Self regulation approach: Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors RESOURCE BOOK FOR THE CERTIFICATION COURSE ON THE OPERATION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS GePSTPO CERTIFED ENVIRONMENTAL ' PROFESSIONAL IN THE OPERATION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA (EiMAS) UKM CAMPUS, BANGI, SELANGOR Revised July 2019 id environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment plants (CePSTPO): Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors PREFACE ‘There are thousands of sources of sewage discharge in Malaysia, These sources come in the form of various categories of sewage treatment systems (STSs), ranging from simple individual septic tanks serving a few PEs to large complex activated sludge systems serving several thousand PEs. The quality of treated sewage effluent discharged from these STSs depends greatly on the operation and maintenance of the systems. The complex STSs in particular, require a team of trained staff to monitor the processes in the biological reactors to ensure they occur in an optimal manner. Serious attention must be given to the acquisition of knowledge and skills of the operators and supervisors who have been tasked to operate, maintain, and monitor the performance of the systems. The Department of Environment (DOE) has taken a bold step forward in the management of environmental pollution from industrial and sewage sources by introducing a self regulation approach to complement the existing command and control approach, The “guided self regulation” package (the Malaysian version of self regulation approach) incorporates an environmental knowledge and skills development tool that translates into competency requirement. Environmental regulated functions that come under the purview of the DOE must be discharged by competent persons, who not only are conversant the legal requirements but are trained in the operation of the pollution control systems. Under the certification program, the DOE has rolled out several certification courses including this certification course in the field of the operation of STS. The CePSTPO course implemented by the DOE, incorporates training drills to develop understanding and skills in several areas, including environmental regulations and fundamental concepts of sewage treatment, sewage engineering laboratory analysis, STS performance monitoring, statistical data analysis using computer software, technical report writing, and technical presentation. The training effectiveness is evaluated up to level Il of the Kirk Patrick's evaluation model, i. change of behavior of the course participants, which translates into improvements in STS operational aspects at the participants’ work places. The main objective of the CePSTPO program is to produce STS professionals who do not only possess technical knowledge and skills on the conduct of performance monitoring of different STSs, but are also conversant with the environmental regulations governing the STS operation. STSs which are placed in the hands of a competent STS professional will produce quality treated sewage effluents that not only are compliant with the regulatory discharge standards but also pose minimal adverse impact to the receiving water courses. Let us bring back the honor to the rivers, the beautiful gift from Allah, once enjoyed by the earlier generations. EiMAS June, 2015 @ Certified environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment plants (CePSTPO)‘Self regulation approach: Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface List of Tables List of Figures List of abbreviations Module 1: CePSTPO process Module 2: Regulatory framework Module 3: Sewage characteristics and discharge impacts Module 4: Overview of STS Module 5: The working concepts of sewage treatment system Module 6: Rationale of conducting performance monitoring Module 7: The activate sludge process control strategies Module 8: Trouble shooting Module 9: Applied maths for sewage engineering Module 10: Sewage lab engineering Module 11: Performance monitoring parameters Module 12: Maintenance of STP components and PM instruments Module 13: Data analysis and interpretation Module 14: Record keeping, reporting, and communi Module 15: FTR preparation References FTR preparation guidance document Gi) PAGE oO ii) tw) (wii) 39 46 82 115 119 136 150 178 185 192. 196 200 209 217 Certified environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment plants (CePSTPO)Self regulation approach: Mainstreaming of envionmental agenda in regulated sectors ‘ef elation approach: Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated scare eo See Table143 Example of Compliance Report foran A system 20s a ee : Tobie1S— TypeofBPandPM parameters 23 Toble152TherelevantPM parameters for anaerobe digesters a3 Table2d _ PEfor diferent esablshmens 0 er eae re oe Teble1S3 PM dataand actives orders a Tabled PercenageofPEserved by diferent STS tems ° TahleA2 Sages of SOR operational and operational dts n Thble43—Treted sewage quay produced by iferentramentsytens 52 TbleS Proton groupsat dierent orpneloadings 86 TaleS2—_Proforonand treatment ficiency 6 Tole7 MISS foraierent AS systems wa | @ Tehle72 F/Mratiofor diferent AS systems me Table73 Shige age for diferent AS sytem ws Table74 HRT for diferent AS sytem a ‘ ‘Table 7.5 OLR for different processes 125 Wy Teble76 _SVland sage setesbiliy character 16 Table77 —SOURand sage characterises Py Sop ease cs | Table79 —DOtobemainained or diferent AS systems 130 ‘uble7a0; Recommended OLRsforTsand RACE 133 Table 71; pial URS for Ts and RECS 13 Tobe 30 Feoranca mentoring prunes nt nates 10 | © Table 121 Recommended PM speciation for AS system 188 Table112 Recommended PM specications for M of MER ys 10 Table 113 Recommended PM peistions fornication nd denitecation processes 190 ‘able114 Recommended PM speciation or anaerobic dgsers wt | Table 14.1 Example of different roles of key industry personnel. 203 | Tbe 142 ample ofSTS Daly Report 0s oe | w Certified environmental professional inte operation of sewage treatment plans (CPSTPO) ‘Cerled environmental profesional inthe operation of sewage treatment pants (CePSTPO)‘atfeguation approach: Mainstreaming of environment agenda inept sears sr oF FIGURES Figid ——_CePSTPO certification process 3 Flg4(a) Schematic diagram of facultative pond (three layers) & Fig4:1 (6) Schematic dlagram of facultative pond (symbiaticrelationship) 54 Fgh2 —_Diflerentyersin microbial fl 2 Fg43 Schematic diagramofTF 55 Figs Schematic dlagram of RBC 9 FigS Schematic dlagram of MBER 8 Figs Schematic dlagramofAS 9 Fig47 Photo ofa mechani sereen 8 Figh8 —-Photoofagitchanber “ Fg49 ——Photoofaprimary darter “ Fig410(9) _Photoofan aeration tank and serving 7000 PE 6 Fig410(0) _Photoofa small aeration tank serving 300 PE 6 Fig410(@) Photoofanaeraton equipmentservingasmallaeraiontank 66 Fig4i(@) Photwofa secondary clarifier a Fig41(@) Photoofasmall rectangular secondary arfierserving300PE 67 Fig412 Photo ofachlorination chamber cy Fig413_Schematidlagram ofan oxidation ditch « Fig414 ‘Typical SBR operational stages © Figd’5 —_Schematicdlagram of contac stablzation AS © Figh16 ——_Schematicdgram ofa MER ® Fig47 ——_Schematiediogram ofan IST 7 Figh30——_Schematidiagram ofan IT n 0 erste environmental professional nthe operation of sevage treatment plans (HPSTPO) Fig4a9 Figsa Figs.2 Figs3 Figs Fess Figs6 Figs7 Fess Fess Fig5.10 Fest Figs.12 Fgs3 Ppuaa Figs Figts2 Fgisa Figts4 ‘Se regulation approach: Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in reulted eectre Schematic dlagram of 2SSTS Schemati diograms ofbacterla morpolopes Schematic dlagram ofa bacterial cell Schematic lagrams ofS protozoa Sehematle diagrams of metazoa Schematic diagrams of algae cell Generalize bacterial growth curve Relative growth in mized clare ‘dea bacterial growth curvein batch AS ‘deal bacterial growth curve in continuous AS Flow charts of AS system fr eomplete nitrification and denitrification Relationship between CBOD and NBOD Partioningofsolisin ASaystems Flow chartofa ype AS system Example of STS Monthly Summary Report Graph of DO in aeration tank Graph of MLVSS in aeration tank Graph ofS ‘Graph of FA/COD in anaerobic digester oo 7 88 9 om 2 3 100 10s 106 107 207 as as 2s as ered environmental presional inthe operation of sewage uestmen plans (CAPSTPO)Se egulation approach: Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulate eto LUST OF ABBREVIATIONS ap Anaerobic digester 08, ‘Ammonia oxidizing bacteria, as Activated sludge a ‘Aerated lagoon aN ‘Ammoniacal nitrogen asts ‘Activated sludge treatment system Bop Biochemical oxygen demand BP Biological process cas Conventional activated sludge ce. Chief executive ofcer CePSTPO _Certfed environmental profesional in the operation of STP a Contravention cense om Compliance monitoring CHAS Complete mixed activated sludge one (Command and control cop Chemical oxygen demand oy Continuing professional development sas Contact stabilization activated sludge csr Corporate socal responsibilty ot Communal septic tank bo Disolved oxygen DoE Department of Environment or Detention time wi ‘ried Cvironmental professional in the operation of swage reste plans (APSO) ‘Sef regulation approach: Malnstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors EAAS Extended aeration activated sludge EIMAS Environment Institute of Malaysia ent Environmental mainstreaming tools EPMC Environmental performance monitoring committee FQA Environmental Quality Act ERCMC Environmental regulatory compliance monitoring commitee oP Final discharge pont FM Food to microorganism FoG Fats olland grease FTR Fel raining report ose Guided sof regulation MLR Hydralicloaing rate Rr Hydraulic retention time ters Industral efuent treatment system Individual septic tank 7 Insofftank ww Length to width MBR Membrane bioreactor MBER —_-Movingbed bioreactor MOMR Monthly discharge monitoring report iss Mixed liquor suspended solids MLVSS __Mlxed liquor volatile suspended solids Now Nitrite oxidizing bacteria NRCEP National registry of certified environmental professionals i ‘erie environmental profesional in the operation of sewage eatment plats (CEPSTPO)op our or onp oem our Per Pe PF Pt PM Ras RBC SAME sas st sur sor sour souR SR eae ‘Selfreglation pprosch: Manstreaming of environmental agenda negli 2035 Oxidation ditch Organicloading rate Oxidation pond Oxidation eduction potenti Operation and maintenance Oxygen uptake rate Physical chemical process Population equivalent Plugow Professional Interview Performance monitoring Retum activated sdge rotating biloplcal contactor Return aio orate ‘stem akreitasl makeal Malaysia Sequencing batch reactor Step fed activated etude Salis inventory Solid loading rate Surface overiow rte Specific omgen uptake rate Small sewage treatment system Speaic oxygen uptake rate Sewage regulation Seif regulation approach: Mainstreaming of environmental agenda ln regulated sectors 1 TAN TKN ‘Toc va was wor sia Ceri environmental profesional inthe operation ef sewage eatment plans (ePSTPO) Suspended solids Settled shudge volume Sewage treatment system Sludge volume index Tren ter Total ammonia nitrogen “otal Kedah nitrogen Tota nitrogen “otal ogani carbon Total phosphorus Utvaviolet Volatile fary acid Waste activated shdge Weir overfow rate ‘Waste services industry act co)Mainstreaming of environmental agenda In regulated sectors MODULE 1 THE CePSTPO PROCESS CCenitied environmental professional in the operation of sewage weatmen systems (CEPSTPO) [MODULE 1: THE CePSTPO PROCESS Certification has become an accepted mark for competency and quality of service in various fields. Certification programs are being implemented by government agencies, authorized