Q. What do you understand by System?

It refers to an organized and interconnected set of components or elements that work together to achieve a common
objective within an organization. These components typically include people, processes, data, technology, and
organizational structures. It is made up of sub-systems and each sub system may be made up of further sub-systems.
Q. Discuss the characteristics of System?
Following characteristics are present in all systems:
Organization: refers to the systematic or structured arrangement of components that helps to achieve objectives.
Interaction: refers to the procedure in which each component interacts with other components of the system. For example,
in an organization, purchasing must interact with product, advertising with sales.
Interdependence: refers to the relationship between the components of a system, where each component relies on the
others for the system to function effectively. it involves how the components interact and affect each other's performance
within the system. For example, in a manufacturing company, production depends on the supply chain for raw materials,
and in turn, production affects inventory levels, which then impacts sales and revenue.
Central Objective: refers to its primary purpose or goal that guides its operations and activities. It is typically determined
by top management or key stakeholders and serves as a focal point for decision-making and resource allocation within the
system.
Q. Briefly discuss detailed System Design?
Detailed System design involves the following phases:
1. Requirements Analysis: Understanding and documenting the business requirements and objectives that the system
needs to fulfil.
2. System Architecture: Designing the overall structure and architecture of the system, including its hardware, software,
databases, networking, and interfaces.
3. Data Design: Designing the data model and database schema to efficiently store, organize, and manage the data required
by the system.
4. User Interface Design: Designing the user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) of the system to facilitate easy
navigation, interaction, and usability for end-users.
5. Process Design: Designing the workflows, business processes, and logic that govern how data is captured, processed,
transformed, and presented within the system.
6. Security Design: Designing robust security measures and access controls to protect sensitive data, prevent unauthorized
access, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements.
7. Integration Design: Designing the integration points and interfaces with other systems, applications, and external data
sources to enable seamless data exchange.
8. Testing and Validation: Conducting thorough testing and validation of the system design to ensure that it meets the
specified requirements, functions as intended, and is free from defects or errors. Identify any issues early in the
development process.
Q. Name the different types of Planning?
In Management Information Systems (MIS), there are several types of planning in MIS:
1. Strategic Planning: This involves setting long-term goals and objectives for the organization and determining how
information systems can support these strategic goals. Strategic planning in MIS focuses on the use of technology to gain
a competitive advantage, improve decision-making, and achieve long-term organizational success.
2. Tactical Planning: Tactical planning is more short-term and operational in nature compared to strategic planning. It
involves developing specific plans and actions to implement the strategic goals set by the organization. Tactical planning
in MIS focuses on allocating resources, and implementing technologies to support day-to-day operations.
3. Operational Planning: Operational planning is the most detailed and specific type of planning in MIS. It involves the
day-to-day planning and management of information systems and technology resources within the organization.
Operational planning in MIS focuses on tasks such as system maintenance, and troubleshooting to ensure the smooth
functioning of information systems.
4. Contingency Planning: Contingency planning, also known as disaster recovery planning, involves preparing for and
mitigating the impact of potential disruptions or disasters on information systems and business operations. Contingency
planning in MIS includes developing backup systems, data recovery procedures to ensure business continuity in the worst
situation.
5. Capacity Planning: Capacity planning involves forecasting future technology needs and determining the resources
required to meet those needs. It focuses on analyzing current system performance, predicting future growth and demand,
and making decisions about hardware, software, and infrastructure investments to ensure that information systems can
support business operations effectively.
Q. What is MIS? / Describe the three words of MIS: Management, Information, System.
Management Information System (MIS) is a computer-based system that helps organizations gather, process, store, and
distribute information to support decision-making and control. It provides management with the tools and resources to
organize, evaluate, and efficiently manage the application of people, technologies, and procedures within an organization.
The primary purpose of an MIS is to facilitate effective and efficient decision-making processes by providing timely and
accurate information to managers at all levels of the organization.
Let's break down the three key components of MIS:
1. Management: refers to the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources (including people,
finances, materials, and information) to achieve organizational goals. In the context of MIS, management involves using
information systems to facilitate managerial decision-making and to coordinate and control organizational activities
effectively. Managers utilize MIS to gather and analyse relevant information, make informed decisions, and ensure efficient
and effective utilization of resources.
2. Information: Information refers to processed data that has meaningful context and relevance. In the context of MIS,
information is the output generated by the system through the collection, processing, analysis, and dissemination of data.
This information is used by managers at various levels of the organization to make informed decisions, solve problems,
and monitor performance.
3. System: A system is an organized and interconnected set of components or elements that work together to achieve a
common objective. In the context of MIS, the system includes people, processes, data, technology, and organizational
structures. These components are integrated and coordinated to collect, process, store, and distribute information to support
managerial decision-making and organizational activities effectively.
Q. State the objectives of MIS.
Data Capturing: MIS capture data from various internal and external sources of organization. Data capturing can be
manual or through computer terminals.
Processing of Data: The captured data is processed to convert into meaningful context of information is to be required.
Storage of Information: MIS stores the processed or unprocessed data for future use. If any information is not immediately
required, it is saved as an organization record, for later use.
Retrieval of Information: MIS retrieves information from its stores, whenever required by various users.
Dissemination of Information: It refers to the distribution or sharing of the finished product of MIS, which is the
processed and meaningful information, to the users within the organization. Information dissemination can occur through
periodic dissemination, which means that information is shared at regular intervals, Online dissemination through
computer terminals, which means that users can access the information directly from the MIS using computer terminals or
other devices connected to the system.

