Transactions On Emerging Telecommunications Technologies - 2020 - Yan - Survey On Recent Smart Gateways For Smart Home

Received: 16 January 2020 Revised: 20 April 2020 Accepted: 7 June 2020
DOI: 10.1002/ett.4067
SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE
Survey on recent smart gateways for smart home: Systems,

technologies, and challenges
Wenyao Yan1,2 Zhixiao Wang2,3 Hao Wang4 Wendong Wang5

Junhuai Li3 Xiaolin Gui2
1
Computer Science Department, Xi’an
Innovation College of Yan’an University, Abstract
Xi’an, China A smart gateway, which plays a crucial role in a smart home, generally bridges
2
School of Computer Science and the inside and outside home networks, as well as collaboratively manages the
Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University,
intelligent Internet of things (IoT) devices equipped in the smart home, due to
Xi’an, China
3
School of Computer Science and
it can convert different communication protocols, gather generated data from
Engineering, Xi’an University of surrounding devices, and even conduct some local data processing tasks. In this
Technology, Xi’an, China survey, we first review the whole smart home research area with a focus on a
4
School of Software Technology, Dalian
framework based on edge computing and multiple intelligent agents. Then, rely-
University of Technology, Dalian, China
5 ing on the time-line and different metrics including quality of experience (QoE),
School of Mathematics and Computer
Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China artificial intelligence support, software-defined network, and so on, we divide
the evolution of smart gateways into three generations. Considering recent smart
Correspondence
Zhixiao Wang, School of Computer
gateways mainly belong to the second generation, we further investigate and
Science and Engineering, Xi’an University classify them into two categories from another perspective of user-awareness
of Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710048, and data-awareness. Afterward, we discussed the key enabling technologies and
China.
Email: wangzhx@xaut.edu.cn components of smart gateways, such as operating systems, wireless communi-
cation protocols, and security. At last, we explore the challenges and trends of
Funding information
smart gateways and point out that maximizing QoE as well as data-awareness
CERNET, Grant/Award Numbers:
NGII20170303, NGII20171202; Cluster is the key feature of future gateways. This survey has practical significance for
Secure-DCI, Grant/Award Numbers: building a smart home system, broadly speaking, even for constructing the IoT
16KIS0479, 16KIS0483; College
and smart space.
Innovation Research and Development,
Grant/Award Number: No. 2016JXKY-20;
National Natural Science Foundation of
China, Grant/Award Numbers:
No.61771387, No.61772407; Shaanxi
Department of Education, Grant/Award
Numbers: No.16JS080, No.18JK1216;
YAN’AN Science and Technology Project,
Grant/Award Number: No. 2018KG-02
1 I N T RO DU CT ION
With the rapid evolution of the microelectromechanical systems, microcontroller, microsensors, and wireless communi-
cation technologies, smart home (also called intelligent home or home automation) gains increasing attention from the
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corporations, communities as well as researchers, and is gradually entering our daily life. Smart home can offer all kinds
of automation scenarios1 to make our lives comfortable, efficient and convenient, help us to increase the security and
safety in smart space, further assist the disabled and elderly people especially for their health caring,1-3 and so on. As a
core component of smart home, smart gateway plays a crucial role, because through which, not only the home internal
and external networks but also all kinds of digital electronic and electrical equipment in the home can be interconnected
and managed. Moreover, the smart gateway is able to collect a variety of information from domestic appliances, sensor
devices, and users or occupants, and process the gathered information for further requirements. Concretely, by using
this smart gateway, on the one hand, users can easily control and schedule household appliances and sensor devices
in the home, upload and download sources over external networks (such as the Internet) and cloud platforms. On the
other hand, users behavior patterns can be captured and learned for improving users QoE2 service.4 The interconnection,
interaction and high services, in this case, will be built around the core gateway.
At present, there exist a variety of technologies, standards, and emerging products especially smart gateways in smart
homes or domotics3 , which originate from those corporations or conglomerates, such as Intel, IBM, Microsoft, TI, AT&T,
Apple, Google, Sony, Samsung, Huawei, Haier, to name a few. These corporations or conglomerates contribute to the
rapid evolution of domotics in diverse perspectives, ranging from new chips, operating systems (OSs), to many practical
applications. More information can be obtained, respectively, from their official websites. Practically, current situation is
that everyone is striving to construct own standards and ecosystem, which is reasonable but a drawback for the devel-
opment of smart gateways. They are looking forward to unified and normalized standards. On the other hand, scalable
adaptively software architectures and functions in smart gateways should provide customizable and personalizable ser-
vices for different users and occupants, and for broader design support, be open-sourced entirely or partially. In addition,
with the implementation of smart home and the increase of the number of smart devices at smart home, the accumu-
lated big data of users/occupants and devices requires the high-efficient synchronization, management, and analysis. At
the same time, this data processing also needs aids of computing system. The cloud computing system is not a unique
optimal scheme, which must combine with the fog and edge computing systems and comprehensively consider the com-
puting performance, security, delay, data caching, dynamic service placement, and so on.5-10 Although a lot of companies
and researchers are attempting various smart gateway technologies and methods from different angles, ranging from
hardware to system structure and software, from functions to services and applications, or, from cloud to fog and edge
computing, including QoE, intelligent agent, software-defined network (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV),
and network slicing,11-13 the foresaid problems still expect to be solved perfectly. Moreover, actually, there is a long way
to go to deal with those problems and achieve those goals.
Therefore, from our point of view, it is essential to survey and discuss the recent development of smart gateways, in
terms of system architectures, technologies, security, and so on. Moreover, we believe, this work will not only directly
offer a thorough reference for corporations and researchers, but also indirectly help to form the standardization and
customization of the smart gateways. In this article, we mainly survey on several relevant facets of smart gateways, that
is, OSs, wireless communication technologies, security, flow control, future challenges, and trends.
The rest of the article are organized as follows. In Section 2, the related works of smart home are reviewed. In Section 3,
three generations of smart gateways based on the timeline and related technology metrics are presented. In Section 4,
recent smart gateways are investigated. In Section 5, the core technologies for smart gateways are listed and discussed. In
Section 6, the challenges and trends are explored, before we finally conclude our work in Section 7.
2 S M A RT HOME
The notion of smart home accompanies with the advent of smart environments, while smart environments originate
from the pervasive computing (also called ubiquitous computing).14-16 Nowadays, smart home frequently appears in pub-
lic media and becomes one of the familiar vocabularies. Smart home also comes in a variety of names, such as home
automation, domotics, electronic home, intelligent home, E-home, digital family, home networking, or home area net-
work (HAN) systems, and so on, more than ten names about smart home! Although these names are different, their
meaning and main functions to be achieved are roughly the same.
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation
2
https://searchcustomerexperience.techtarget.com/definition/Quality-of-Experience-QoE-or-QoX
3
https://www.t3.com/features/the-smart-home-guide
YAN et al. 3 of 20
Since the world’s first intelligent building emerged in the United States in 1984, many large world-renowned IT cor-
porations and conglomerates, venture capital companies, and electronics manufacturers have investigated and invested
into different aspects of smart home. They together started to support the research and development in smart home, and
fund a large number in this domain. At present, the well-known international corporations and conglomerates (such as
Intel, IBM, Microsoft, Vivint, ADT, AT&T, Apple, Google, Sony, Samsung, Huawei, Haier, and so on) have successively
established their teams, branches, or departments to explore the relevant technologies and applications of smart home.
It is not difficult to find their great ambition and achievements from the official websites. In the meantime, many large,
medium, and small corporations following giants’ heels have also involved in the smart home field, in nearly all aspects,
from bottom hardware and system software to applications and services. Since the smart home market will reach 155
billion dollars by 2023 according to the forecast of Strategy Analytics in 20184 , these smaller corporations also hope to
quickly launch new products and innovations to gather the market concern, such that take the leadership in future com-
petition. From small-scale intelligent electronic devices, such as smart sensors, smart switches, and smart sockets, to
large-scale smart home gateways and systems, various smart home products have come out one after another, bringing
great convenience and comfort to our daily life.
According to Li et al,17 there exists three generations of smart home, based on the automation levels from low to high.
The first generation of smart home is dominated by wireless technologies (such as Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and so on)
with proxy servers. The second generation is that artificial intelligence (AI) controls different sensing devices, such as
Amazon Echo. The third generation is that robot friends can interact and cooperate with human beings, such as Robot
Rovio.18
In the early period, Sumi19 designed and implemented a smart home with the project called “GatorTech Smart Home,”
which is based on a large number of personal smart devices: mailboxes, entrances and exits, beds, bathrooms, and floors.
All of these components are equipped with sensors and actuators that are connected to an OS, in order to make the
life of the elderly more comfortable. “GatorTech Smart Home” also uses a high-precision ultrasonic tracking system to