bodies, and private training Insitutions to train, assess, and certify personnel in essential fields that offer services tothe public. Typically, once certified, the personnel would then be Cligble to join a professional body that governs the conduct, quality, and professionalism of the certified members. In many countries, such asthe United tates of America, Japan, and In the European Union, certification programs in the environmental field too have been successfully implemented for several years now. In Malaysia, the environmental certification programs are being promoted, developed, and enforced by the Department of Environment (00€). CePSTPO is a certification program in the field of the operation sewage treatment ‘systems thats being introduced and implemented by the DOE. 4, TVPES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS ‘The type of sewage treatment systems (STSs) covers a diverse range of systems. It ranges from simple septic tanks to complex activated sludge systems. Given the different degree of the complesty of systems and the variety of treatment components, the demand on performance monitoring varies from system to system. The level of knowledge and skills ‘required of an STS operator depends on the type of STS he isin charge of. An operator who hhas been assigned the task to operate an activated sludge (AS) system is expected to possess an adequate understanding of the activated sludge process, how to operate and control it, what process parameters are relevant, how to trouble shoot typical AS problems, etc. The level of understanding ofthe operator of the AS system operator is expected to be ‘much more than what a septic tank operator is expected to have. Based on the above Understanding, the STSs commonly being used in Malaysia which are also mentioned in the ‘Sewage Regulations can be categorized into two categories: ‘+The relatively less complex sewage treatment systems such as communal septic tanks (CST), imhoff tanks (ITs), oxidation ponds (OPs), and aerated lagoons (Als) ‘+ The more complex sewage treatment systems commonly referred to as mechanical ‘systems which include activated sludge system (AS) and its variants, teeing filters (TFs), rotating biological contactors (RBCS), oxidation ditches (00s), and sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) 11.2 CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS There are two basic requirements a person must meet to qualify for the CePSTPO certification: the educational requirement and the training requirement which are summarized in Table 1.1. Certified environmental professional inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors ‘BASIC CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS ‘Minimum Education DIPLOMAin science orengineering Work experience ‘Smonthe Tealing experience" ‘Srmonths *+ Work experience in SS operation prior to attending the CePSTPO course ** Field training required after completing CePSTPO course culminating in FT submission ‘The process that a person needs to go through to get himself certified I ustrate a Fig 2. ‘The process involves attending the required training course (ke. the CePSTPO course, ‘passing the CePSTPO examination, submiting the fleld training report (FTR), and pasing the professional interview (P). {Prete prance menting ab seson Centfied environmental professional inthe operation of sewage eaten systems (CePSTPO) a Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in reguloted sectors (Wote: A CePSTPO course participant who passes the comprehensive examination will be Issued a temporary certificate of competence that expires after a year from the ksuance date, The pateipant is required to prepare and submit his FTR within that perlod to qualify him for a fully certified certificate of competence) 11.2 ATTRIBUTES OF CePSTPOS Design and operation of sewage treatment systems (STSs) i a professional cupation that requires education, training, experience, and attainment of the required certification to practice. The CePSTPO certification program implemented by the DOE focuses on the STS ‘operational aspects. CePSTPOs are practitioners in STS operation who possess technical knowledge In STS processes, are skilled in STS operation, and are conversant with the environmental regulatory requirements. CePSTPOs are certified environmental professionals inthe operational aspects and performance monitoring of the STS who full the regulatory requirement of the EQA on competent person in STS operation. 1.3 DUTIES OF cePsTPOs [A CePSTPO may be assigned a wide range of duties; some are related to STS operation, hile some may not be related. As fa as DOE Is concerned, the following are DOE's elated functions that must be placed under the responsibilty ofthe CePSTPO. The rationale fs that, ‘the CePSTPO has successfully completed the DOE's certification program, hence Is equipped ‘technically to discharge the DOE's regulated duties. The duties may include the following: (Supervising the operation and maintenance of the STS and its mechanical ‘components (i) Conducting or supervising the conduct of STS performing monitoring activities (ii) ‘Maintaining the performance monitoring records (@) Certifying and submitting the Discharge Monitoring Reports to DOE (¥) Analyzing the performance monitoring data for fends and management decision making purposes (vi) Communicating the status of STS performance to the management (vi) Maintaining the performance monitoring equipment Other STS related duties that may be tasked tothe CePSTPO include: (General upkeep of the STS site including integrity of site fencing, grass cutting, ete {W) General upkeep ofthe onsite STS laboratory and the laboratory equipment Certified environmental professional in the operation of sewage Weatment systems (CePSTPO)‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda ln regulated sectors 1 MAINTENANCE OF PROFESSIONALISM CePSTPOs are legally certified STS professionals in STS operation, Once certified, the (CePSTPO wil be relstered in the national registry of certified environmental professionals maintained by EIMAS, which Is commonly known as NRCEP. To maintain and improve professionalism in STS field, CePSTPOs are required to engage themselves in continuing professional development (CPD) activites Just ike any other professional body, the NRCEP specifies @ minimum number of CPO hours which must be obtained by the CePSTPOs to ‘maintain registration in the registry. 1.5 PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS ‘The integrity of the profession of STS operation, the image of CePSTPOs, andthe important role they play must be safely protected. In this profession, STS operators must be dedicated {to the protection of public health and act skilfully and conscientious. The success of sewage treatment and regulatory compliance is heavily dependent on the actions and responses of the STS operators in day to day operation of the STS. The conduct ofthe (CePSTPOS has direct implications on the quality ofthe rivers, hence the quality of life of the ‘Public. The quality control of the behavior of the CePSTPOs is accomplished by adhering to 8 behavioral code, translated into action as rules of practice, commonly referred to as the “code of ethics. In fulfilment of their professional duties the CePSTPOs shal adhere tothe following code of ethics. (0) Hold paramount the health and welfare of the public + Follow all procedures and guidelines designed to prevent pollution from ‘STS operation from occurring, (i) Protect pubic or employer's property and the envionment ‘+ Properly and conscientiously operate and maintain the sewage treatment system with which they are entrusted, ‘Strive to maintain the aesthetics ofthe environment in and around their facilities. {ii) Follow and comply with environmental regulations and requirements. ‘© Be familiar with all detals of the reporting requirements and understand the consequences of violations caused by inaction or negligence. ‘© Properly and accurately complete required performance monitoring and ‘operationand maintenance records and be objective and truthful in data collection and reporting, + Promptly inform the management of any signs of deteriorating STS performance and regulatory noncompliance (iv) Follow safe operating polices CCeritied environmental professional in the operation of sewage weatment systems (CePSTPO) © “Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors + Always consider their personal safety, the safety oftheir fellow workers, and that of any other persons present at their STS facilties while performing their duties. (v) Ensure the best possible service ‘+ Endeavor to improve their knowledge and skis through continuing professional development (CPO) activities. (vii) Avoid unprofessional practices and act honorably, responsibly, ethically and lawfully so a to enhance the reputation ofthe profession. ‘© Accept personal responsibility for their professional action. ‘© Not misrepresent or exaggerate their responsibilities during prior work experience. Not criticize other CePSTPOs so as to injure their professional reputation or employment. ‘+ Only undertake duties for which they are qualified. 16 REVOCATION OF COMPETENT STATUS ‘Apperson needs to go through the CePSTPO certification program only once to get certified. However, in certain circumstances, the certificate of competence (which carries the title CCePSTPO) Issued to a person may be revoked on grounds of unprofessional conduct and negligence of discharging professional duties. Nonadherence to any of the items listed in ‘the professional Code of Practice may result in revocation of the CePSTPO certificate by the OE. A person whose certificate of competence has been revoked will not be any more entitled to use the title CePSTPO or to take up a job as a STS competent person with STS ‘operational or supervisory functions. Fr Certified environmental professional inthe operation of sewage weatment systems (CePSTPO)MODULE 2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: UNDERSTANDING THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT AND SEWAGE REGULATIONS Certified environmental professional inthe operation of sewage weatment systems (CePSTPO) “Mainstreaming of environmental agenda In regulated sectors MODULE 2: THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Environmental management, including pollution control, throughout the world has gone through several stages of development. An Important tool for managing the environment and controling pollution Is the establishment of an effective regulatory framework. This Module discusses the relevant sections of the Environmental Quality Act and the new approach to pollution control adopted in the Sewage Regulations. The entire Sewage Regulations is also explained, regulation by regulation, not only from the legal ‘understanding, but also from the technical perspective. 2. THE NEW APPROACH TO POLLUTION MANAGEMENT: SELF-REGULATION 2.1.4 The World trend in environmental management Environmental awareness that started to draw the attention of the governmental authorities worldwide in the seventies led to the establishment of the Department of Environment (DOE) in 1972 to introduce and implement a comprehensive program to ‘manage the environment in Malaysia. Inthe initial years, the focus ofthe DOE was to tackle the exsting pollution by adopting the “command and control” (CNC) approach (or the “stick”. approach) which was the approach adopted by all environmental agencies worldwide. More recently, to respond to increasing number of pollution sources and the need for ensuring regulatory compliance on a continuous basis, an additional approach of “self regulation” (SR) has been introduced by these agencies to complement the CNC approach. The SR approach inculcates organization wide awareness, committment, responsibilty, and accountability in ensuring environmental considerations are integrated Into the organization's day to day operational procedures and decision making process. Self regulation can be understood and viewed from several perspectives, hence may take shape in different forms. In Malaysia, the concept of self regulation approach takes into consideration several factors such as the current level of environmental commitment ofthe regulated sector, understanding of the legal framework, knowledge and skills of environmental professionals, etc. Self regulation approach implemented by the DOE is explained in the following paragraphs. 