Errors arising during the measurement process can be divided into two groups, known as systematic errors andOreste tc kee arcod esr aartey ‘Systematic errors describe errors in the output readings of a measurement system that are consistently on one side of the correct reading, ie. either all PTE ote Rm Cee Sone Dc te a I) *= The effect of environmental changes (modifying inputs) Cee ee eg ee eed uncalibrated instruments, drift in instrument characteristics and poor cabling practices.CHEE e tio Random Errors Feet te ne eR value caused by random and unpredictable effects, such that positive errors Sn eeu tent a ve od measurements made of the same quantity. Such perturbations are mainly Reese geen aon Ma eee Fe te ne Cue CMU eet tus esse ad interpolation between scale points. Electrical noise can also be a source of random errors.een ete ice tet Chcect ncaa Se UR nd Pee eC nics eT tyReese Cur ag Secunnn octamer tae Oe aL eg rasLeriyCT eee aetna teapots aes Se aR a cecaReem cone tong System disturbance due to measurement - 3 SR eee ene Re Cm aC resistance is 9500 ohm. What is the messurement error caused by Treen et ee cdRee AUC eo Amana One uo aed 10002, Ry = 5 10002 “(40007 /2000) + S00q1000 1000? = (1000772000) + 500 + 1000 ~ 2000 ~ Thus, the error in the measured value is 5Crete Cun ary eee events Assume a box weighs 0.1 kg when it is empty. If we put the box onto the bathroom scale and observe a reading of cen Rego eee aE) Cee at (a) A shoe of 0.9 kg in the box (real input) Oa a ee iy ‘change (invironmental input) {c) A0.4 kg. shoe in the box tohether with 0.5 kg. bias (real + environmental inputs) Ue Re a ae ee nc) before the value of the measured quantity (the real input) can be dotermined from the reading of an instrument.Wert rmitrern ta tacsen conte + Systematic errors can frequently develop over a period of time eet a ec Dee Cae eee aCe ceRee ea oe nC Ty Coronet eet Seeds mn Re Sen ee common source of error is the failure to take proper account of the resistance of connecting leads (or pipes in the case of pneumatically or Dee eet cou u cu} * For instance, in typical applications of a resistance thermometer, itis common to find that the thermometer is separated from other parts of the measurement system by perhaps 100 metres. The resistance of such a ee eee a RC ee he ag Cee eRe eects uae ees PC eee Ree em Memo ged SNe noe ea etme* Careful instrument design Beek na cd Sec ca erro Seu Ree Re oer * Intelligent instrumentsPerro e Cur coy ferembnmormintta cara) = Caretul instrument design is the most usetul weapon in the battle against Sea eae em Re Mua environmental inputs to as low a level as possible. For instance, in the design of strain gauges, the element should be constructed from a DCR een ne eA uc koe ae Renn en ue) * However, errors due to the way in which an instrument is designed are not Oe ohio ele ku eu en Peete aU hues he Dene ome Sot otPCcOre ter cun ta cod Neat Reti tours icee! Be kake } tes iam Seng ae ecu system by introducing an CI ai aR eee eee of how this technique is applied is in the type of Tes nea Polen ka tiReduction of systematic errors Method of opposing inputs - 2 Se ese oe ee Muara ey Pe a ean ee a magnetic field due to the current interacts with the fixed field and causes the coil (and a pointer attached to the coil) to turn. Ifthe coil resistance ere ou ere ue un OC ued uke Me en ke current for a given applied voltage and so alter the pointer output reading Slee eno Se ea Ren eas ees Fae en ee ee eee eee ee eee aUCa equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to that of the coil. Thus, in Press Wee cee ee decreases, and so the total resistance remains approximately ‘he same.Eee RAE eared ieee ncettcte eeePent eo eam secod Preeeret ce rts Perea) NTE aa (ene Rare cy D,, D., Ds, Dy = eePeete ea coat eno Calibration Se ee ee ho Wee rao use ies leat eetaa erat ee * All instruments suffer drift in their characteristics, and the rate at which this happens depends on many factors, such as the environmental conditions in which instruments are used and the frequency of their use. * Thus, errors due to instruments being out of calibration can usually be reciified by increasing the frequency of recalibration,PTR Ure teed Manual correction of output reading DO ee Ou ee Fe Cte Cueto) measurement technician can substantially reduce errors at the output of a eee eas cur er ever ieee take ecu ete and making appropriate correction to the instrument readings. Ses uO ee eee esse eee cue ec) * This procedure is carried out automatically by inteligent instruments.UCU en eee ed SI oiled * Intelligent instruments contain extra sensors that measure the value of environmental inputs and automatically compensate the value of the Penal) * They have the ability to deal very effectively with systematic errors in measurement systems, and errors can be attenuated to very iow levels in many casesDEVO eo wy See ee eu eke A ee uO mR kee a eu tae een eee a kesh ay Positive errors and negative errors occur in approximately equal numbers for a series of measurements made of the same constant quantity. = Therefore, random errors can largely be eliminated by calculating the De tect un an measured quantity remains constant during the process of taking the eee tuaEMT Cortes SERENE A hee Seen a Sno) i See ar ae cnr ey BICC) pl CMAN Re CAE A) LE uel} BUR CR RU eR UR UC oe AD the data set are written down in ascending order of Tell We em are aR aR au elRent ead) RIE VEUE a ead =Example 1 Measurement Set A (11 measurements) RTE PAR Me eee Leen ALOK eat) Pheer Ti Siete) Measurement Set B (11 measurements) Eee eee Oa eee eee aay 406, Xmeaien = 407, BA ieee Muon eli esta eeStatistical analysis - 3 Pesce) Measurement Set C (23 measurements) See Le eee Oe eee a ee a ate ee ae) Selo Lela Lele elo e C Le) eee ee LenteRennes cosd See ees Neen Mee P TE See eee a Pau ue Searcy)Random errors Sere ened = Measurement Set A (11 measurements) REAR ee Mt eee Ute Yee eet) ane 0K Ate a OS veo RO) Ee ee ee eee ae eee te) Xnean = 406, V=4.2,0= 2.05 = Measurement Set C (23 measurements) See Ue a oe a ee eee eee ae) cree Teck eee een kee Seo eSBRandom errors Retinol ETE Oe SCC RRA eam Cu eos eReo se ME Mees os Rn tt et ol Pech muctcuech eC cumuetuM iu hulanuMun eS lau enocs BA Rel ae PO emt Celcmenie uel ease ec icea nem eee ee enh a MOR Me ae etl Dele Neo EE te Rm Cee ee Oem = Comparing V and o for measurement sets B and C, V and o get smaller as the number of measurements increases, eT Ti eR eee ee number of measurements increases.