locate users or occupants, assess their habits and controls the environment. Mozer20 designed and developed an adaptive
function home system, called adaptive control of home environment (ACHE), which uses neural network principles to
control air condition, heating, and lighting systems, eliminating the need for prior manual programming. Besides, the
system hopes to save energy while respecting the lifestyle and privacy of its residents. ACHE continuously monitors the
environment and observes the actions taken by residents (eg, using lights or adjusting the thermostat), such that infers
the user behavior patterns and habits. The underlying stochastic dynamic programming strategies used therein facilitate
the prediction of future behavior. Vastenburg et al21 developed an autonomous home control with distributed agents that
was deployed in a simulated smart home environment. Their goal is to automate some of the daily activities of human
beings to improve efficiency and quality of service (QoS). The simulated smart home has four rooms: bedroom, living
room, bathroom, and kitchen. Various smart agents (water heaters, coffee makers, air conditioners, dishwashers, and so
on) control the entire home environment together with using a robot to move items from one location to another. Intel-
ligent agents must share resources through interaction and collaboration (eg, dishwashers use electricity and hot water
that might also be used by others). Intelligent agents must be able to weigh different actions and adapt their behaviors to
the changing circumstances. The lab scenario was also established and designed through the multiagent survival simu-
lation environment and Java Agent Framework, which can evaluate agents and their ability of collaboration. Kidd et al22
built a smart house called “Perceived Family” for researching ubiquitous computing and exploring the scenes of daily
life, which aims at improving the users perception and QoE. Schulzrinne et al23 proposed a global-scale system that sup-
ports security and multiuser management, and integrates a variety of software and hardware (achieving one universal
ubiquitous computing requirements). This system is based on session initiation protocol (SIP), uses Bluetooth devices
for location awareness, uses service location protocol for service discovery, and introduces context-aware location infor-
mation to enhance service discovery and user communication. Meyer et al24 pointed out that the next-generation home
system should seamlessly integrate people, devices, and computing. They analyzed and summarized the related research
works on how to improve the quality of people’s daily life based on context-aware computing. Crabtree et al25 explored
the concepts and daily activities related to pervasive computing within the family and analyzed a large number of tech-
nical applications in people’s daily activities which causes the attention to the locations of the ubiquitous computing
devices. Vastenburg et al21,26 pointed out that the users’ acceptance of notification messages in the family’s ubiquitous
computing environment mainly depends on the urgency of the message. If a person thinks that a message is urgent, he
hopes that the message can be notified and displayed immediately. This study proposed a method for subjective metrics
4
https://news.strategyanalytics.com/press-release/devices/strategy-analytics-global-smart-home-market-hit-155-billion-2023
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of controllable notification and acceptance. Bregman et al27 pointed out that as a large number of devices, interfaces, and
controllers exist in the home environment, some problems then have arisen for this kind of Domotic OSGi framework.
These components typically perform an individual function and cannot be synchronized with each other smoothly, so a
unified model is needed to address this issue. The design of this model should emphasize on the following three princi-
ples: (1) this model can ensure higher quality and availability of equipment and interfaces; (2) the use of this model can
greatly reduce the cost of the product; (3) the model can synchronize different kinds of devices. In addition to the applica-
tion consideration and different communication interfaces design, the architectural model should include a centralized
management unit and a built-in database for smart device integration, and create the preprogrammed complex scenarios
and dynamic storage device lists.
Recently, many researchers have almost comprehensively studied and surveyed the smart home. However, less focus
is zoomed into the smart gateways. We will not redundantly mention recent works in general smart home area and put
main effort onto smart gateways instead. The more details about smart home survey please refer to the following liter-
atures: Alaa et al2 discussed smart homes and their applications from the perspective of literature analysis. Xu et al28
proposed an SDN-based smart home scheme, and presented its challenges and opportunities in the future family scenes.
Ben Azzouz et al11 reviewed and investigated recent programmable HAN schemes from the perspectives of SDN or a
combination of SDN with NFV and network slicing, for controlling and managing HAN flexibly, enhancing QoS and
QoE, improving security, and customizing the bandwidth usage. In the meantime, depending upon a virtualized and
programmable residential gateway, they proposed an adaptive security scheme for HAN. Mocrii et al29 investigated and
reviewed the structure, software including OSs and components of data tracking and processing, wireless and wired com-
munication technologies, security and privacy preserving in smart homes. Especially, they also presented a cloud-based
structure of a smart home. In this structure, the smart home is regarded as a smart agent, which was proposed by Das
et al.30 Considering the complexity of feature interactions in smart home and further dealing with the conflicts among
different services and residents’ preferences, Alfakeeh et al12 proposed an agent-based negotiation approach (ABNA),
which combines agents with negotiation mechanism, enabling services with contrary features to work simultaneously.
Specifically, they presented a formal specification of ABNA utilizing calculus of context-aware ambient, demonstrated the
pragmatics of ABNA, and analyzed and verified the correctness of ABNA. In spite of ABNA is a certainty scheme since
its functionality relies upon predefined criteria, Alfakeeh et al forecast, in future, a smarter scheme would be presented
via employing a self-learning mechanism. Nevertheless, the core component of smart home is still the smart gateway,
whatever it is virtualized or unvirtualized, or programmable or unprogrammable gateway.
In addition, Li et al31 first presented the six main features for smart home including realizing the interaction between
the user and the smart grid, guiding the rational and scientific electricity use, enhancing the comfort, safety, and conve-
nient life style, monitoring and discovering the abnormal and timely processing, offering intelligent services, and so on.
Next, they explored the smart home structure from the view of smart grid. Finally, they analyzed the smart home power
service system after discussing the interactive electricity service technologies and smart community support technologies.
Zaidan and Zaidan32 surveyed nearly all-potential applications in the smart home. Li et al17 analyzed the generations,
estimated the popularity, evaluated home automation systems leveraging big data analytics, and investigated the recent
technologies that can realize sustainable development in smart homes. They also concluded, that the interests of the smart
home are raised by the dwellers’ knowledge rather than the financial condition. Mendes et al33 investigated almost all the
current wireless communication technologies, applications requirements, and integrations in the smart homes. Unluck-
ily, they ignored the value of Digital European Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)5 , especially DECT ULE (Ultra Low
Energy)6 in wireless technologies. Moreover, Wi-Fi sub 1 GHz and Terahertz were not covered. Jaouhari et al34 suggested
a layered smart home architecture supporting cloud services, integrated the management of energy and health with the
popular wired and wireless communication techniques, investigated the security and privacy protection related to the
health and energy data, and visualized these data at smart home. On the one hand, this scheme cannot only monitor
the healthcare and wellbeing of occupants but also offer the remote consultations. On the other hand, it can provide
intelligent energy monitor to schedule energy consumption such that save energy. Recently, for optimizing energy con-
sumption, saving cost, and assisting the forecast and quick decisions, Diyan et al13 proposed an intelligent multitasking
Internet of things (IoT) gateway, which supported the heterogeneous energy data processing and management. Especially,
in order to decrease the delay of data processing and transmission and ensure the classification effectiveness under the
5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications
6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECT_Ultra_Low_Energy
YAN et al. 5 of 20
cloud environment, they further orchestrated the data loading and storing module and Adaboost-multilayer perceptron
hybrid data classifier module. Finally, they verified the performance of the scheme.
In this article, we propose a smart home architecture that integrates multiple smart agents (also called intelligent
agents), such that they can cooperate to finish complex tasks, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. In the multiagent-based smart
home, each home appliance device is regarded as a smart agent, which comprises the sensor and the actuator, separately
or cooperatively sense, and execute specific actions. The interactions between home environment and smart agent are
described through three essential elements: states, actions, and reward, as shown in Figure 1. Generally, the interactions
between environment and agent can be presented by a series of states, actions, and rewards.
The smart gateway is a linchpin agent with powerful and rich functions, which is able to do quite a few complex
processing at the edge of the smart home network before sending big data to the fog or cloud, as shown in Figure 2. The
end devices are able to communicate with smart gateway positioned at the edge of the network.
Furthermore, some agents that their sensors and actuators are wholly integrated can independently accomplish quite
a few tasks, whereas others cannot independently execute the tasks because their sensors and actuators are divided. Thus,
the latter will passively response the instructions from the smart gateway or other devices. The goal of all agents including
smart gateway is to optimize the rewards in smart home, such as minimize the energy consumption, or maximize QoE
as well as data-awareness in smart home.
FIGURE 1 An intelligent agent
FIGURE 2 A smart home framework based on multiple intelligent agents