2.1.2 Self regulation “The Malaysian version of self regulation approach which underpines the philosophy of the Sewage Regulations translates into the regulatory provisions which require/inculcate the following: (Ownership of the STS. (i) Understanding ofthe regulatory requirements (ii) Self demonstration of compliance (iv) Constant communication with the DOE (Certified environmental professional inthe operation of sewage weatment systems (CePSTPO)“Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors () Development of STS operational sls (vi) Record keeping practices ‘The requirement on MOMR reporting inculcates and develops sense of ownership of the IETS and the desire to maintain and operate it properly in order to produce compliant effluents on a sustained basis. The regulated sources self police themselves and self demonstrate their compliance to the DOE. Additionally, MDMR reporting on a scheduled basis develops a communication link with the DOE which has tobe renewed on a scheduled time period. The competent person requirement instils the importance of STS skills, an ‘essential prerequisite for successful operation of the STS, hence for ensuring regulatory ‘compliance on a continuous basis. Record keeping requirements train the STS staff to ‘maintain relevant STS records in @ proper fashion for useful planning and decision making purposes. ‘A word of caution must be clearly stated here to avoid misunderstanding of the self regulation approach adopted by the DOE. Self regulation (SR) does not replace the command and control (CNC) which has been the mainstay of the enforcement approach of the DOE. The SR approach complements, strengthens, and supports the CNC approach, GSR and its environmental mainstreaming tools (EMTs) adopted by the DOE promote and inculcate environmental awareness and organization wide environmental responsibilty and accountability. GSR isa win-win approach that makes all the relevant partes a winne! The Industries are a winner because environmental corporate image is enhanced by improved regulatory compliance and business progress Is not hampered by embarrassing enforcement actions. The DOE is also a winner because environmental regulatory compliance is ensured on a sustained basis. The public is also @ winner because the environmental quality is maintained and ameliorated as a result f the improved regulatory compliance. 2.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974 ‘The EQA is the regulatory tool that provides the legal foundation for managing the environmental affairs in the country. With broad regulatory provisions provided in the Act, host of subsidiary regulations are made under the Act to address specific environmental issues, to regulate specific pollution sources, to control certain pollution generating activites, oF to minimize the environmental impacts from development activities. The sections of the EQA relevant to the control of water pollution from sewage sources are as follows: Section 23 on “power to specify conditions of emission, discharge.” is used to specify the sewage discharge standards; Section 24 on “restrictions on pollution of the soil” regulates the discharge of sewage onto soil; Section 25 on "restrictions on pollution of inland waters" regulates the control of pollution of inland waters (Le. rivers, streams, lake, reservoirs, and includes ground water) while section 29 regulates the control of pollution of the marine environment, up to 12 nautical miles from the shoreline (Note: 1 nautical mile = CCentfied environmental professional inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO) ‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors, 1,852 km). There are also other sections of the EQA which are generally applicable to the sewage sources from the enforcement perspective. These sections are namely: section 31 ‘on * power to require owner to install or operate a control equipment”, which is commonly sed for issuing directives; section 37 on “owner to furnish information” which is commonly Used to request information; section 43 on “offenses by bodies of persons” which specifies who would be responsible if an offense Is committed by a company; and section 49A on “competent persons” which requires a company to employ a competent person for the purpose of the operation of a sewage treatment system. 2.3 THE SEWAGE REGULATIONS 2.3.1 The acronym and enforcement date From the perspective of water pollution, the operation of sewage sources is regulated by ‘The Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations 2009 that came into operation on October 112, 2009. The above Regulations is commonly referred to as the Sewage Regulations, with the acronym of SR. 2.3.2 Sources subject to SR: Regulation 3 Which sources are subject to SR? SR is applicable to any development which discharges sewage and has a population equivalent (P.£.) of 150. The development may include: (Housing estates/schemes (i) Commercial or administrative complexes (ii) Hotels and resorts (iv) Individual industries, industrial estates or industrial complexes. (v) Training institutions and institutions of higher learning Housing, commercial or any development with a P.E. < 150 is not subject to (Le. not regulated by) the SR. All discharges of sewage, whether they are made onto or into land, or into inland waters, or Malaysian waters are regulated under the SR. Regulation 3 of the SRis reproduced below. ‘Application 3. These Regulations shall apply to any premise which discharges sewage onto any soll, into any inland waters or Malaysian waters, other than any housing or commercial development or both having less than one hundred fifty population equivalent. ——_____________ » inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO) Cenified environmental profession[Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors 2.3.2.4 Understanding the concept of “population equivalent” {An important information in the design of sewage treatment systems (TS) s the volumetric flowrate of sewage. Typical units of flowrate are cubic metres per second, Volumetric flowrate i also important for the design of pipe network and pump stations. The flowrate ‘computed by using a design parameter known as the population equivalent (PE), The PEs ‘an estimate of the population using the STS based on 2 numberof factors depending on the type of establishment. Table .1 shows the PE according to type establishment. Table 2.1: The PE for diferent types of establishment (Sour SPAN) - Partial residential Hospitals Hotel wit dining and laundry facies Factories, exuding process water Market (Wet Type) Market (Ory Type) Petrol kiosks / Service stations ‘us Terminal Tosi Terminal ‘Mosque / Church / Temple ‘Type of establishment FE Resident Sperhouse Commerc Includes ofces, shopping complex, ’ entertainment / recreational centres, Sea aaa restaurants, cafeteria and theatres Schoo! /Edueationaistittons: Day schools nsttutions 02 perstudent Fully residential, 4 per student (0.2 per non-tesdenta student 1 per residential student per bed 4per room 03 perstaft 3perstall 4 per sta $Spertolet 4 perbus bay 4pertaxibay 0.2 per person u Cenified environmental professional inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO) Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors Sadum ‘Oa per person ‘Swimming Poo or Sports Complex 05 per person Publ Tolet AS pertolet (WC) (0.2 per passenger/day Airpor Leet 0.3 per employee Laundry 30 per machine Prison {per person Golf course 20perhole Once the PE has been determined, the flowrate will be calculated using formulas as specified in Malaysian Standards 1228 (MS1228). An example of how to calculate the PE and raw sewage flowrate from a mixed development s given below. ‘Example on PE and sewage flowrate calculation A project development comprising a residential housing component and 2 commercial component. The detals of the development project 3 ‘© Residential housing: 40 units ‘© Commercial building area for 20 unit = 4,000 m2 PE (Commercial) = 4,000 m#x 3/100 m? = 120 Total PE= 200+ 120 = 320 Based on the PE calculate, the discharge from the above development project is subject to the Sewage Regulation, Flowrate is calculated by using the following formula: Flow (m*/d) = PE x sewage generation, (person. d) where sewage generation is 225 L/(person.d) (from Malaysian Standards : MS 1228 c1.3.2) ‘The total PE 100 + 120 = 320, Flos mld 3:20 PE x 225 L/(PE.d) = 72,000 Lf To determine whether a case is subject to the Sewage Regulations, only the PE is relevant. For this purpose, the flow is not relevant but iti important for design and operation of the sewage treatment systems. Certified environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors 2.3.4 Notiffation: Regulation & {there is anew development project which involves the construction ofa housing scheme, commercial complex, industrial estate, hotel, etc, the project owner needs to inform DOE ‘of the development project. This requirement to inform DOE is legally referred to a the “Notification” requirement. Through tis notification, the owners giving prior notice to the DOE that sewage will be discharged from the ste once the project has been completed and the houses, commercial complex, industrial estate, or hotel ae in use. ‘The notification is made by using a specific form which Is known as “Notifieation for new sources of sewage discharge or release”, which appears as the First Schedule to the SR. ‘What about existing sewage dischargers; ate they aso required to file in notification to the ‘DOE? The answer is simply, NO. The notification requirement is only applicable tothe new sources, New sources ae those development projects which commenced construction after the coming into force ofthe SR Le. October 12, 2009). Regulation 4 of SR and the Fist Schedule are reproduced below. ‘Notification for new sources of sewage discharge or release 4 (1) No person shal, without prior written notification to the Director General, discharge or release or permit the discharge or release of sewage onto or into any sol, or into any inland waters or Malaysian waters. (2) The written notification to the Director General, referred to In subregulation (1) shall be inthe form as specified inthe Fist Schedule. FIRST SCHEDULE [Subregion 402) [NOTIFICATION FOR NEW SOURCES OF SEWAGE DISCHARGE SECTION IDENTIFICATION OF PREMISES 1 Nameand adress of premise: Mang drs of premise (iter from above). sR RAM “Telephone number: Filereferencennber of Department of xvroament i opal) SECTION I DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES 2 @)__Deseition of premiselevelopment projet [Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors (@) Housing) ©) Commer Residential (© Industrial Bate (Mixed (commerial hs residential) (Mixed Gindasty Mixed Godusey plot commercial) us esidentiat) @ How! 0) Resort Obes Pleat dette neon (i) Sizeofpremiseldevelopment project. (Pease describe the size ofthe preisldevelopment project in tems of population equivalent and other descriptors suchas numberof units, numberof rooms, find are, ee wherever relevar) Population eaivalent: ‘Number of nits Number of oom... Land area (ares). Other information: SECTION INFORMATION ON SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM. 3. © Typeotteatment system (Pease tick Vin the relevant box below) (@) Conventional Activated (Osan Ponds Sludge System (9 Extended Aeration (Oxidation Dich ‘Activated Sludge System Plesk Vin the reeves bx below) B (Cenied environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO) “ (Certified environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors ‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors oe aT 7 Taare aaa Gare 1 here declare that ll information given inthis form isto thebestof my knowledge iit ceteae tT | Sige frp pee: 0) Om reer S — reales ree Vamos ef a tit | « ice dnmrninero te) Let us brlefly examine the items in the First Schedule. Among the technical information required to be furnished to the DOE in the notification includes: type of premise, sewage ‘treatment system, and discharge information. No design calculations or engineering (0) Warreouse Name of watreaune. ai drawings are requited for the notification. The information required in STS notification is. ‘minimal compared to the IETS notification where detailed engineering calculations and fat aise {drawings form major components of the notification package. 