Q. State the characteristics of MIS.

Management-Oriented: MIS is designed to support the information needs of managers at different levels of an
organization. It provides relevant, accurate, and timely information to assist in decision-making and strategic planning.
Common Data Flow: MIS facilitates the flow of information across different departments and functions within an
organization. It integrates data from various sources, such as operations, finance, marketing, and human resources, to
provide a comprehensive view of the organization's performance.
Heavy Planning/Long-Term Planning: MIS supports the planning process by providing historical data, current trends,
and forecasts. It enables managers to analyse past performance, identify future opportunities and challenges, and make
informed decisions for long-term strategies.
Subsystem Concepts: MIS is often organized into subsystems based on functional areas or departments within an
organization. Each subsystem focuses on specific information requirements and processes, such as accounting, sales,
inventory management, or customer relationship management. These subsystems interact and share data to ensure a
cohesive flow of information throughout the organization.
Central Database: In the MIS there should be common data base for whole system.
Q. State the Disadvantages of MIS.

 The quality of output of MIS is directly proportional to the quality of input and processes.
 MIS is less effective in organisations where information is not being shared with others.
 In a fast changing and complex environment, MIS may not have enough flexibility to update itself quickly.
 MIS takes only quantitative factors into account.
 Organizations heavily reliant on MIS can face significant disruptions if there are technical glitches, system failures,
or connectivity issues.
 MIS systems can be complex, requiring specialized technical knowledge for setup, maintenance, and
troubleshooting.
 Centralized data storage and digital communication channels can make the organization vulnerable to data breaches
and cyberattacks.
Q. What is DSS?
A decision support system (DSS) is a computer program application used to improve a company's decision-making
capabilities. It analyses large amounts of data and presents an organization with the best possible options available. DSS
can be used by humans or by AI agents.
DSS is an application of Hebert Simon model, the model has 3 phases: Intelligence, Design, Choice.
The DSS basically helps in the information system in the intelligence phase where the objective is to identify the problem
and then go to design phase for solution. The choice of selection criteria varies from problem to problem.
Q. Why management is called as a Science?
Management is considered as a science because it has systematic and analytical approaches to organizing, planning,
directing, and controlling various organizational activities to achieve specific goals. Reasons for management is considered
a science:
Widely accepted principles: Management as a science, consists of widely accepted principles and theories that have been
developed through research and empirical evidence.
Experimentation and Research: Like other scientific disciplines, management encourages experimentation and research
to discover new techniques, methods, and best practices.
Systematic Approach: Management follows a systematic approach by breaking down complex problems into smaller,
manageable components to solve problems effectively.
Continuous Improvement: Like scientific knowledge, management practices evolve over time. Managers strive to
continuously improve their processes and strategies based on new insights and experiences.
Q. How MIS plan is linked to the Business plan. Briefly Explain?
The MIS plan is closely linked to the business plan as it supports the information needs of the organization to achieve its
strategic objectives. Here's a brief explanation:
Alignment with Business objectives: The MIS plan is aligned with the business plan by identifying the specific
information requirements necessary to support the strategic goals outlined in the business plan.
Information Integration: The MIS plan integrates data from various sources within the organization to provide a
comprehensive view of business operations.
Performance Monitoring: The MIS plan establishes key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics that are aligned with
the business plan objectives. It tracks and monitors performance against these indicators, providing regular reports and
updates to management.
Risk Management: The MIS plan addresses risks and challenges related to information systems that may impact the
organization's ability to execute its business plan successfully.
Decision Support: The MIS plan provides decision support tools and systems that enable managers to make informed
decisions in line with the business plan. It ensures that timely and accurate information is available to decision-makers,
facilitating effective decision-making to execute the business plan successfully.
Q. State the differences between MIS plan and Business Plan.