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3 THREE GENERATIONS O F S MART GATEWAYS FO R THE SMART HOMES
In the earlier period, different taxonomies of smart gateways have been proposed, which is shown in Figure 3. We, respec-
tively, list the criteria of classification in the upper layer and the correspondent subtypes in the lower layer. Depending
on the specific types of functions or supported services, they are divided into three subtypes: the multimedia gateway,
QoS gateway, and domotic OSGi gateway (DOG; ie, also called home automation gateway or smart home gateway35 ).
Depending on the number of access terminals and the types of supported services, the gateways are classified into five
subtypes:36 the virtual gateway, web-based central gateway, thin server gateway, set-top box gateway, and multiservice
gateway. According to OSI reference model, they can also be classified into Type A gateway (working in the physical layer,
ie, layer 1), Type B gateway (working in the physical layer and the data link layer), Type C gateway (working in the layers
from the physical layer to the transport layer), Type D gateway (working in the session layer and the application layer),
Type E gateway (working in the layers from the network layer to the application layer), and Type F gateway (working in
all layers).37 Depending on the timeline, they are classified into four subtypes:38 the modem, router, switch and the ser-
vice gateway. Clearly, different classifications have included all the smart gateways, ranging from the gateways used in the
backbone networks to the gateways used in the houses, offices, or other indoor spaces. In addition, in the correspondent
taxonomy, respectively, the service gateway, OSGi gateway, or the Type E gateway is studied more than others.
Thus, for ease of investigation, illustration, and hands on, we concentrate on smart gateways and their AI, SDN,
and QoE support in homes, particularly focusing on the recent smart gateways. These gateways are categorized into
FIGURE 3 Different taxonomies in the earlier period

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T A B L E 1 Three generations of smart gateways

First Second Third
Features generation generation generation
Compatibility Low Medium High