2.3.5 Sewage treatment system needs to be installed and properly operated: Regulation S Sewage is treated primarily in biological treatment systems using biochemical processes by employing microorganisms, to convert the dissolved organic matter into catbon dios ee ee es ee ee 6 eee ee eee os eae el hardware components include the screens, pumps, aeration system, clarifiers, blowers, operation and maintenance (O&M) of the STS. The software components relate to the biochemical processes carried out by the microorganisms, which form the backbone of the A an system. The microorganisms are living organisms, which are sensitive to changes in the influent quality and quantity, and the environmental conditions in the bioreactor. In order Pease describe, to ensure efficient removal of the organic matter in sewage influent, thereby producing complaint effluent on a sustained basis, proper operation ofthe sewage treatment system is. Location of discharge pint a prerequisite Late: sovoe Lagi. I an STS has been designed adequately the success of treating the sewage depends on the aoa proper operation of the STS. How do we ensure proper operation of the STS? The STS is properly operated if the operational parameters specific forthe biological process of the 1s (Cenfied environmental professional in the operation of sewage weatnent systems (CePSTPO) 6 CCenified environmental profesional in the operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors ‘STS are maintained within the recommended ranges. The recommended ranges ae process specific tis a legal requirement that those ranges ae to be maintained. Falling to maintain the STS operational parameters within the recommended ranges will result inthe STS not performing in an optimal fashion. As a consequence, compliant effluent will not be ‘produced. Operating the STS with sound engineering practice translates into practice as ‘maintaining the operational parameters ofthe STS within the recommended ranges. 2.35.1 Performance monitoring Unlike the Industrial Effluent Regulations, there is no specific regulation (or provision) on performance monitoring in the Sewage Regulations. The term performance monitoring Is ‘mentioned only in Regulation 20, in relation to the requirement on record keeping. However, performance monitoring is closely linked to and is part of sound engineering practice. Sound engineering practice is a concept, which is translated into practice as, Performance monitoring activity. In word form, the relationship between the two can be written as: Sound engineering as a concept = Performance monitoring as an activity Integrated within the performance monitoring itself s an inherent aetion-orented element Where actions willbe taken ifthe performance monitoring parameters are found to be not within the recommended ranges. With this explanation, it can be concluded that the STS ‘cannot be operated with sound engineering practice without conducting STS performance ‘monitoring. Performance monitoring activities will yield the required information to show if the recommended ranges are being maintained. If the parameters are not within the recommended ranges, corrective actions will need tobe instituted. Regulation § ofthe STS is reproduced below. '5 Provision and proper operation of sewage treatment system (1) An owner or occupier of any premises shall operate and maintain a sewage treatment system in accordance with sound engineering practice for the treatment of sewage and {ensure that all components of the sewage treatment system are in good working condition. (2) In this regulation, “sound engineering practice” means the manner by which sewage ‘treatment system is operated where the operational characteristics are maintained within ‘the normal range of values commonly used forthe treatment of sewage. 2.3.6 Supervision of STS operation by a competent person: Regulation 6 ‘The operation of an STS requires close attention and supervision to ensure there is no ‘mechanical failure as well as process fallure. Mechanical failure can be prevented by implementing an effective preventive and corrective maintenance plan. Process fallure a 1 Certified environmental professional inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO) , ‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors which would result in the production of noncompliant effluent can be prevented by Implementing STS performance monitoring (PM) program. We need to have a person who |s well versed with both of the above areas, especially the latter (.., the performance ‘monitoring aspect). The professional who has undergone the relevant training in the ‘operation of STS must be given the task to supervise the STS operation. Such a persom isthe competent person. Do all STSs need to have a competent person on duty at all times? Let us briefly examine this subject matter. In Malaysia, in practice, there are several situations with regard to the supervision of the STS operation, as follows: {S155 located on a premise, owned and operated by the premise owner. This is the situation in a factory, hotel, resort, training institution, etc. where the premises are typically not connected to a centralized sewerage system. The sewage generating Source is owned by the same owner who owns and operates, the STS. Although not a common practice, in certain cases the operation of the 'ST3s may be contracted out toa STS service provider appointed by the owner. (i) Centralized STSs in major cites treating sewage from a variety of sources such as. housing complexes, commercial complexes, government administrative complexes, and markets, hotels, etc. The operation of the STSS is also contracted ‘out to. STS service provider appointed by the government. (ii) STSs receiving and treating sewage from a group of sources where the STS is operated by a service provider. Example ofthis situation is the communal septic tank (CST) serving a residential area/housing estate operated by a STS service provider appointed by the government. ‘The STSs in situation () need to have a competent person on duty at al times when the STSs. ‘are in operation. The owner of the premise, whether it is a hotel, a factory, etc. Is responsible for ensuring a competent person is available and is on duty on the premise ‘whenever the premise is in operation. The STSs in this situation have a wide range of capacity, from a few PEs toa few thousand PEs. ‘The STSs in situation (i) as well, require @ competent person to be on duty at all times the 'STSs are in operation. The STSs in this situation are typically a big facility treating a high sewage flowrate, consequently, assigning a competent person to be on duty at al times is Well justified. ‘The STSs in situation (Ii) are usually public plants operated by a service provider. The STSs are operated “unmanned” where an operator may inspect the STSs on a scheduled frequency, typically once a week. In ths situation, DOE may allow this mode of supervision to continue provided that the once a week inspection is carried out rigorously and objectively. In practice, the capacity of STSsin this situation is typically not > 2,000 PE. Cenified environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda In regulated sectors {An additional point to consider is that, the competent person needs to have the required technical qualities (educational, practical, and experience) forthe type of STS hel in charge of. Regulation 6 ofthe SR is reproduced below. Provision and proper operation of sewage treatment system (2) The operation of a sewage treatment system shall be supervised by @ competent person. {2) A competent person shall be a person who has been certified by the Director General that heis duly qualified to supervise the operation of a sewage treatment system. (@) An owner or occupier of any premises shall ensure that a competent person ison duty at anytime the sewage treatment system isin operation. 2.3.7 Discharge standards: Regulation 7 The discharge standards in SR have been specified based on the categories of sewage treatment system (STS) as follows: (_ Newstss, approved after 2009 (i) Existing STSs, approved before January 1999 (ii) Existing STSs, approved after lanuary 1999 until 2009 New STSs in category (i are STSs approved by the approval authority after the coming into ‘operation of he SR, Le, October 12, 2009. Two sets of standards (A and B) are speciied for any type of sewage treatment system using any type of technology. Similarly, two sts of standards (A and B) are also specified for any type of sewage treatment system using any type of technology STSs in category il). Asa contrast, for STSs in category (i, the treatment systems are classified into five groups, namely: communal septic tank, Imhoff tank, aerated lagoon, oxidation pond, and mechanical system. For each group, two sets of standards (A and 8) are also specified 23:7. Standard Aand 8 ‘Two sets of standard are specified inthe SR: standard A and standard B. Standard Ais more stringent where the numerical values are ower, while on the other hand, standard B is less stringent where the values are higher, Standard A applies to sewage discharges into water catchment area while standard 8 applies to nonwater catchment areas. The water in water catchment area needs to be maintained at a higher quality, hence the standard A Is more stringent. The list of water catchment areas is given in the Thed Schedule to SR. Discharges nnn 19 Cenfed environmental profesional inte operation of sewage reaunent systems (CePSTFO) ‘Mainstreaming of envionmental agenda in regulated sectors into nonwater catchment areas and Malaysian waters (Le. Into marine environment) would need to comply with standard 8. 2.3.7.2 Regulated discharge parameters ‘The number of regulated parameters isnot the same for al categories of STS. Category () is the new STSs, hence, more parameters are regulated with tighter limits (lower numerical values for some parameters). 