Configuration There are very strict rules about how electrons fill up the electron shells, the inner shell is always filled first. Each shell has a maximum number of electrons it can take. Shell 1: maximum 2 electrons Shell 2: maximum 8 electrons Shell 3: maximum 8 electronsDevelopment of the periodic table (Week 5) Halogens aes 34 5 Sa ° Transition metals [ He | Alkali metals at Ca [xb] sr] [2r [wo Cs|Ba|La|Hf|Ta| W | Re Pt | Au] He Fr | Ra} Ac| Rf |Db| Sz | Bh ?|? Form positive ions. Conductors, high melting and boiling points, ductile, malleable. " Metals to the left of this line, non metals to the right To the left of the Periodic table To the right of the Periodic table Form negative ions. Insulators, low melting and boiling points. Early periodic tables were incomplete, élements arranged in order some elements were placed in of atomic weight inappropriate groups if the strict order atomic weights was followed. Before discovery of protons, neutrons and electrons Elements with properties predicted by Mendeleev were discovered and filled in the gaps. Knowledge of isotopes explained why order based on atomic weights was not always correct. Left gaps for elements that hadn't been discovered yet 5 2 : =Alkali metals, Halogens and Very reactive with oxygen, water and chlorine Reactivity increases down the group Forms a metal Forms a metal hydroxide and hydrogen Forms a metal * Less reactive * Harder * Denser * Higher melting points transition metals (Week 6) Only have one electron in their outer shell. Form +1 ions. Negative outer electron is further away from the positive nucleus so is more easily lost. Metal + oxygen > e.g. 4Na+ 0, > metal oxide 2Na,0 Metal + water > metal hydroxide + hydrogen e.g. 2Na+ 2H,O0 > 2NaQH + H, Metal + chlorine > e.g. 2Na+Cl, > metal chloride 2NaCl * Cu**is blue * Ni*is pale green, used in the manufacture of margarine * Fe* is green, used in the Haber process * Fe*is reddish-brown Consist of molecules made of a pair of atoms Meiting and boiling points increase down the group (gas > liquid > solid) Have seven electrons in their outer shell. Form -1 ions. Increasing atomic mass number. Increasing proton number means Reactivity decreases down the group ce ; ; an electron is more easily gained e.g. NaCl * Many have different ion possibilities with different Typical charges properties * Used as catalysts * Form coloured compounds * Mn** is pale pink Forms a metal halide Forms a hydrogen halide A more reactive halogen will displace the less reactive halogen from the salt Metal + halogen > metal halide e.g. Sodium + chlorine > sodium chloride Hydrogen + halogen > hydrogen halide e.g. Hydrogen + bromine > hydrogen bromide Chlorine + potassium bromide > potassium chloride + bromine metal atom loses outer shell electrons and halogen gains an outer shell electron e.g. Cl, + H, > 2HCI e.g. Cl, +2KBr >2KCI + Br,