Scalability Low Medium High
Customization Low Medium High
Security Low Medium High
AI support No Scarce Frequent
SDN support No Scarce Frequent
QoE support No Scarce Frequent
Cloud/Fog/Edge computing No Partial Intensive
Network function virtualization No Scarce Frequent
The diversity of wireless technologies Low Medium High
TeraHertz No Scarce Frequent
IPv4/IPv6 IPv4 IPv4/IPv6 IPv6
Quantum cipher No Scarce Frequent
Internet of nanothings No Scarce Frequent
The efficient and free management of smart No Scarce Frequent
home appliance from different corporations
Service diversity Low Medium High
User behavior perception No Scarce Frequent
Local data analysis and mining No Partial Intensive
Web management Low Medium High
The extent of open-source No Partial Intensive
The order of magnitude of data rate Kbps Mbps Gbps
Data storage cost High Medium Low
Memory size Low Medium High
Local database support No Partial Intensive
Typical products Modems, Hubs xDSL modems, Fiber-optic modems Scarce
Abbreviations: AI, artificial intelligence; QoE, quality of experience; SDN, software-defined network.
three generations relying upon different features, especially, the different extents of AI, SDN, and QoE, as shown
in Table 1.
3.1 The first generation of smart gateways
The first-generation smart gateways are utilized to interconnect the home network especially personal computer with the
Internet and more possibly leveraging the wired cables to link the computers, telephones, printers, and faxes in premises.
At the begin of their design, this kind of gateways cannot manage household appliances and other surrounding devices.
They have a low data rate. At the same time, since the storage scale is high, the memory size is small. Generally, they are
configured through a predefined pattern, and just collect themselves running status information. That is to say, they rarely
collect the data of the occupants and surroundings. For the first generation ones, the traditional 56K (Kilobits per second)
modem is one of the paradigms. In spite of the low data rate, they are still widely used by users/occupants in the remote
rural regions nowadays, where the broadband gateways are not available, or folks are not willing to pay the high charge.
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3.2 The second generation of smart gateways
Compared with the first-generation ones, the second generation of smart gateways is almost dominated by wireless tech-
nologies, besides wired network technologies, which thanks to the rapid technology development in Wi-Fi , Zigbee, and
Bluetooth, and so on. The second-generation smart gateways run in the IPv4 and IPv6 compatible networks. They have
a higher data rate compared with the first-generation ones. The order of magnitude of data rate can reach tens of Mbps
(megabits per second) or even hundreds of Mbps, but rarely Gbps (Gigabits per second).
In the meantime, in terms of the second generation of smart gateways, the storage volumes and the performance of
microcontroller unit (MCU) or network processing unit (NPU) also, respectively, become more advanced than the first
generation. Accordingly, some basic functions of data storage and analysis are introduced, but not yet rich and powerful.
The data storage is based on the periodic overlay mode and the data analysis is mainly the offline processing. The second
generation smart gateways are being used widely nowadays. Herein, the paradigm of them is the xDSL modem, often
called the broadband router. However, they still do not control and manage all other heterogeneous electrical appliances
and smart devices freely, because these surrounding devices are usually close-sourced or follow different IoT standards
from different corporations. Therefore, smart homes based on smart gateways become the routine reality. These gateways
need to be upgraded and improved constantly, which is still a long way to go.
3.3 The third generation of smart gateways
Compared with the previous two generations, the third generation gateway will run in the IPv4 and IPv6 compatible
networks or even only IPv6 networks, make full use of the THz technology as well as the traditional wired and wire-
less technologies, and control smart household appliances and the surrounding sensing devices flexibly. All surrounding
devices of the third generation gateway, especially heterogeneous devices from different companies, can interconnect
freely, and switch seamlessly from one area/channel to another. These gateways have a more efficient data rate than the
second generation, that is, the data transfer speed is surprisingly the fastest among three generations. Generally, the data
rate can reach Gbps level, often a few Gbps or even more.
In the third generation, the storage volume and the performance of the MCU/NPU in smart gateways are, respectively,
the most powerful. Thus, the periodicity of the data overlay in the local storage will be extended. Instead of offline, the data
analysis will adopt the online style together with machine-learning assistance. Once the storage reaches the threshold,
the historical data will be uploaded into the cloud/fog server. Besides, when the performance of NPU/MCU reaches a
development bottleneck, the third generation smart gateway might evolve to a new generation that may be relied on the
quantum chip or biochip.
Furthermore, for the third generation smart gateway, the intelligent agent architecture will be used, which integrates
the SDN, cloud/fog/edge technology, NFV, the web of things, QoE/QoS, and so on. One emphasis of this generation smart
gateway is on perceiving and analyzing the routine actions and behaviors of users via integrating the self-learning capacity
of AI. In addition, the audio and gesture commands will be enabled conveniently. However, this kind of smart gateway is
still a blueprint, for which more effort is needed transforming conceptual architecture to realistic system deployment.
4 RECENT SMART GAT EWAY S
In this section, we investigate and compare recently emerging smart gateways. They mainly belong to the second genera-
tion as stated above. We list them in Tables 2 and 3 by itemizing features in columns. In fact, based on individual features
or their combinations, all gateways can be further classified. For example, whether they support AI, QoE, big data man-
agement, and processing, SDN, or cloud/fog/edge computing can be a criterion used for classification. Relying on the
extent of QoE, they are divided into two categories, one can offer QoE support,39-41 but another cannot. Relying on the
extent of big data management and processing and cloud-fog/edge computing, they are grouped into two categories, one
can support big data management and processing in the cloud/fog/edge computing environment,39,40 but another cannot.
Herein, relying on big data collection, management, and processing and QoE, they are classified into two categories, one
cannot only support big data awareness and analysis using machine learning technology, but also support user aware-
ness, called the gateway with functions of user- and data-awareness,39,40 but another cannot, called the gateway without
functions of user- and data-awareness.
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T A B L E 2 Comparison of recent smart gateways

Smart Web
gateways Architecture Operating system Chipset management Wireless Mobility
42 Software, Hardware – RT5350, CC2530 Yes Wi-Fi, Zigbee Yes

43 Software (Microagent) Linux Arduino Yes LightweightM2M , Yes
MQTT
44 Software, Hardware Raspbian Raspberry Pi 3, Z-wave (LG) Yes Z-wave Yes
39 Software Linux (Lightweight Hadoop) – Yes – –
40 Software (SDN) Linux (Lightweight Hadoop) – Yes – –
45 Hardware Raspbian Raspberry Pi 3, Arduino – Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and Yes
MQTT
46 Conception System Ubuntu and Contiki Pandaboard, SmartRF06 Yes Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Yes
Zigbee, 6LowPAN
47 Conception System Ubuntu and Contiki Pandaboard, SmartRF06 Yes Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Yes
Zigbee, 6LowPAN
48 Software, Hardware Linux SJCGA-1308 Yes Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee Yes
49 Conception system – – – Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Yes
50 Conception system OpenWrt – Yes Wi-Fi, Wireless M-Bus, Yes
Zigbee
51 Software, Hardware Linux S3C2440, JN5148, VT6656 – Wi-Fi, Zigbee Yes
52 Software, Hardware OpenWrt IXP 425, BCM6338, CS8016, CC2420 Yes Wi-Fi, Zigbee Yes
53 Software, Hardware Linux RTL8196C, MSM6290 – Wi-Fi, 3G Yes
54 Conception system Tiny OS MSP430F1611, CC2420 – Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth Yes
41 Conception system – – – Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Yes
55 Software, Hardware OpenWrt – Yes Wi-Fi, Zigbee –
56 Software, Hardware Raspbian Raspberry Pi 3, Arduino Yes Bluetooth LowEnergy, Yes
Zigbee, 6LowPAN
Abbreviations: MQTT, message queuing telemetry transport; OS, operating system; SDN, software-defined network.
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T A B L E 3 Comparison of recent smart gateways

Smart Cloud/Fog Data
gateways QoS/QoE computing SDN management Data analysis Database Security
42 – Not Not Yes – – Basic security