Aspect MIS Plan Business Plan

Focuses on the utilization of information systems Focuses on overall goals, objectives, strategic,
Purpose
and technologies to support decision-making action plan for achieving business success.

Specifically addresses the management of Encompasses all aspects of the business,

Scope information resources and technology including marketing, finance, human resources,

infrastructure within the organization etc.

Time Horizon Has a Shorter time horizon Has a Longer time horizon

Targeted audience is IT professionals, managers, Targets a boarder audience, including investors,

Audience and stakeholders involved in Information System lenders, employees, and other stakeholders in

planning and implementation. the organization’s overall performance.

Q. Define the term Planning.
Planning refers to the process of identifying the information needs of an organization, setting objectives for information
systems, and developing strategies to meet those needs effectively. It involves determining how information technology
resources will be utilized to support organizational goals, improve decision-making processes, and enhance operational
efficiency.
Q. Explain the different types of Planning?
Operational Plans: It’s the process of defining specific actions and resources needed to achieve the goals set out in the
strategic plan.

Strategic planning: Strategic planning is the foundation of an organization. A good strategic plan always considers things
in the long-term and set the big aim for the org. and developing strategies to achieve them.

Tactical planning: Tactical planning translates the broad objectives and strategies set in strategic planning into specific
actions and plans for different functional areas or departments within the organization. This type of planning is very focused
and short-term.

Contingency plan: A contingency plan is created for when the unexpected occurs or a major change needs to be made in
order to continue towards the goal.

Q. What do you mean by computer based corporate planning?

Computer-based corporate planning refers to the use of computer technology and software applications to support and
enhance the process of strategic planning and decision-making within an organization. It involves leveraging computer
systems and tools to facilitate the collection, analysis, and presentation of relevant data and information necessary for
effective corporate planning and improve collaboration among stakeholders.
By utilizing specialized software tools such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, Business Intelligence (BI)
software, and strategic planning software or Corporate Performance Management (CPM) software, organizations can
automate tasks, generate accurate forecasts, model various scenarios, and track key performance indicators (KPIs) more
efficiently.
Computer-based corporate planning enables organizations to make informed decisions based on real-time data, improve
resource allocation, optimize operational processes, and ultimately achieve their strategic objectives in a dynamic and
competitive business environment.
Q. Write down the differences between single use plan and multi-use plan?
Single-use Plan Multi-use Plan
used to solve a specific one-time situation Period

cannot be used repeatedly Can be used multiple times

created to achieve a unique goal created to manage regular activities or events.

become worthless after they serve their purpose once can be used for a long period