9 parameters [see Second Schedule, new STS, from (a) to (k] have been specified. Category (il) STSs are less stringently regulated, with less number of parameters, (i.e. 5) [see Second Schedule, existing STS, approved after January 1999, from {2) to (e)] and higher values of discharge limits. STSsin category (i) are the oldest treatment systems, which are regulated with the same number of parameters (Le. 5) [see Second Schedule, exsting STS, approved before January 1999, from (a) to (el] as those in category (ii, but with evenmore relaxed discharge limits (.e. higher values) [A discernable change in the chemical compounds/species specified in the regulated parameters for the new STSs is the emphasis on the control of nutrients; Le. nitrogen and phosphorus. Nutrients are responsible for the fertilization of enclosed water bodies (such as lakes, impoundments, etc) resulting in the enhanced growth of aquatic plants (e.. algae, water hyacinth). Category (i) STSs (Le. new STSs) need to comply with the discharge limits of the following nitrogen compounds: ammoniacal nitrogen (NHN), and nitrate nitrogen (NOs-N), and phosphorus, if effluent is discharged into an enclosed ater body. Both ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen have more stringent standards (Le. lower values) hen sewage is discharged into enclosed water bodies compared to discharges into rivers Phosphorus is regulated only for discharges into enclosed water bodies. Enclosed water bodies include lakes, impoundments and reservoirs. 23.73 Uperading program All existing STSs are required to be upgraded In order to improve the quality of thei Alachage. The main poltion parameters focused inthe upgrading program are nutrients. Two datelnes have been set based on the eategory of water catchment area the final dlacharge is made. Ifthe discharge is made to a water catchment area, the dateine specified is December 31, 2016, A later dat, le. December 34,201, is specified for the discharge to a nonwater catchment area. Oscharges toa water eatchment area need to comply with standard A, while discharges toa nonwater catchment area need to comply with standard 8. Upgrading rogram needs tobe submitted tothe OOE by the stipulated dates, Standard A and 8 spetitid forthe STSs in the upgrading program are the same standards 25 applied to the new STSs. Exemption to the requirement on the upgrading requirement ven tothe communal septic tanks and imho tanks whase installation has been approved by the authorities. Regulation 7 and Second Schedule are reproduced below. CCentified environmental professional inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)“Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors « 7: Receptable conditions of sewage discharge [No person shall discharge sewage, analyzed in accordance with regulation 6 which ‘contains substances in concentration greater than the limits of ~ @ (fo) Standard A, as shown in paragraph (i ofthe Second Schedule, for new sewage treatment systems discharging into any inland waters within the catchment areas specified inthe Third Schedule; oF (6) Standard 8, as shown in paragraph i ofthe Second Schedule, for new sewage treatment systems discharging into any other Inland waters or ‘Malaysian waters; oF (c) Standard A, as shown in paragraph (i) of the Second Schedule, for existing sewage treatment systems (approved before Ianuary 1999) Gischarging into any inland waters within the catchment areas specified in the Third Schedule; or (d) Standard 8, as shown in paragraph (i) of the Second Schedule, for existing sewage treatment systems (approved before Januaty 1999) discharging into any other inland waters or Malaysian water (e) Standard A, as shown in paragraph (il) of the Second Schedule, for ‘existing sewage treatment systems (approved after January 1999) discharging into any inland waters within the catchment areas specified in the Third Schedule; or @ Standard 8, as shown in paragraph (ii) of the Second Schedule, for ‘existing sewage treatment systems (approved after January 1999) discharging into any other inland waters or Malaysian waters. ‘An owner or occupier of any premises shall submit a program to the Director General and implement it to ensure that ll existing sewage treatment systems, except the ‘communal septic tanks and imhoff tanks ~ fo) which discharge sewage into any inland waters within the catchment ‘areas specified in the Third Schedule, comply withthe Standard A as shown in paragraph (i) of the Second Schedule on or before 31 December 2016; oF (&) which discharge sewage into any other inland waters or Malaysian ‘waters, comply with the Standard 8 as shown in paragraph (ofthe Second Schedule on or before 31 December 2019. (Ceried environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO) SECOND ScHeDULE [Regustion 7) ACCEPTABLE CONDITIONS OF SEWAGE DISCHARGE OF STANOAROS AANO 8 —— 21 [Mainstreaming of environmental @| (Now sewage treatment system Param unit Standard a 8 0 e 8 ® (a)Temperature * cy 0 (b) pValue - 6030 5530 (800s a 20% met 20 50 (acon mgt 20 200 (e) Suspended solids mgt 50 100 (Noland Grease meh 50 100 {e)Ammoniacal Nitrogen enclosed waterbody) mg/l. «5.0 50 (b) Ammoniaal nitrogen (river) mg 100 200 (i nitrate —niteogen (ver) met 200 soo (WNitrate trogen (enclosed water body) mgt 100 100 (i) Phosphorous enclosed water body) mgt 50 100 ete Standacd& te appeble to eicharges into any inland waters within catchment areas sted inthe Third Schedule, whl Standard 8s applable to anyother inland waters or Malaysian waters. (0) Gastng sewage trestment system (approved before January 1999) Tis category refers to all sewerage treatment systems which were approved before the Guidelines fr Developers: Sewerage Treatment Vol. V, 2 edition and were enforced by the Department of Sewerage Series, Minty of| Housing and Local Government, beginning January 1999 Below are the acceptable condtions for sewage discharge according to typeof sewage weatment systems ‘Type of Sewage Treatment System Communal Imhoff erated Oxidation Mechanical Septic Tank Lagoon Pond System Tank CCentfed environmental professional inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)Parmeter Unt ABABA 8 AB A 8 fo) wovjat20C mg/l -200 200 175 17S 100 100 120 120 60 60 (%) coo ml - = = = 300 300 360 360 180 240 (0 Suspended mh 180180150 150 120 120 150 350 100 120 Solids (4) OlandGrease mh - - - - - ~ ~ ~ » » (ec) Ammoniocsl meh - = = «100 100 8% DD wD Standard As applicable to schage Ito any inland water within catchment areas Ite nthe Third | ‘Schedule while Standard Bis applicable to any other inland waters Maly waters ‘These standards are applabe tothe sewerage trestment systems that may have been constructed prot, to 1999 based upon approval gwen by other agency, other han the Department of Sewerage Sens. {W) isting sewage treatment system approved after January 199) ‘Al sewerage treatment systems which were approved after the Guidelines for Developers: Sewerage Testment Vol 1,2 edition and were enforced by the Department of Sewerage Services, Minty of Housing and Lacal Goverment, beginning January 1988 and up tothe date of coming into operation ofthese Regulations standard Parameter vie a ° (0) wov,at20c mah 2 2 (o) cop meh 20 0 (e) suspended sods meh 30 0 (4) Oltand rene maf 2 20 {e)_Ammonisca nitrogen meh so ” Note Standard Als applicable to dscarge Into any inland waters within catchment ares ited nthe Third Schedule, while Standard B is applicable to anyother inland waters or Malaysian waters, 2.3.8 Analysis and sampling of sewage: regulation 9 ‘Sampling and analysis of sewage forms a part and parcel of the enforcement program to determine compliance with the regulatory discharge standards. The sampling task is ether cece 2 (Centfied environmental professional inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO) @ ‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors carried out by the DOE inspectors for compliance determination and enforcement purposes, or by the factory personnel for monthly discharge monitoring report (MDM) reporting. The analytical task to analyze for the concentration of the regulated sewage parameters is usually performed by the Government Chemistry laboratories for the samples taken by the DOE officers. In the case of MDMR reporting purposes, the samples ‘are sent by the sources/dischargers for analysis to the accredited commercial laboratories ‘The accreditation scheme is managed by the Standards Department under the Sistem Akreditasi Makmal Malaysia (SAMM). 2.3.8.1 Method of sampling The method of sampling specified in SRis grab sampling. Grab sampling refers to a sainpling technique where samples are taken at a specific time. Despite having some weaknesses, rab sampling Is the method adopted by the DOE and specified in SR. Grab sampling Provides an immediate sample, and is easy to perform. Additionally, enforcement based on Grab sampling method compared to composite sampling is more restrictive, more demanding, and more stringent, where the samples discharged from premises are required ‘to comply with the discharge standards at any time. 23.82 Analytical methods In order to obtain consistent results, analytical techniques to analyze the sewage samples is ‘also an important aspect to consider. The methods of analysis have been specified according, to the group of personnel involved as follows: (0 D0€ officers: ‘The Director General of the DOE can specify any instruments (and methods of analysis) that can be used by the DOE to conduet analysis of sewage samples for enforcement purposes. Most commonly, the instruments will be of the portable type, which can be easily carried by the officers while performing their field inspection duties. These instruments are able to measure certain regulated sewage parameters and will provide analytical results within a short time. Enforcement ‘actions can then be taken based on these results. (0) Government and commercial laboratories ‘Two sources of the methods are specified for the laboratories, namely the “Standard Methods” and the “EPA methods ”. The latter are specified in the US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Enforcement actions can be taken based on the results of ‘analysis performed by the Government laboratories. The commercial laboratories ‘which perform analysis for the industries, in connection with SR requirements, also need to use the methods specified above. —— a Certified environmental professional inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors 23.8.3 “Insitu” and “exsitu” analysis “tn situ” analysis refers to the measurement of the regulated parameters at the very site the ‘sample is taken, or by inserting a sensor of instrument that would ve a direct reading of, ‘the parameters, Some sewage parameters would need to be measured in situ because the parameters would tend to change rapidly overtime, Sample preservation i not applicable In that situation. For such parameters, analysis “exsitu” inthe laboratory at a distant location from the location where sample was taken, is meaningless. Parameters that requlre Inssitu testing Include temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Temperature and pH are regulated discharge parameters while dissolved oxygen is a performance monitoring parameter. “Ex situ” analysis is applicable to those parameters that do not change over time 2 a result of effective sample preservation. The preservation techniques for all regulated ‘parameters are specified in the Standard Methods and the EPA Methods. Regulation 9 and the Fourth Schedule are reproduced below. '3. Methods of analysis and sampling of sewage (1) An authorized officer may carry out an in-situ of exsitu analysis of sewage using any instruments approved by the Director General. (2) An analysis of sewage discharged or released onto or into any sol, or into any inland waters or Malaysian waters shall be carried out in accordance with any of the methods Contained inthe publications as specified inthe Fourth Schedule (6) The analysis