3/5/24, 11:29 AM Composition of Lithium-ion Battery | Anode, Cathode & Electrolyte

the most common anode materials used today is lithiated graphite, LixC6,
which is composed of graphite sheets intercalated with lithium. New materials,
such as those based on Silicon and other elemental blends, are being
researched. Lithiated graphite has a unit cell with an HCP structure.
Separator. A separator is a permeable membrane placed between a battery’s
anode and cathode. The main function of a separator is to keep the two
electrodes apart to prevent electrical short circuits while also allowing the
transport of ionic charge carriers that are needed to close the circuit during
the passage of current in an electrochemical cell. Commercially available
liquid electrolyte cells use microporous polyolefin materials, such as
polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). Separators in Li-ions have to be
electrochemically and chemically stable relative to the electrolyte and
electrode materials. Functional separators that use MOF-coated membranes
to perform the dual functions of the electrolyte and separator are being
developed to support the design of high-performance Li-metal batteries for
high-energy systems in electric vehicles and electric aircraft.
Electrolyte: The choice of electrolyte in all batteries is critical for performance
as well as safety. Most of the electrolytes used in commercial lithium-ion
batteries are non-aqueous solutions, in which Lithium hexafluorophosphate
(LiPF6) salt dissolved in organic carbonates, in particular, mixtures of ethylene
carbonate (EC) with dimethyl carbonate (DMC), propylene carbonate (PC),
diethyl carbonate (DEC), and/or ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). A good
electrolyte must have low reactivity with other cell components, high ionic
conductivity, low toxicity, a large window of electrochemical voltage stability
(0-5V), and be thermally stable.

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