Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of the Philippines
Republic Act No. 11232, February 23, 2019
Section 2. Corporation Defined
A corporation is an artificial being created by
operation of law, having the right of succession
and powers, attributes, and properties expressly
authorized by law or incidental to its existence.
Characteristics of a Corporation
1. IT IS AN ARTIFICIAL BEING.
It is considered as a separate and distinct
person.
PIERCING THE VEIL OF CORPORATE FICTION OR
ALTER EGO DOCTRINE
It is a principle wherein the separate and distinct
personality of a corporation will be disregarded
if its members uses such personality of the
corporation, to perpetuate deception or to
justify a wrong or protect fraud.
2. CREATED BY OPERATION OF LAW.
A law breath life to a corporation.
a. Corporations created under this law
are referred to as PRIVATE
CORPORATION;
b. Corporations created under a specific
law, other than RCC are PUBLIC
CORPORATION or Government Owned or
Controlled Corporations (GOCC)
What is a GOCC?
INCORPORATOR CORPORATOR
Those stockholders or members Those stockholders or members who
mentioned in the AOI as originally forming comprises the corporation
and composing the corporation and who
are signatories thereon
Signatories to the AOI Not necessarily signatories thereon
Conveyance of share does not affect Upon conveyance of share, ceases to be a
status as incorporator corporator
Not more than 15 No restriction
Other person in the formation of a corporation
(7th Par.) Shares of capital stock issued without par value shall be deemed fully
paid and non-assessable and the holder of such shares shall not be liable to the
corporation or to its creditors in respect thereto: Provided, That no-par value
shares must be issued for a consideration of at least Five pesos (₱5.00) per
share: Provided, further, That the entire consideration received by the corporation
for its no-par value shares shall be treated as capital and shall not be available for
distribution as dividends.
(8th Par.) A corporation may further classify its shares for the purpose of ensuring
compliance with constitutional or legal requirements.
1st Par. – Doctrine of Equality of Shares.
Each share (Common share/stock) shall be equal in
all respects (rights and liabilities) to every other
share except as otherwise provided in the articles of
incorporation and stated in the certificate of stock.
1st. Incorporators
2nd. Board of Directors and Stockholders (by way
of amendment) by majority vote of BOD and
consent of stockholders representing 2/3 of the
outstanding capital stocks.
2nd Par.
2 kinds of RS
1. Mandatory or Compulsory and
2. Optional
(2nd Par) Corporations with certificates of incorporation issued prior to the effectivity of this Code and
which continue to exist shall have perpetual existence, unless the corporation, upon a vote of its
stockholders representing a majority of its articles of incorporation: Provided, That any change in the
corporate right of dissenting stockholders in accordance with the provisions of this Code.
(3rd Par.) A corporate term for a specific period may be extended or shortened by amending the articles
of incorporation: Provided, That no extension may be made earlier than three (3) years prior to the
original or subsequent expiry date(s) unless there are justifiable reasons for an earlier extension as may
be determined by the Commission: Provided, further, That such extension of the corporate term shall
take effect only on the day following the original or subsequent expiry date(s).
(4th Par) A corporation whose term has expired may apply for revival of its corporate existence, together
with all the rights and privileges under its certificate of incorporation and subject to all of its duties,
debts and liabilities existing prior to its revival. Upon approval by the Commission, the corporation shall
be deemed revived and a certificate of revival of corporate existence shall be issued, giving it perpetual
existence, unless its application for revival provides otherwise.
(5th Par) No application for revival of certificate of incorporation of banks, banking and quasi-banking
institutions, preneed, insurance and trust companies, non-stock savings and loan associations (NSSLAs),
pawnshops, corporations engaged in money service business, and other financial intermediaries shall be
approved by the Commission unless accompanied by a favorable recommendation of the appropriate
government agency.
TERM OF EXISTENCE
What is BB-POPIN?
Bank, Banking and quasi-banking institution,
Preneed companies, Other financial intermediaries,
Pawnshop, Insurance companies, Non-stock savings
and loan associations.
Section 12.
Exception.
If special law so provides.
i.e. Corporations engaged in pawnshop business
requires that at least 70% of its voting capital
stock belongs to Filipino citizen.
Section 15.
Amendment of Articles of Incorporation. - Unless
otherwise prescribed by this Code or by special law, and
for legitimate purposes, any provision or matter stated in
the articles of incorporation may be amended by a
majority vote of the board of directors or trustees and
the vote or written assent of the stockholders
representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding
capital stock, without prejudice to the appraisal right of
dissenting stockholders in accordance with the provisions
of this Code. The articles of incorporation of a non-stock
corporation may be amended by the vote or written
assent of majority of the trustees and at least two-thirds
(2/3) of the members.