of sewage referred to in this regulation shall be based on grab samples (4) Inthis regulation- {o) “in stu analysis" means the analysis conducted on a sewage sample that has not been ‘removed from its location or conducted atthe site where the sample was taken; (4)"In stu analysis” means the analysis conducted on a sewage sample that has been removed from its location and conducted atthe different site from the site where the ‘sample was taken; and (6) “grab sample" means a discrete individual sample taken within a plod of ess than 35 minutes. FOURTH SCHEDULE (Regulation 9) [METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE 1. The 21" edition of “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater” published jointly by the American Public Health Association, the ‘American Water Works Association and the Water Environment Federation of the United States of America; or PSE ESTES RSEEETS we 25 Cetfed environmental professional nthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO) ‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors 2 “Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 40, Subchapter D, part 136° published by the Office of the Federal Repister, National Archives and Records Administration, United States of America, 2.3.9 Sewage discharge monitoring: regulation 10 The discharge compliance status of a discharger on a continuous basis can only be determined ifthe discharge from the premise is monitored on a frequent basis. SR requires the sewage dischargers to monitor the quality of their discharge on a scheduled basis: Weekly, for STS serving a population equivalent (P..) > 5,000; monthly, if PE served is < 5,000. The parameters ofthe fina effluent to be monitored depend on whether the STS isa rnew one or an existing one. New STSs are required to monitor all the regulated parameters, While existing STSs are required to monitor only BOD, COD, suspended solids, and oll and erease, ‘The premises are also required to install low meters to monitor the volume of sewage discharged from the premise. The discharge monitoring record must be maintained and the Aischarge monitoring report submitted to the DOE on a monthly basis. This monthly submission of the discharge information is known as the MDMR. The MOMR must be submitted to the DOE within 30 days va the on line system (commonly known asthe Online Environmental Reporting-OER) after the expiry of the month for the report ofthe previous month, 2.3.9.4 Sewage analysis by accredited laboratories “The analysis of sewage samples from the final discharge point must be sent for analysis to an accredited laboratory. The accreditation scheme is not administered by the DOE but by the Department of Standards Malaysia, under the Skim Akreditasi Makmal Malaysia (AWM), Analysis bya lab located on the premise ofthe discharger, owned and operated by ‘the discharger (commonly known as the “internal lab") will not be accepted, unless the lab Is also SAMM-aceredited. Regulation 10 and the Fifth Schedule are reproduced below. 10. Monitoring of sewage discharge (a) An owner or occupier ofa premises that discharges sewage onto or into any sol, or into any inland waters or Malaysian waters shall, at his own expense (a) monitor the concentration ofthe parameters specified in the first column of, ‘the Second Schedule; and (6) install flow-meters, sampling and recording equipment. (2) The owner or occupier of the premises shall maintain a record of sewage discharge monitoring data in the format as specified inthe Fifth Schedule 6 CCentfied environmental profesional inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors {G) The owner of occupler of the premizes shall submit the fist record of sewage dchorse ‘monitoring data to the Director General within thirty days after the coming into operation of these Regulations and the subsequent reports shall be submitted within thirty days after ‘the end ofthe calendar month for the report of the previous month (4) The record of sewage discharge monitoring data shall also be made available for Inspection by any authorized officer. FIFTH SCHEDULE Regulation 10) [MONTHLY SEWAGE DISCHARGE MONITORING REPORT SECTION 1 IDENTIFICATION 1.) Name and address of premises w erat) (ii) Name of analyst: 3) Reporting year: (i) Reporting month: SECTION It ‘SEWAGE INFORMATION® 4.) owrate Maximum: mf, Mini UM: oe i) Quality of sewage discharged ‘Quality of sewage discharged (unit in mg/l) for new sewage treatment systems md, Parameter Fist Week | Second Week | Third Week [Fourth Week Date Date.. Date. Date.. BOD; at 20% ‘Suspended Solids ee 71 Certified environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO) ‘Oiland Grease ‘Ammoniacal Nitrogen {enclosed water body) TAmmonlacal ‘iteogen (iver) Wikrate— Nitrogen (river) Nitrate Nitrogen {enclosed water body) Phosphorous (enclosed water body) Quality of sewage discharged (unit in mg/L) for existing sewage treatment systems. Parameter First Week ] Second Week | ThirdWeek | Fourth Weel Date.. Date. Date... Date. BOD, at 20°C cop Suspended Solids Oiland Grease NOTE {a) The flowrate and concentration of sewage at the point of discharge as determined, ln accordance with the sampling procedure and method of analysis as specified in regulation 9. {b) Sewage treatment systems with less than 5,000 population equivalent (P.E) shall ‘conduct sampling once a month only. SECTION It DECLARATION yereby declare that all information given in this form isto the best of my 2s Certified environmental professional in the operation of sewage Weatment systems (CePSTPO)‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors Tenowledge and belief true and correct, Signature of responsible person: Designation: Date : (Affi oficial seal or stamp of company) 2.3.10 Sewage discharge 2.3.10.4 Discharge point specifications: regulation 11 The point of final discharge of treated sewage must be clearly documented on an engineering drawing and marked atthe actual ste on the ground, This sto avoid confusion ‘and argument over where the designated discharge point Is, as well as to faclitate inspection and sampling, The engineering document must be submitted to the DOE 30 days before a new premise starts operation or before any changes are made to the design of the discharge outlet. To standardize the DOE's requirements at the discharge outlet, general “Specifications are specified by the DOE in the sith schedule. Regulation 11 and the Sith Schedule are reproduced below. {LL Point of discharge of sewage (2) The point of discharge of sewage shall comply with the specifications as specified in the ‘Sixth Schedule and shall be clearly indicated by the owner or occupier ofa premise on the layout plans and engineering drawings certified by the professional engineer. (2) An owner or occupier ofthe premises shall submit to Director General the layout plans and engineering drawings referred to in subregulation (1) within thirty days prior to the ‘commencement ofthe operation at the premise. (3) Where an owner or occupier of the premises proposes to make any alteration or ‘change to the location or postion of the point of discharge or design of the outlet at the point of discharge of sewage, he or it shall notify the Director General within thirty days prior to the making any alteration or change. SIXTH SCHEDULE (Regulation 11) ‘SPECIFICATIONS OF POINT OF DISHARGE OF SEWAGE The discharge point is located within the boundary of the sewage treatment the operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO) eee » Cenified environmental profesional ‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors {aystem, Immediately afters final unit operation or unt process. 2. The location of the discharge point is easly accessible and does not pose any safety hazards to personnel performing site inspection or sewage sampling. 3, The sewage Is discharged through @ pipe, conduit or channel to facilitate sewage sampling. 4. The discharge point Is physically identified by installing a metal identification sign which reads "Final Discharge Point”, 5. The discharge point and its surrounding is properly maintained to be free from any obstruction that may pose difficulty and hazards during site inspection or sewage sampling 2.3.1022 Installation at the discharge point: regulation 22 [At the discharge point, certain measuring and recording equipment is required to be Installed to facilitate inspection, sampling, and measurement of the sewage discharge. This ‘may include a flow totalizer, and in some cases, ifrequired, sampling equipment and on-line effluent monitoring analyzers. Regulation 22 is reproduced below. 22. Provision for Inspection ‘An owner or occupier of a premises who discharges sewage onto or into any soll, or into any inland waters or Malaysian waters shall, in connection with such discharge, install Inspection chambers, flow-meters, sampling equipment, monitoring equipment, and measuring and recording equipment. 2.3.11 Sewage discharge through by-pass is prohibite regulation 12 Discharge of sewage via a by-pass is an act of disrespect for the law and total disregard for the environment, which cannot be accepted nor tolerated. Discharge of sewage through a by pass means that sewage is not directed to the STS and is discharged not through the designated discharge point, Bypasses are prohibited except in very rare circumstances, especially for public STSs treating sewage from communities. In certain cases where due to some mechanical failure to the STS components, pump or electrical failures, or the operators may be forced to resort to bypass because they need to shut down equipment for emergency repairs, or extremely heavy rains, or flooding causing system overload, or sewage backflow is expected to occur, and damage to facilites, and risk to human life may happen if bypass is not made, sewage bypass may be allowed (Note: This isin line with the practice in developed countries for — Certified environmental profesional inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)Mainstreaming of enviconmental agenda in regulated sectors public STSs). In such a situation, corrective action must be taken immediately to limit the ‘bypass to the minimum. The details ofthe by pass including the following information must bbe recorded: (i) Date and time ofthe occurrence (i The details ofthe problem (ii) Who authorized the bypass (iv) When and what corrective actions were taken (iv) When the problem was solved and situation came back to normal (0) The quantity and quality ofthe spill Prior to making a bypass, DOE must be informed, o fit isnot possible to do so It must be ‘made immediately afer the bypass was made. Regulation 12 and the Seventh Schedule are reproduced below. 12, Prohibition against sewage discharge through by-pass (1) No person shall discharge or cause or permit the discharge of sewage onto or Into any sof into any inland waters or Malaysian waters through a by-pass. (2) In this regulation “by-pass” means any intentional diversion of sewage from any portion of a sewage treatment system. 