Short Term Long Term

Prepared by Middle-level Management Prepared by Top-level Management

Q. Briefly explain different functions of management?
Planning: Planning is the basic function of management. It involves setting goals, defining strategies, and developing
action plans to achieve those goals.
Organizing: This process of establishing worker relationships allows workers to work together to achieve their
organizational goals.
Staffing: Staffing involves acquiring, developing, and managing the human resources needed to accomplish organizational
goals. This includes activities such as recruitment, selection, training, employees for position within the company.
Directing: Directing, also known as leading, involves influencing and guiding employees to achieve organizational
objectives.
Coordinating: Coordinating involves ensuring cooperation and collaboration among different individuals, departments,
and functions within the organization to achieve common goals.
Reporting: Reporting involves monitoring and evaluating performance against established goals and objectives. This
includes collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data related to organizational performance, preparing reports.
Budgeting: Budgeting involves allocating financial resources to various activities and initiatives in line with the
organization's goals and objectives.
Q. What do you mean by Organisational Behaviour?
Organisational Behaviour is a multidisciplinary study of employee interaction and organisational processes that helps to
create an efficient and cohesive organisation. The field of OB focuses on how an individual behaves within an organisation,
how teams work together and how these aspects interconnect and impact each other.
Human-Technology Interaction: Organizational behaviour in MIS examines how individuals interact with technology
and information systems. It explores how technology affects job performance, productivity, and user satisfaction.
Communication and Collaboration: Organizational behaviour in MIS looks at how information systems impact
information sharing, and collaboration among employees to enhance communication effectiveness.
Decision-Making Processes: Organizational behaviour in MIS examines how technology influences decision-making
styles, information availability, and the quality of decisions made.
Organizational Culture and Change: Organizational behaviour in MIS investigates the impact of technology adoption
on organizational culture, employee attitudes, and resistance to change.
Q. Explain Organisational development theory? / State the characteristics of OD.
Organizational Development (OD) theory focuses on leveraging technology and information systems to facilitate
organizational change and improvement. It combines principles from organizational behaviour, management theory, and
information systems.
Systems Thinking: OD theory views organizations as complex systems with interconnected components. Systems
thinking helps identify areas for improvement and enables the design of integrated MIS solutions that address
organizational needs.
Diagnosis and Assessment: OD theory emphasizes the importance of diagnosing organizational problems and assessing
their root causes before implementing solutions
Change Management: OD theory provides frameworks and strategies for managing organizational change effectively to
ensure successful adoption of MIS solutions and minimize resistance to change.
Continuous Improvement: OD theory promotes a culture of continuous improvement within organizations to optimize
MIS processes and enhance organizational performance over time.
Organizational Learning: OD theory emphasizes the importance of organizational learning and knowledge management
to drive innovation and improve decision-making.
Q. Briefly discuss different types of computer-based system?
Computer-based information systems (CBIS) is a broad category that includes different types of information systems like
office automation systems (OAS), transaction processing systems (TPS), management information systems (MIS), and
decision support systems (DSS), Executive Support System (ESS), Business Expert System (BES).
Transaction Processing Systems: Transaction processing systems are information system that process data resulting
from the occurrence of business transactions. Transactions are events that occur as part of doing business such as sales,
purchase, deposits, withdrawals, refunds and payments.
Executive Support System: ESS are information systems that combine many of the features of MIS and DSS. When
they were first developed their focus was on meeting the strategic information needs of top management.
Office automation systems: Office automation refers to the application of computer and communication
technology to office functions. Office automation systems are meant to improve the productivity of managers at various
level of management by providing secretarial assistance and better communication facilities. Office automation systems
are the combination of hardware, software and people in information systems, that process office transactions and support
office activities at all levels of the organisation.
Management Information Systems: MIS is an information system which process data and convert it into information. A
MIS uses TPS for its data inputs. The information generated by information System may be used for control operation,
strategic and long-range planning, short-range planning, other managerial problem solving.
Business Expert System: Business expert system (BES) is a knowledge-based information system that uses its
knowledge about a specific, complex application area to act as an expert. This system is one of the knowledge-based
information system. Expert system provides decision support to managers in the form of advice from an
expert in a specific problem area.
Decision Support System: DSS is a computer program application used to improve a company's decision-making
capabilities. It analyses large amounts of data and presents an organization with the best possible options available. DSS
can be used by humans or by AI agents.
Q. Explain the concept of decision making along with the steps involved in it.
Decision making is a daily activity for any human being. Decision-making refers to the process of selecting the best course