The original and amended articles together shall contain
all provisions required by law to be set out in the articles
of incorporation. Amendments to the articles shall be
indicated by underscoring the change or changes made,
and a copy thereof duly certified under oath by the
corporate secretary and a majority of the directors or
trustees, with a statement that the amendments have
been duly approved by the required vote of the
stockholders or members, shall be submitted to the
Commission.
De facto corporation MUST have filed its AOI and was issued with
COI, otherwise, it will NEVER be a DFC.
Significance:
It will have its juridical personality and may exercise corporate
powers.
Section 21.
Effects of Non-Use of Corporate Charter and Continuous In-operation. - If a corporation
does not formally organize and commence its business within five (5) year from the date
of its incorporation, its certificate of incorporation shall be deemed revoked as of the day
following the end of the five (5)-year period.
A delinquent corporation shall have a period of two (2) years to resume operations and
comply with all requirements that the Commission shall prescribed. Upon the
compliance by the corporation, the Commission shall issue an order lifting the
delinquent status. Failure to comply with the requirements and resume operations
within the period given by the Commission shall cause the revocation of the
corporation's certificate of incorporation.
The Commission shall give reasonable notice to, and coordinate with the appropriate
regulatory agency prior to the suspension or revocation of the certificate of
incorporation of companies under their special regulatory jurisdiction.
Non – Organization and Commencement of
business for a period of 5 consecutive years is a
ground for revocation of AOI.
Acts of Organization
An independent director is a person who apart from shareholdings and fees received from
any business or other relationship which could, or could reasonable be received to materially
interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities as a
director.
of of
Must own Qualification
at least 1 Directo Trustee Must be a
share in the member
stocks rs s
Exercises acts of
YES YES
management
BOD and BOT
Governing body of the corporation –
Corporations being an artificial being, acts and
contracts through its BOD and BOT.
If the corporation is vested with public interest, the board shall also elect
compliance officer. The same person may hold two (2) or more positions
concurrently, except that no one shall act as president and secretary or as
president and treasurer at the same time, unless otherwise allowed in this
Code.
The officers shall manage the corporation and perform such duties as may
be provided in the bylaws and/or as resolved by the board of directors.
OFFICER REQUIREMENT CITIZENSHIP RESIDENCY DISQUALIFICATION
-Sec. 25.
Section 26.
Disqualification of Directors, Trustees or Officers. - A person shall be disqualified from
being a director, trustee or officer of any corporation if, within five (5) years prior to
the election or appointment as such, the person was:
(a) Convicted by final judgment:
(1) Of an offense punishable by imprisonment for a period exceeding six (6)
years;
(2) For violating this Code; and
(3) For violating Republic Act No. 8799, otherwise known as "The Securities
Regulation Code";
(b) Found administratively liable for any offense involving fraudulent acts; and
(c) By a foreign court or equivalent foreign regulatory authority for acts, violations or
misconduct similar to those enumerated in paragraphs (a) and (b) above.
Notice of the time and place of such meeting, as well as of the intention to propose such removal,
must be given by publication or by written notice prescribed in this Code. Removal may be with or
without cause: Provided, That removal without cause may not be used to deprive minority
stockholders or members of the right representation to which they may be entitled under Section 23
of this Code.
The Commission shall, motupropio or upon verified complaint, and after due notice and hearing,
order the removal of a director or trustee elected despite the disqualification, or whose
disqualification arose or is discovered subsequent to an election. The removal of a disqualified
director shall be without prejudice to other sanctions that the Commission may impose on the board
of directors or trustees who, with knowledge of the disqualification, failed to remove such director
or trustee.
Who may remove BOD/BOT?
-SH/M with or without cause, however, removal
without cause may not be used to deprive
minority of their right to be represented.
The BOD/BOT
1. Any other reason not stated above, provided the board constitutes a quorum.
When shall vacancy/ies filled?
In no case shall the total yearly compensation of directors exceed ten percent
(10%) of the net income before income tax of the corporation during the
preceding year.
Where any of the first three (3) conditions set forth in the preceding paragraph is absent,
in the case of a contract with a director or trustee, such contract may be ratified by the
vote of the stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital
stock or of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members in a meeting called for the
purpose: Provided, That full disclosure of the adverse interest of the directors or trustees
involved is made at such meeting and the contract is fair and reasonable under the
circumstances.
Self-dealing director/trustee
A contract entered into by the corporation with one or more of its D/T,
officers or their spouses and relatives within the 4th civil degree of
consanguinity or affinity is voidable, unless:
1. The presence and vote of such D/T in the meeting where such
contract was entered, is not necessary to constitute a quorum and
approval of the contract;
2. The contract is fair and reasonable;
3. In case of Corporations vested with public interest, contract must
be approved by 2/3 of the entire BOD with at least majority of the
independent directors;
4. In case of an officer, the contract must have been previously
authorized by the BOD/BOT.