2.3.12 Sewage spills: regulation 13 In the unlikely event that untreated or partially treated sewage is spilled, concerted efforts ‘must be made by the spiller to contain the spill in order to reduce the potential adverse Impact to the environment. f deemed necessary, DOE may carry out ts own corrective and mitigation work and in such as may also recover the costs involved including the cost of damage tothe environment caused by the spill 2.3.42.1 Reporting a spill If there is a spill it must be reported to the DOE within 6 hours of the occurrence of the spill. With advanced communication facilities avalable nowadays spill should be reported Immediately so that DOE is informed and if necessary appropriate communication with the ‘mass media, and the public can be made. Regulation 13 is reproduced below. et — 31 Centtied environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO) Mainstreaming of environmental 73. Spill or aceldental discharge (2) Inthe event of the occurrence of any spill or accidental discharge of sewage from any premisess, which either directly or indirectly gains or may gain access onto any soil, oF into any Inland waters or Malaysian waters, the owner or occupier of the premises shall Immediately and not more than six hours from the time of occurrence inform the Director General of the occurrence. (2) The owner or occupier of the premises to shall, to every reasonable extent, to contain, cleanse or abate the spill or accidental discharge of sewage in @ manner that satisfies the Director General (3) The Director General shall determine any damage caused by the spill or accidental discharge and may recover all costs and expenses from the owner or occupier of the Premises. (4) Where the Director General undertakes the effort to cleanse or abate the spill or aceldental discharge, he may estimate the full costs and expenses incurred and may recover them from the owner or occupier of the premises in accordance with provision of section 47 of the Act. 23.13 Sludge management: regulation 14,15, and 16 ‘Sludge can be generated from the operation of STS at several stages as follows: () Setting of solids in primary drier {i Setling of biosolids in secondary dlariier Both sludges above are in unstabilized form which may cause pollution and emission of ‘odor if not managed and disposed of properly 2.3.13.1 Sludge disposal Sludge must not be disposed of into any inland waters or Malaysian waters. However, it can be disposed of onto land with prior written permission of the DOE. Application fee for the written permission is RMSOO. In practice, sludge disposal must be performed by SPAN- registered desludging contractors to ensure proper disposal ofthe sludge at approved sites Regulations 14, 15, and 16 are reproduced betow. 7 Prohibition against discharge of sludge into Inland waters or Malaysian waters [No person shall discharge or cause or permit the discharge of any sludge that is generated from any sewage treatment system Into inland waters or Malaysian waters. (Cenified environmental professional inthe operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)‘Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors esal of sludge onto land 'No person shall discharge or cause or permit the disposal of sludge generated from any ‘sewage treatment system onto any soll or surface of any land without the prior writen permission of the Director General. 46. Application for disposal of sludge onto land ‘An application for a written permission of the Director General under regulation 15 shall be accompanied by the prescribed fee of RMSO0.00. 2.3.14 Record keeping requirement; regulation 20 Record keeping plays a crucial role in environmental efocrcement via self regulation approach. In relation to STS operation, the sources are required to maintain the following records: (1) Operation and maintenance (08M) including upset conditions and corrective actions {i Performance monitoring PM) Proper record keeping provides Information for trends and compliance analyse, for ‘maintenance planning, etc. Regulation 20s reproduced below. 20. Maintenance of record (1) An owner or occupier of a premises equipped with a sewage treatment system shall maintain records of the operation, maintenance and performance monitoring of the sewage treatment system (2) The records maintained under subregulation (1) shall be made availabe for inspe by any authorized officer. 2.3.15 Training: regulation 24 ‘Trained staff Is an essential prerequisite for success In sewage treatment. All the staff ‘members who are involved inthe operation of STS need to be trained on the environmental requirements imposed by the DOE and on the proper methods to operate the STS to achieve optimal performance. Training records must be maintained. —— 33 Cenified environmental professional inthe operation of sewage weatment systems (CePSTPO) Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors Regulation 21 Is reproduced below. 2A. Personnel taining (1) An owner of occupier of any premises equipped witha sewage treatment systern — fa) shall ensure that his or its employees attend training on environmental requirements and on the best practices inthe operation and maintenance of sewage treatment systems before they begin work; (6) shall ensure that the training for his or its employees include retrai ing on updates for new, revised and existing requirements and procedures; and {e) shall maintain records of training which shall include the training, date and position of employees, training provider and a brief description of the training content (2) The record under paragraph (1)(c) shall be submitted to the Director General upon request and shall be made available for inspection by any authorized officer. 2.3.46 Inspection: regul 023, In the course of conducting inspection of a premise, the DOE inspection officer may need assistance which must be rendered by the premise owner. Regulation 23 is reproduced below. 723. Owner or occupier to render assistance during inspection [An owner or occupier of any premisess shall provide the Director General or any ‘authorized officer every reasonable assistance and facility available at the premisess, Including labor, equipment, appliances and Instruments that Director General or any authorized officer may require for the purpose of taking any action. 2.3.17 Contraavention license: regulation 17,18, 19, 24, and 25 The license referred to here is not the operating license but a specific license called “contravention license” (CU), Le. a license to discharge noncompliant sewage. A premise facing extreme difficulties in complying with the discharge standards can apply for a contravention license. 2.3.17. License application and fee ‘The application follows the procedure set out in the Licensing Regulations which must be accompanied with a sewage characterization report and a license fee comprising of license application (RNMS0O) and sewage-related license fee. The latter is computed based on the loads of the parameters discharged and the rate for each parameter, which dependent on. 4 Certified environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors ‘the category of STS (new or existing) and the water catchment the sewage is discharged into {standard A or 8). For example based on 80D, for an existing STS, ifthe discharge 1s to 3 water catchment area (Le. standard A) the license fee charged is computed as follows: Example on license fee calculation ‘The detalls ofthe application case are: + Q=s00m/d ‘© Ucense period required = 1 year (ie. 365 4) =500mY/d 1200me/L = 100ke/d 1,000 ‘BOD load discharged within the license period = 100 kg/d x365 d = 36,500 ke Sewage related license fee for BOD = RMO.S0 /kg Total sewage related license fee for BOD= RMO.50 /kg x 36,500 kg = RM 18,250 ‘The computation for other parameters follows the same steps except thatthe fee charged will be diferent for each parameter. Note that, the fee calculated is based on the actual load of parameters discharged not on the difference between the quality dscharged and the standard. ‘Total license fee charged = RMSOO + RM 18,250 = RM8,750 ‘The sewage related fee may be waived by the DOE if research on sewage treatment that I likely to contribute to environmental protection effort is being undertaken at the premise applying forthe license. ‘The sewage related fee needs to be paid only when called for by the DOE. ‘The license when approved must be displayed at a prominent place in the premise and while holding a license. If there is a change in the quality and quantity of the sewage discharge, the premise must report the changes to the DOE. If there is a change in the ‘ownership ofthe premise, the license conditions are also binding on the new owner. Regulations regarding contravention licenses (Le. Regulation 8, 17, 18, 19, 24, and 25) are reproduced below. ‘conditions for sewage discharge se under subsection 25(1) ofthe wn 3S CCenified environmental professional inthe operation of sewage weatment systems (CePSTPO) Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors ‘Ack to contravene the acceptable conditions of sewage dscharge as specified in regulation i (2) An applications for license under subregulation (1) shall be made in accordance with the Procedures as specified in the Environmental Quality (Licensing) Regulations 1977P.U.(A)198/1977] and shall be accompanied by ~ {a)a report on sewage characterization study; and ()a license fee as specified in regulation 24. 17. Reporting changes In information furnished for purpose of application ‘An applicant fora license or for the renewal or transfer ofa license shal, within seven days fof the occurrence of any material changes in any information furnished in his applications ‘of furnished in writing pursuant to a request by the Director General under subsection 112) ofthe Act, give the Director General a report in writing of the change. 1B. Display of license ‘The holder ofa license shall display his license, together with every document forming part of the license, in conspicuous place inthe principal building of his ots premise. 19. Continuance of existing conditions and restrictions in case of change in occupancy ‘Where a person becomes the occupier of a Heensed premise in succession to another person who holds yet unexpired license in respect of the premise, then (0) for period of fourteen days after the change in occupancy; or {b) where the new occupier applies within that period specified in paragraph (a) for the transfer of the license to him, forthe period from the change in ‘occupancy until final determination of his aplication, the conditions and restrictions of the license shall be binding in the new occupier and shall bbe observed by him, notwithstanding that he isnot yet the holder of the license or that the license may, during the period specified in paragraph (a) or (b), as the case may be, have expired, 2.3.18 Penalty: regulation 26 All offenses under the SR are compoundable with a maximum compound of RM2,000 per ‘offense under the Environmental Quality (Compounding of Offenses) Rules 1978. Certain offenses can also be charged in court that carries a maximum fine of RM 100,000 oF five years jll or both, 38 Certified environmental professional in the operation of sewage treatment systems (CePSTPO)[Mainstreaming of environmental agenda in regulated sectors IA. Compoundable offenses ‘The compoundable offenses under these Rules shall be as follows: {o) all offenses under the EQ (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfe Station and Landfill Regulations 2009 (b) all offenses under the Ed (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009 {€) alloffenses under the £0 (Sewage) Regulations 2009 2. Sum tobe collected and method of payment (1) The sum of money to be collected for compounding an offense shall not exceed two thousand ringgit 2). Regulation 26 and the relevant parts (Regulation 1A and 2) of the EO (Compounding of Offenses) Rules are reproduced below. 26. Penalty (4) Any person who contravenes regulations 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 12, 13, 14,25, 17, 19,20, 24, 22 and 23 shall be guity ofan offense and shall be lable to a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand ringgit or to a term of imprisonment for a period not exceeding five ‘years or to both and to a further fine not exceeding one thousand ringit a day for every