of action among various alternatives based on available information and organizational goals. In addition, we may make
our own private decisions also. Usually, decision making is hard.
Steps of Decision-Making Process:
Identifying the Decision Requirement: The first step in the decision-making process within MIS involves identifying the
specific decision that needs to be made.
Gathering Relevant Information: Once the decision requirement is identified, the next step is to gather relevant
information from various internal and external sources.
Identifying Alternatives: Based on the analysis of data, MIS helps in identifying and evaluating different alternatives or
courses of action that could address the decision requirement.
Assessing Risks and Benefits: MIS facilitates the assessment of risks and benefits associated with each alternative.
Making the Decision: Once the alternatives are assessed, MIS supports decision-makers in selecting the most appropriate
course of action based on the analysis of data, risks, and benefits.
Implementing the Decision: After the decision is made, MIS plays a role in implementing the chosen course of action by
coordinating resources, assigning responsibilities, and monitoring progress.
Monitoring and Evaluating: MIS facilitates ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the implemented decision to assess its
effectiveness and impact on organizational performance.
Q. Briefly discuss the contingency approach of management.
The contingency approach to management assumes that there is no universal answer to many questions because
organizations, people, and situations vary and change over time. Contingency refers to the immediate contingent
circumstances. This approach recognizes that different situations require different management approaches.
Often there is no one right answer when managers ask: “What is the right thing to do? A functional or divisional structure?
Tall or flat organizational structures? Should we be centralized or decentralized? Should we use task or people-oriented
leadership styles? What motivational approaches and incentive programs should we use?” Thus, the answer depends on a
complex variety of critical environmental and internal contingencies.
Situational Factors: The contingency approach recognizes that management is situational. The effectiveness of any
technique or measure depends on the specific situation at hand.
Flexibility: It acknowledges that there is no single best way to manage an organization and that managers must be flexible
and adaptable in their approach to the requirements of the particular situation.
Contingency Variables: Contingency theory identifies various contingency variables that help determine the most
effective management approach in a given situation.
Continuous Assessment and Adjustment: Managers must regularly assess how well their management practices are
working given the changing circumstances, and they must be prepared to adapt their approach accordingly.
Q. Why is MIS looked upon a strategic need of management today?
MIS are considered a strategic necessity for modern management due to their ability to facilitate data-driven decision-
making, improve efficiency and productivity, support strategic planning and forecasting, enhance communication and
collaboration, provide a competitive advantage, manage risks and compliance, and strengthen customer insights and
relationship management.
Data-Driven Decision Making: In the digital age, organizations are inundated with vast amounts of data. MIS enable
managers to collect, organize, and analyse this data effectively, providing valuable insights that support informed decision-
making across various business functions.
Improved Efficiency and Productivity: MIS streamline business processes and automate routine tasks, leading to
increased operational efficiency and productivity.
Enhanced Strategic Planning and Forecasting: MIS provide managers with access to real-time and historical data,
enabling them to conduct accurate forecasting, scenario analysis, and strategic planning.
Competitive Advantage: By investing in advanced MIS capabilities, organizations can differentiate themselves in the
marketplace, deliver superior customer experiences, and adapt quickly to changing market conditions, thereby maintaining
a competitive edge over rivals.
Risk Management and Compliance: MIS help organizations anticipate and mitigate operational, financial, and
compliance risks. Additionally, by maintaining accurate records and audit trails, MIS support regulatory compliance and
reduce legal liabilities.
Customer Insights and Relationship Management: MIS enable organizations to gather comprehensive customer data
and gain valuable insights into customer behaviour, preferences, and needs.
Q. Briefly explain the use of information in achieving competitive advantage.
Information is really important for helping companies stand out from their competitors. At first, Management Information
Systems (MIS) gather data from different places, both inside and outside the company. This data includes things like what
customers like, trends in the market, what competitors are doing, and how the company is doing internally.
After that, MIS takes this data and turns it into useful information by looking for patterns and trends. This helps the
company's leaders make smart decisions based on facts. They can use this information to take advantage of opportunities
in the market, reduce risks, and make sure the company runs well.
MIS also makes sure this valuable information gets to everyone in the company who needs it. This encourages teamwork
and makes sure everyone is working toward the same goals. By using this information to make good decisions, improve
how things are done, and offer better products or services, companies can stand out from the competition. This gives them
an edge in the market and helps them do well in the long run, even when things change.
Q. Briefly discuss the different types of leadership.
Autocratic/Authoritative Leadership: In this style, the leader holds all the power and makes decisions without input
from team members. They give clear instructions and expect immediate compliance. This style can be effective in situations
where quick decisions are needed or when there's a need for strong leadership in a crisis. However, it can also lead to low
morale and resentment among team members who feel disempowered.