43 QoS Not Not Yes – – Security
44 – Not Not Yes – MongoDB Basic security
39 QoS and QoE Yes Not Yes Yes (Big Data) HBase, Hive, Stream Security
40 QoS and QoE Yes SDN Yes Yes (Big Data) HBase, Hive, Stream Security
45 – Not Not – – – Basic security
46 – Yes Not Yes Yes MySQL Security
47 QoS Yes Not Yes Yes MySQL Security
48 QoS Not Not Yes – – Security
49 – Not Not – – – –
50 QoS Not Not – – – Security
51 – Not Not Not Not Not Basic security
52 QoS Not Not Not Not Not Security
53 – Not Not Not Not Not –
54 QoS Not Not Not Not Not –
41 QoS and QoE Yes Not Yes – – Security
55 – Yes Not Yes – – Basic security
56 QoS Yes Not Yes Yes MySQL Security
Abbreviations: QoE, quality of experience; QoS, quality of service; SDN, software-defined network.
4.1 The gateway with functions of user- and data-awareness
This category focuses on user- and data-awareness in smart home applications, which cannot only support QoE, but also
offer big data collection, management, and processing. In the meantime, these smart gateways also can support cloud
computing.
Typically, Wang et al, on the one hand, pointed out the traditional gateway hardly supports QoS measurement, network
optimization and clients-behavioral analytics that are implemented in some measurement agent components such as
optical splitters or networking probes. They then investigated a smart gateway framework which relied upon a lightweight
plug-in scheme for data gathering and awareness at smart home systems.39 In the meantime, the framework was inte-
grated with a cloud-based controller for more policy updates of refined control, in addition to executing a general control
policy for data gathering and local awareness. Moreover, the authors proposed multiple awareness schemes (including
services-oriented, application-oriented, location, QoS, devices-oriented, and subscriber-oriented awareness) for accom-
plishing more accurate data awareness at this smart gateway. Finally, the performance was shown with respect to the
efficiency of data gathering and the accuracy of data awareness.
On the other hand, Wang et al further extended and suggested an SDN-HGW (Home GateWay) structure to better
conduct the self-organized smart home networks and enable the SDN controller in the main network.40 Afterward, they
proposed three kinds of DataNets for SDN-HGW, which can, respectively, utilize three deep learning algorithms (mul-
tilayer perceptron, stacked AutoEncoder, and convolutional neural network) to classify the encrypted data in the open
datasets. Finally, they demonstrated the respective related performance metrics by conducting the experiments. Obvi-
ously, the former concentrated on a smart gateway structure, but the latter focused on developing three DateNets based
on three deep learning algorithms since the authors regarded the core of SDN-HGW as the data net. Compared with
others works, both of them more focused on the data collection, management, processing, and user-oriented awareness,
namely, QoE.
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4.2 The gateway without functions of user- and data-awareness
This category cannot support relevant functions of QoE, big data gathering, management and processing. Nevertheless,
for perspective of the cloud computing, they also partially have made some gains.
Li analyzed the functional requirements of the smart gateway, proposed a new design in the smart home cloud
environment, which used the modular hardware and the structured software paradigm.42 Herein, the author leveraged
RT5350 and CC2530, respectively, for Wi-Fi and Zigbee communications. At the same time, the main program and the
Zigbee coordinator program were implemented. The author also evaluated the performance of this new smart gateway
design.
Chattopadhyay et al43 proposed a light-weighted, loose-coupled IoT smart gateway framework which relies on multi-
ple microagents. In this smart gateway scheme, end devices can be dynamically loaded without disturbing long-distance
data transmission among the gateway and IoT cloud services, because the data exchange happens at microagents between
sensor-block or actuator-block and end devices. In the meantime, the individual device microagent can offload the specific
read-write tasks. Moreover, this hybrid way led to one kind of plug-n-play component agent structure, which combined the
pub/sub flexibility of message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) with the adaptability of RESTful LWM2M. Finally, the
authors evaluated the performance about this smart gateway framework via on-loaded different protocols and presented
the further open issues. Unfortunately, the security of this scheme, though discussed, should be strengthened.
Linh and Kim proposed a smart home gateway based on Z-wave and evaluated the performance in terms of command
execution delay and its feasibility leveraging a Raspberry 3.44 Unluckily, though Z-wave has a few of advantages it also
has some disadvantages such as Non-IP-Compatibility and vulnerable security.
Krishna et al45 designed and implemented a Bi-Directional Zigbee Gateway which acted as a bridge between Zigbee
networks and Wi-Fi based MQTT networks, and this gateway offered the storage and remote control functions.
Rahmani et al first proposed a conceptual framework of e-health smart gateway, then investigated how to utilize the
strategic position of gateway to provision new functionalities for e-health and according challenges.46 Subsequently, the
authors demonstrated an e-health smart gateway called UT-GATE which offers efficient functions for health supervising
applications such as local storage, bioelectrical signal and dataflow processing, web-socket serving, protocol conversion
and tunneling, firewall, notification, and data analysis and mining, and so on. Finally, through deploying it in a clini-
cal scenario, they evaluated the performance of system energy consumption, interoperability, reliability, and security. In
a further step, Rahmani et al extended this smart e-health gateway to fog computing framework by providing an intel-
ligent geo-distributed middle-layer between cloud and sensor devices.47 This fog-assisted scheme can handle with a lot
of problems in pervasive healthcare systems, including scalability, energy efficiency, reliability, and mobility. Then, they
presented the UT-GATE and the whole system implementation in more details, from development to hardware and soft-
ware, to a fog-based clinical scenario early warning scores. Finally, they demonstrated an IoT-based e-health supervising
system with improved intelligence, mobility, energy efficiency, interoperability, reliability, security.
Ding et al48 studied an integrated access gateway that can interconnect with the machine-to-machine platform
operator and offer several functions and interfaces of services, ranging from node configuration to services accesses,
such as security including authentication/authorization and en/decryption, QoS, web-based configuration. Furthermore,
Ding et al also built a testbed to test the performance of this gateway in terms of the flexibility and the deployment
complexity.
Considering prolonging the sensors’ lifetime and the energy acquisition, Galinina et al deeply discussed
Bluetooth-based smart gateway and smart home system with wireless energy transmission by a wireless energy transfer
interface (WETI) from a home gateway to all battery-powered sensors, and they built a dynamic flow-level 3D model for
further estimating the capabilities of data and energy transmission and wholly studied the performance boundedness of
WETI.49 Obviously, the authors more focused on wireless energy conversion, transmission, and the major impediments
to sustainable energy management.
Hosek et al first discussed the relevant technologies of smart gateways, and then proposed an OSGi middleware home
gateway based on IP multimedia subsystem with SIP.50 Finally, they demonstrated a demo with alarm systems.
Ni et al designed and accomplished an oriented-IoT wireless gateway, which is made of S3C2440, JN5148, and VT6656
modules, and evaluated the performance of this gateway by comparing with Wi-Fi-Bluetooth gateway and Wi-Fi-ZigBee
gateway.51
Yan et al designed and implemented a multiservice and multiinterface smart gateway for the smart home, which is
composed of IXP425, CS8016, BCM6338, Atmege128L, and CC2420 chipsets, and demonstrated the performance of smart
gateway with respect to throughput and the light-control command execution time.52
12 of 20 YAN et al.
Zhang designed and implemented a home gateway relied on the triple play. He first presented hardware design and
software design, which are, respectively, based on RTL8196C and MSM6290 chipsets and embedded Linux system. Then,
he built a test environment and evaluated the system performance.53
Angove et al proposed a mobile gateway framework that can offer long-distance interaction with mobile phones and
wireless sensor nodes and short-distance interaction with Bluetooth nodes.54 Unfortunately, the authors did not present
enough details and evaluate their schemes.
Coming to the smart gateways supported cloud/fog computing, Pankakoski first analyzed and pointed out the com-
plexity of home network management, the difficulty of content management, and the variety of new network-enabled
services would become the three key challenges during the development of home networks.55 Therefore, in order to
deal with the three problems, the author proposed a gateway-centric system in a unified way, which consists of a