You might also like

• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4610)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (822)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1104)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1898)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1850)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2521)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (897)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1947)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4203)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1018)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (540)
• Iec62275 Cable Ties

  

  Document10 pages

  Iec62275 Cable Ties

  Sasikumar Nair

  No ratings yet
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (441)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1716)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (401)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5810)
• Instruction Manual For ABB SACE HA1/2/3

  

  Document26 pages

  Instruction Manual For ABB SACE HA1/2/3

  YT Zhou

  100% (1)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (348)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (807)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Generator Control

  

  Document47 pages

  Generator Control

  YT Zhou

  100% (1)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (844)
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (608)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brené Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1092)
• IEM Jurutera Jun 2020 Article On Elec Safety

  

  Document48 pages

  IEM Jurutera Jun 2020 Article On Elec Safety

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Notes On HV System Identification and Warning Labels

  

  Document2 pages

  Notes On HV System Identification and Warning Labels

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• CePSTPO Lab Analysis Procedure

  

  Document51 pages

  CePSTPO Lab Analysis Procedure

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Visual Inspection of HV Unit Following An Accident

  

  Document4 pages

  Visual Inspection of HV Unit Following An Accident

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Removing and Installing HV Battery Unit

  

  Document17 pages

  Removing and Installing HV Battery Unit

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• PEX215 Keluar Sign Datasheet and User Manual

  

  Document2 pages

  PEX215 Keluar Sign Datasheet and User Manual

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Aircond Design Coursepack - Topology, Stoichiometry

  

  Document58 pages

  Aircond Design Coursepack - Topology, Stoichiometry

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Info On Batt Charging Intervals PDF

  

  Document2 pages

  Info On Batt Charging Intervals PDF

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Sample OC and EF Relay Test Certs

  

  Document2 pages

  Sample OC and EF Relay Test Certs

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Power Distribution & Protection in Buildings - Day 2

  

  Document115 pages

  Power Distribution & Protection in Buildings - Day 2

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• PWR Dist & Protn - Day 1 Coursepack

  

  Document132 pages

  PWR Dist & Protn - Day 1 Coursepack

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Imp Ups TP Usj

  

  Document33 pages

  Imp Ups TP Usj

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• AMF Wiring Diagram and Operation Flowchart

  

  Document2 pages

  AMF Wiring Diagram and Operation Flowchart

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Power Distribution & Protection in Buildings - Day 3

  

  Document183 pages

  Power Distribution & Protection in Buildings - Day 3

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Coursepack On Air Conditioning - Intro

  

  Document101 pages

  Coursepack On Air Conditioning - Intro

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Logbook Guideline

  

  Document2 pages

  Logbook Guideline

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• IMP EC33030 Modular UPS Manual

  

  Document81 pages

  IMP EC33030 Modular UPS Manual

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• PWR Dist Protn - Sample Worked Problems

  

  Document11 pages

  PWR Dist Protn - Sample Worked Problems

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Staywire Guidelines and Reference Tables

  

  Document17 pages

  Staywire Guidelines and Reference Tables

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• User Guide - Gamatronic PowerPlus UPS

  

  Document60 pages

  User Guide - Gamatronic PowerPlus UPS

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• UPS - HT-series 10-160kVA

  

  Document2 pages

  UPS - HT-series 10-160kVA

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• IMP Supernova 33000 UPS

  

  Document25 pages

  IMP Supernova 33000 UPS

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• User Manual - York Aircond YWHJZH

  

  Document35 pages

  User Manual - York Aircond YWHJZH

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• MSB 6V 12V AGM Ultra - 10-16 - 3k KB

  

  Document8 pages

  MSB 6V 12V AGM Ultra - 10-16 - 3k KB

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• EPI Series UPS User Manual

  

  Document39 pages

  EPI Series UPS User Manual

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• IMP Isolation Transformer Dec2022 - Instruction Manual

  

  Document6 pages

  IMP Isolation Transformer Dec2022 - Instruction Manual

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet
• Panduan Pertolongan Cemas 2022 (First Aid)

  

  Document286 pages

  Panduan Pertolongan Cemas 2022 (First Aid)

  YT Zhou

  No ratings yet