Participate/Democratic Leadership: In This style, the leader involving team members in decision-making processes. The
leader encourages open communication, listens to input from team members, and considers their opinions and ideas when
making decisions. Team members feel valued and empowered, leading to higher morale and motivation. While it may take
longer to reach decisions compared to autocratic leadership.

Free-Rein/Laissez-Faire Leadership: In this style, the leader provides minimal guidance or direction to team members,
giving them the freedom to make decisions and work independently. The leader trusts the expertise and capabilities of team
members, allowing them to take ownership of their work. While this style promotes creativity, innovation, and autonomy
among team members, it can also lead to confusion or lack of direction if team members are unsure of expectations.
Q. Leadership plays an important role in management - discuss.
Leadership plays a crucial role in management as it directly influences the direction, effectiveness, and success of an
organization.

The “Fundamental 4” core leadership skills are: Self-Awareness, Communication, Influence, Learning Agility

Self-Awareness: This skill involves having a deep understanding of oneself, including strengths, weaknesses, emotions,
values, and motivations. Self-aware leaders are conscious of how their actions, behaviours, and decisions impact others
and the organization as a whole.
Communication: Communication is the ability to convey information, ideas, and thoughts clearly and effectively to others.
Effective leaders are skilled communicators who can articulate their vision, goals, expectations, and feedback in a manner
that is easily understood by their team members.
Influence: Influence refers to the ability to motivate and inspire others to take action or adopt a particular mindset. They
build trust with others. Influential leaders understand the power of influence and use it ethically and responsibly to achieve
organizational goals.
Learning Agility: Learning agility is the ability to quickly adapt, learn, and grow in response to new situations, challenges,
and environments. They embrace new ideas, perspectives, and feedback, seeking out opportunities for continuous learning
and improvement.
Q. Short Note - Value of Information.
Dimensions of Information: There are three most common dimensions of information for MIS: Economic Dimension,
Business Dimension, Technical Dimension.
Economic Dimension: Economic dimension of information refers to the cost of information and its benefits. Generation
of information costs money. Measuring cost and benefit of information is difficult because of intangible characteristic of
information.
Cost of Information: Cost of information may include Cost of maintaining data, Cost of generating information and Cost
of communication information. Cost related to the response time require to generate information and communicating it.
Thus, for system with low response time, the cost is high. The cost is depending on accuracy, speed of generation etc.
Value of Information: Information has a cost for its acquisition and maintenance. Thus, before a particular piece of
information is acquired, decision maker must know its value. The information has a perceived value in terms of decision
making. The decision maker feels more secured when additional information is received in case of decision making under
uncertainty or risk.
Perfect Information: The information is called a Perfect Information, if it removes all uncertainties or risks completely.
However, perfect information is a myth. The change in the behaviour due to new information is measured to determine the
benefit from its use.
Value of information = Cost to get information - benefit
Business Dimension: Different types of information are required by managers at different levels of the management
hierarchy. The information needs of managers at strategic planning level are altogether different that those of operational
control managers. It is because of the fact that managers at different levels are required to perform different functions in
an organization
Technical Dimension: This dimension of information refers to the technical aspects of the database. It includes the capacity
of database, response time, security, validity, data interrelationship etc.
Q. MIS vs EIS.