virtualization-based gateway framework, a gateway-based scheme to build the community networks among different
home networks, a cloud-based file system for the content management and sharing, and several other mechanisms
for resource sharing among different gateways. Besides, a conceptual prototype was accomplished. Finally, the author
evaluated the effectiveness of the prototype via running some case-driven experiments.
Wei et al presented a home gateway framework relied upon cloud computing, which is made of four layers: physical
layer, virtual devices layer, devices management layer, and clouds access layer.41 Despite that the aforesaid two gateways
in articles55 and41 are just only the conceptual frameworks, they are the two earliest smart gateways based on cloud
framework in smart home.
Sridhara et al56 suggested a microservices-based IoT gateway scheme that enables sensor-to-cloud connectivity across
varying types of sensors, RF communication protocols, data packet formats, and even cloud service providers. The scheme
can support for an application-specific edge-analytics module and a database to house sensor telemetry locally via offering
6LowPAN for sensor communication and Azure for the cloud services.
On the smart gateways without supporting cloud/fog computing, Jae-Chul et al57 proposed a set-top box HNGS gate-
way architecture for connecting home network and Internet. Based on Java technology and the real-time OS, this gateway
was designed and developed by single board machine X86 and Vxworks. As a prototype, this gateway only provides one
Ethernet port, one IEEE1394 port, single internal and external interfaces, and does not support remote management and
multiservices. Similarly, in order to interconnect various heterogeneous networks, Xie et al also proposed an embedded
gateway architecture, but only focused on some data structures.58
Valtchev et al59 presented an OSGi service gateway architecture based on Java technology from the perspective of Web
services. Although this architecture integrates some popular wired and wireless protocols, it is only a service gateway.
Coincidentally, Bonino et al60 studied a DOG based on OSGi and Semantic Web technology, used a lightweight method to
manage different internal networks, and tried the design ideas of generalization and authentication services. Arrizabalaga
et al35 studied an OSGi MRG (multiresidential gateway) supporting VLAN, security, QoS, and multimedia service.
In order to adapt to the dynamic environment and interoperability, Wu et al61 designed a peer-to-peer service-oriented
architecture intelligent home system based on OSGi and mobile agent. Based on fuzzy logic and fuzzy neural networks,
Lan et al62 designed and implemented a smart home based on information fusion from information acquisition, wireless
and wired communication, intelligent control technology, and user interface. Grill et al designed and implemented a
wireless smart home automation system, which integrated a common gateway, Zigbee and Wi-Fi technologies.63 In order
to save energy, some smart home-oriented power systems have been developed and implemented as a part of smart homes,
as described in References 64 and 65.
As stated above especially in Tables 2 and 3, most of the recent research works belong to the second generation smart
gateway. First, for one thing, the kernel of OS for these smart gateways is almost all Linux kernels. For another thing, most
of them support web management, basic security, Wi-Fi and mobility. However, for respective of wireless technology, they
still not complete, namely, most of them rarely support as many wireless technologies as are currently popular. Second,
Unlike QoS, QoE is the user’s perceptual experience. QoE is very important in smart home. And within that, the smart
gateway plays a crucial role. However, research on QoE for smart gateway and smart home is also very scarce. Third, most
of them rarely support SDN structure since it can effectively integrate the heteronetwork device and flexibly adapt to the
great difference between smart home scenes and user demands. Therefore, SDN smart gateway and SDN smart home
should be explored in work hard. Fourth, data collection, management, and analysis in smart home are indispensable
since the smart home appliances and occupants are spawning big data. However, research on these data management
and analysis especially efficient data-awareness and online and intelligent analysis is also very rare. Therefore, these
facets should be probed further and deeply. Indeed, for this reason, edge computing technology for smart home and smart
gateway should be explored also.
YAN et al. 13 of 20
5 CO R E T ECH N OLOG IE S FO R S MART GATEWAYS
In this section, we survey and compare the key components for implementing the smart gateways, that is, the mainstream
OSs and wireless technologies.
5.1 Operating systems
The OS plays a crucial role in the smart gateway and smart home system, because it not only provides the interface between
hardware and applications, but also acts as a fundamental platform for the whole smart home software ecosystem. Gen-
erally, two kinds of OSs are used for smart home: one for smart sensing devices, the other for the smart gateway.29 For
smart sensing devices, the OSs should consume low running storage and respond fast, because the surrounding sensors
have only limited storage and processing capacities. For the smart gateway, the performance requirement of the OS is
higher than the former. Because the smart gateway usually has bigger storage, deals with more complex applications and
services, runs a variety of communication protocols, and supports more security functions and policies, and so on, the OS
should accordingly be one efficient full-featured OS.29 Mocrii et al29 have surveyed many OSs about the sensing devices
and gateways. Unfortunately, some important OSs applicable to the smart gateways are not surveyed and reviewed, such
as OpenWrt/LEDE7 , 8 , Raspbian9 , Windows CE (latterly called Windows Embedded Compact)10 , and Google Fuchsia11 .
In Table 4, we list and compare several OSs for the smart gateway in terms of kernel architecture, requirement on
random access memory (RAM), real-time, security, and license. On the one hand, at first glance, there exist two kinds of
different OS kernels . One is Windows kernel that is commercial proprietary software, while another is Linux kernel that
is open-source software. Really, a new kind of OS kernel Zircon is being developing by Google , which is different from
Windows kernel and Linux kernel. Zircon is also open-source. Indeed, the open-source kernel including Linux kernel
and Zircon kernel for smart gateway is more competitive than Windows kernel in the long run because of its openness
and low-cost. On the other hand, the kernels of these OSs are also divided into three categories: monolithic kernel, micro-
kernel, and hybrid kernel (a.k.a. modified microkernel) . For OS, the kernel is the crucial core part and a bridge between
hardware and software systems, which take charges of memory management, task management, process management,
and disk management. Essentially, when the system boots, the kernel is loaded into the main memory, that is, RAM,
and resided there, until the system is shut down. Each kernel has its own advantages and disadvantages. However, for
the smart gateway in smart home, microkernel is more competitive than others, because microkernel tends to be used
in embedded system in terms of reliability, security, scalability, efficiency, and kernel size. Consequently, combined with
the above indicators, Google Fuchsia is the most competitive among them, especially, its hard real-time feature, since the
real-time feature can efficiently satisfy the real-time requirements in smart home applications including augmented real-
ity/virtual reality/mixed reality/extended reality. However, Fuchsia is still immature. For this reason, OpenWrt/LEDE,
as an alternative to Fuchsia, has more competitive advantage than others, especially the minimum of RAM just only
requires 32 MB. However, OpenWrt/LEDE is not microkernel and real-time. In addition, Windows 10 IoT is hybrid ker-
nel and partial real-time. However, just only from the viewpoint of RAM size, Windows 10 IoT has more competitive than
Windows CE that has stopped updating, Android Things, Raspbian, and Snappy Ubuntu Core.
5.2 Wireless communication technologies
In smart homes, wireless communication technologies are indispensable to the development of smart gateways, which
includes Zigbee, WM-Bus, Z-Wave, DECT ULE, Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE, 6LowPAN, 802.11 series, Terahertz, and so on.
Mendes et al comprehensively reviewed and compared wireless technologies.33 Unfortunately, DECT especially DECT
ULE, Wi-Fi sub 1 Ghz and Terahertz technologies are not included. Mocrii et al either did not discuss the aforemen-
tioned wireless technologies.29 In what follows, we present the current and future wireless communication techniques
(potentially) used in smart gateways and smart homes. In Tables 5 and 6, their key features are summarized.
7
https://openwrt.org
8
https://openwrt.org
9
https://www.raspbian.org/
10
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact
11
https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia
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T A B L E 4 OS for smart gateways

Real-
OS Kernel RAM time Security License
Ubuntu Core Snappy Linux Kernel, Monolithic 512 MB+ No Traditional permissions, AppArmor, Seccomp, Namespaces, Open-source
Control Groups, devpts newinstance, Ubuntu hardening, and so
on
Android Things Linux Kernel, Monolithic 512 MB+ No SE-Linux Enforcement, Android Verified Boot, Cryptographic Open-source
Chain of trust, Google Android Trusty, HW Keymaster 2.0, and
so on
Windows CE Windows NT Kernel, Hybrid 512 MB+ Yes Authentication Services: Kerberos, NT LAN Manager, secure Commercial proprietary
sockets layer, security support provider interface, CAPI 2.0 software
(Cryto API 2.0), and so on
Windows10 IoT Windows NT Kernel, Hybrid 256 MB+ Partial ASLR, DEP and Control Flow Guard, trusted platform module, Commercial proprietary
Secure Boot, BitLocker, and so on software
Google Fuchsia Magenta/Zircon, Microkernel 128 MB+ Yes Process isolation, Decomposed trusted computing base, push Open-source
model, Zircon security primitives include job policy and vDSO
enforcement (W^X policy and vDSO (virtual dynamic shared
object) primitive ), and so on
OpenWrt Linux Kernel, Monolithic 32 MB+ No Package signing, RELRO (Relocation Read Only) protection, Open-source
buffer-overflows detection, Kernel space Stack-Smashing
Protection, GCC Stack-Smashing Protection, Process isolation,
and so on
Raspbian FreeBSD kernel, Monolithic 512M+ No AppArmor, Secure Shell (SSH), Access control list and Open-source
CONFIG_EXT4_FS_SECURITY, Configurable Firewall,
Iptables, ecryptfs-utils, and so on
YAN et al.
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T A B L E 5 Wireless communication technologies

Zigbee WM-Bus Z-Wave Bluetooth Bluetooth LE
Frequency 2.4 Ghz, 915 169 MHz, 433 915 MHz, 868 2.4 Ghz 2.4 Ghz
MHz, 868 MHz, 868 MHz
MHz MHz
Data Rates 250 kbps, 40 20-100 kbps 40 kbps, 9.6 kbps Up to 24 Up to 2 Mbps
kbps, 20 kbps Mbps
Range (m) 100 1000 65 20 15
Network Size 65 536 – 232 8 –
Topology Mesh, Star, P2P, Star, P2P Mesh Star, P2P Star, P2P
Cluster Tree
Energy Con- Low Low Low Low Low
sumption
Security AES-128 DES, AES-128 AES-128 AES-128 AES-128
T A B L E 6 Wireless communication technologies

Wi-Fi Wi-Fi
DECT ULE 6LowPAN 802.11n 802.11ah THz
Frequency 1.8 GHz, 1.9 2.4-5 GHz, 915 2.4 GHz, 5 0.7 GHz, 0.8 0.1-30 Thz
GHz MHz, 868 MHz GHz GHz, 0.9 GHz
Data Rates Up to 1.152 250 kbps, 10-40 Up to 600 Up to 347 Mbps 1+ Gbps
Mbps kbps Mbps
Range (m) 500 100 250 1000 0.03-500
Network Size 400 250 Thousands Thousands Thousands
Topology Star Mesh, Star, P2P Mesh, Star, Mesh, Star, P2P, P2P, Tree
P2P, Tree Tree
Energy Medium Low High High Medium
consumption
Security AES-128 AES-128 WPA, WPA2 Wireless wireless and
encryption optical
encryption
Hereinto, DECT ULE is the latest version of the DECT, which is one of new generation DECT or CAT-iq (cordless
advanced technology-Internet & quality) series that chronologically include CAT-iq 1.0, CAT-iq 2.0, CAT-iq 2.1, CAT-iq
Data, and CAT-iq IOT12 . Actually, the core of CAT-iq IOT is DECT ULE. Moreover, DECT ULE presents many outstanding
features, such as low cost, low power consumption, long range, interference-free, highly stable bit-rates, value-added
complementary voice and video capabilities. Compared with Wi-Fi and Z-Wave, DECT ULE has the advantage of having
the wavelengthsat 1.9 GHz better penetrate walls, floors and ceilings.
IEEE 802.11 is one of the most popular wireless standards set although it is also an evolving specification. In 802.11
family, Wi-Fi sub-1 GHz IoT is obtaining great attention because of its IoT support, which relates to 802.11af and
802.11ah13 . The former, also called White-Fi or Super Wi-Fi, allows WLAN execution in TV white space spectrum in the
UHF and VHF bands from 54 to 790 MHz. The latter, also referred to as Wi-Fi HaLow, utilizes 900 MHz license exempt
bands, supports lower power consumption and a large number of sensors. Compared with Bluetooth, 802.11ah has the
competitive data rates and wider coverage range.
12
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications
13
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11
16 of 20 YAN et al.
The THz band communication is regarded as one of the primary wireless communication techniques to realize the
future demands within 5G and beyond, whose frequency band ranges from 0.1 to 30 THz (however, generally lies in 0.3-3
THz in practice).66-70 The utilization of THz band will deal with the spectrum scarcity and capacity limitations of current
wireless communications, such that enable the Internet of nanothings from microscale smart home to macroscale smart
space and environmental intelligence. The data rate can reach up to 100 Gbps or even Tbps (Terabits per second) level.
Finally, THz communication facilitates high security and privacy preserving since quantum cryptography can be applied.
5.3 Security and flow control
In smart homes, security issues mainly result from the utilization of wireless communication technology because of their
open channels as well as software security. Li et al thoroughly surveyed the IoT and investigated the related security and
privacy.71-74 In terms of wireless communication, the recent smart gateways frequently adopt WPA/WPA2, AES-128 or
even AES-256, and so on. In the future, against the maturation of quantum computation and communication, complex
or quantum cryptography should be utilized to providing postquantum security. In terms of software security aspect,
the security of OS is crucial for smart gateways. Taking OpenWrt OS as an example, in order to facilitate the security
and flow control of the smart gateway, the system uses the Netfilter/Iptables technology provided by Linux. Netfilter is a
Linux kernel firewall framework that is supported in more advanced Linux distributions. The framework is both compact
and flexible, enabling many of the security policy applications, such as packet filtering, packet processing, transparent
proxying, address masquerading, dynamic network address translation (NAT), and filtering based on user and media
access control addresses, state-based filtering, packet rate limiting, and so on. Iptables is the advanced management tool
based on the Netfilter framework. It defines tables, chains, and rules in Iptables to manage packets passing through
Netfilter’s various hook points14 . The predefined tables of Iptables are datagram modification table, datagram filtering
table, and NAT table.
6 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE TRENDS
In smart homes, QoE as well as data awareness is a key aspect in the long run. In order to obtain fantastic user experience,
as the core component, smart gateway should smoothly bridge home network and the Internet, interconnect smart appli-
ances of different types, convert different communication protocols among heterogeneous equipment, especially sense
and process big data efficiently. In that sense, a smart gateway will face main critical challenges of the smart home system.
We list them below, which also obviously indicate the evolution trends of smart gateways.
(1) Usability
For the ease of use, the smart gateway should facilitate a simple and convenient operation, allow users to quickly
install and configure the gateway, indicate concise and intuitive operation status, provide an easy-to-use management
interface, either local or remote.
These will involve challenging work of designers for graphical user interface. Furthermore, these require very fast
system response and accurate device synchronization, in particular when the gateway also needs to forward the feedbacks
from other devices to the user. This will lead to very critical challenges in system architecture design, protocol design, and
very well negotiated commercial cooperation among device suppliers.
(2) Compatibility
Because smart home devices and IoT cloud platforms are becoming more and more complex, smart gateways should
have certain versatility, that is, be compatible with different communication protocols and specific functions for data
collection and distribution in smart devices. Smart gateways should also adapt to different cloud platforms and services.
Wonderful compatibility and versatility will bring great convenience to users and effectively enhance the quality of user
experience.
Even we have successfully set up the cooperation among device suppliers, further challenges could be also critical. For
example, containing all necessary hardware and software components to support diverse devices may make the gateway
cumbersome and more energy-consuming.
(3) Scalability
14
http://www.netfilter.org/projects/iptables/
YAN et al. 17 of 20
The deployment and use of smart homes is a gradual expansion process. Future scaling up and out are inevitable,
so smart gateways need to adapt to different scales. Nowadays, smart home devices are quite diverse. The design of the
gateway could not comprehensively take every aspect into account. The hardware and software interfaces and internal
implementations must follow certain specifications, reduce coupling, have certain redundancy and expansion capabili-
ties, be ready for future upgrade. Furthermore, the smart gateway should also have certain value-added besides realizing
the necessary functions. At this stage, user behavior analysis can be a candidate. It often relies on a large amount of user
data and complex learning algorithms, generally implemented in the remote cloud, such that many related factors can be
learned together to optimize the smart home system. However, as the hardware performance improves and the algorithm
is further simplified, more and more data analysis and learning algorithms will be decentralized to the local devices, which
requires the gateway to have a matching software architecture and high hardware processing performance. In order to
fulfill the above targets, some underlying techniques should also appear in the component list of design, such as SDN,
AI, edge computing, data visualization, and drag-and-drop extension.
(4) Security
The security issues become more and more critical. Consider the scenario of smart home, the smart devices collect
a large amount of user information and greatly affect the living environments and human activities. The smart home
gateway should have strong antiattack capability. That means, it can prevent illegal intrusion, malicious access, leak of
personal identities, and authentication information in all possible processes such as user login, management, and data
interaction. It can also close unknown ports in risks to reduce equipment vulnerabilities. During the data transmission,
the lightweight, and complete encryption algorithms should be adopted to avoid damage and tapping caused by evil
guys. When these do not work, there should also be an alarm system. Based on a well-established monitoring system, AI
techniques, and visualized analytics for the security can also be applied. In future, quantum communication and quantum
encryption can also be utilized.
(5) Privacy
Not all actions aim to attack the smart home system. Instead, quite a few folks or organizations collect user data
for specific business purposes, such as sorting out user habits and pushing advertisements, or simply sell out personal
information for diverse potential usages. This may already hurt information privacy. A smart gateway should be able to
blur the collected or stored data, and rebuild the information when needed.
A side-effect is, when it is necessary to avoid too much cloud-side data storage, an efficient local or distributed storage
scheme should be designed.
Overall, the next generation smart gateway will be a comprehensive gateway, which will make use of the
state-of-the-art technologies including SDN, AI, edge computing, and so on, to maximize QoE as well as data awareness
in smart homes.
7 CO NC LU SION S
Smart homes are coming to our daily life, not anymore the sci-fiction scenes. The smart gateway, as a core component in
a smart home system, bridges home network and the Internet, interconnects different smart appliances, and converts dif-
ferent protocols among heterogeneous equipment. In this article, smart gateways are surveyed, as well as a smart home
framework depended on multiple intelligent agents is touched. First, relying on the time-line and different metrics, smart
gateways are divided into three generations. Next, recent smart gateways, which mainly belong to the second generation,
are reviewed from the perspective of user-awareness and data-awareness. Furthermore, relevant core technologies for
smart gateways, including OS, wireless communication technologies, security and flow control, are investigated. Finally,
the challenges and trends of smart gateways are discussed. We pointed out, that the next generation smart gateway will
be a comprehensive gateway, which will make use of the state-of-the-art technologies including SDN, AI, edge comput-
ing, and so on, to maximize QoE besides data-awareness in smart home. This research has practical significance for the
construction of the IoT and smart space, especially for building a smart home system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported in part by the grants which include: Shaanxi Department of Education (No.18JK1216),
College Innovation Research and Development (No. 2016JXKY-20), YAN’AN Science and Technology Project
(No. 2018KG-02), Xi’an Science technology (No.2017080CG/RC043(XALG027)), the CSC(201608615074), NSFC
(No.61772407, No.61771387), Youth Fund of the Ministry of Education of China (No.16YJCZH109), Shaanxi Science
18 of 20 YAN et al.
(No.2014M18), Shaanxi Department of Education (No.16JS080, SGH18H466), CERNET (NGII20171202, NGII20170303),

Ph.D Innovation (No.112-451115006), College Innovation Research and Development (No. 310/252051835), the German
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the Celtic-Plus program SENDATE under contract 16KIS0483
and 16KIS0479 (cluster Secure-DCI).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
All the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.
ORCID
Zhixiao Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8143-1579
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How to cite this article: Yan W, Wang Z, Wang H, Wang W, Li J, Gui X. Survey on recent smart gateways for
smart home: Systems, technologies, and challenges. Trans Emerging Tel Tech. 2022;33:e4067. https://doi.org/10.
1002/ett.4067

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Received: 16 January 2020 Revised: 20 April 2020 Accepted: 7 June 2020

SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE

Survey on recent smart gateways for smart home: Systems,

Wenyao Yan1,2 Zhixiao Wang2,3 Hao Wang4 Wendong Wang5

FIGURE 1 An intelligent agent

FIGURE 2 A smart home framework based on multiple intelligent agents

3 THREE GENERATIONS O F S MART GATEWAYS FO R THE SMART HOMES

FIGURE 3 Different taxonomies in the earlier period

T A B L E 1 Three generations of smart gateways

Compatibility Low Medium High

3.1 The first generation of smart gateways

3.2 The second generation of smart gateways

3.3 The third generation of smart gateways

4 RECENT SMART GAT EWAY S

T A B L E 2 Comparison of recent smart gateways

42 Software, Hardware – RT5350, CC2530 Yes Wi-Fi, Zigbee Yes

T A B L E 3 Comparison of recent smart gateways

42 – Not Not Yes – – Basic security

4.1 The gateway with functions of user- and data-awareness

4.2 The gateway without functions of user- and data-awareness

5 CO R E T ECH N OLOG IE S FO R S MART GATEWAYS

5.1 Operating systems

5.2 Wireless communication technologies

T A B L E 4 OS for smart gateways

T A B L E 5 Wireless communication technologies

T A B L E 6 Wireless communication technologies

5.3 Security and flow control

6 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE TRENDS

(No.2014M18), Shaanxi Department of Education (No.16JS080, SGH18H466), CERNET (NGII20171202, NGII20170303),

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