Aspect DSS MIS EIS

Focus Analysis, Decision support Information processing Status Access
Database Special Corporate Special
Principal use Planning, Staffing & Control Control Tracking & Control
Constructor By users, either alone or By vendor or IS specialists By vendor or IS specialists
specialist from IS dept.
Hardware Mainframes, Micro or Mainframes, Micro or Distributed Distributed System
Distributed
Users Typically used by middle and Used by managers at various levels Primarily used by top-level
upper-level management for within the organization. executives and senior
strategic and tactical decisions management
Flexibility Offers high flexibility Offers moderate flexibility Offers limited flexibility

Q. How DBMS is superior to conventional File Processing System?

A Database Management System (DBMS) offers several advantages over conventional File Processing Systems (FPS),
making it a superior choice for managing and manipulating data in organizations.

Aspect DBMS FPS

Data Redundancy There is no redundancy and inconsistency The problem of duplication and
in data inconsistency in data exists

Data Independence Data independence exists There is no data independence

Atomicity provides atomicity of transactions. Atomicity is not present in file system

Concurrency control has concurrency control doesn’t have concurrency control

Data Backup & Recovery provides the facility of data backup and doesn’t provide the facility of
recovery. recovery, in case of data loss.

Cost costlier as compared to a file system.. relatively cheaper as compared to

DBMS.

Security offers high data security Data security is less

Q. How to convert a manual system to computerized system?
Converting a manual system to a computerized system, specifically in terms of Management Information Systems (MIS),
involves several steps to ensure a smooth transition and optimal utilization of technology to improve information
management and decision-making processes. Here's a step-by-step guide:
Assess Current Manual System: Evaluating the existing manual system comprehensively. Understand its processes,
workflows, data sources, information needs, and limitations.
Define Requirements and Objectives: Clearly define the requirements and objectives of the computerized MIS.
Determine the specific functionalities, features, and capabilities needed to meet the organization's information management
and decision-making needs.
Select Suitable MIS Software: Research and evaluate different MIS software solutions available in the market. Choose a
software solution that aligns with the organization's requirements, budget, scalability, and compatibility with existing
systems and technologies.
Data Migration and Conversion: Plan and execute the migration of data from the manual system to the computerized
MIS. Convert existing data into digital format and ensure compatibility with the chosen MIS software. Develop a data
migration strategy to minimize downtime and ensure data integrity during the transition process.
System Configuration and Customization: Configure the selected MIS software according to the organization's specific
requirements and workflows. Customize the system's features, user interface, reports, and dashboards to align with the
organization's needs and preferences.
Training and Change Management: Provide comprehensive training to employees who will use the computerized MIS.
Implement change management strategies to facilitate the transition from the manual system to the computerized MIS
smoothly.
Pilot Testing and Feedback: Conduct pilot testing of the computerized MIS with a small group of users to identify any
issues, or areas for improvement. Make necessary adjustments and refinements based on user feedback before full
deployment.
Deployment and Integration: Deploy the computerized MIS across the organization once it has been thoroughly tested
and validated. Integrate the MIS with other existing systems, applications, and databases within the organization to ensure
seamless data flow.
Continuous Improvement and Maintenance: Regularly monitor system performance, user feedback, and emerging
technological trends to identify opportunities for optimization and enhancement. Implement updates, patches, and upgrades
to the MIS software as needed to ensure security, reliability, and functionality.
Q. What do you understand by System Analysis & Design? Discuss Various Steps in System Analysis and Design
process? Or What are different stages in System Development Life Cycle?
SAD refers to the process of examining a business situation with the intent of improving it through better procedures &
methods. System Development having two major components:
System Analysis is the process of gathering and interpreting facts diagnosing problems and using information to
recommend improvement to system. It specifies what the system should do. The system analysis is management between
techniques which helps us in designing a new system or improving an existing system.
System Design is the process of planning. We must thoroughly understand the existing system and data mine how computer
desk can be used to make its operation more effective. System design specifies how to achieve objectives.
System Development Life Cycle: System Development life cycle (SDLC) is used to plan and manage the system
development process. The SDLC describes activities and functions that systems developers typically perform. The SDLC
model includes the following steps:
Systems Planning: A system ‘s planning usually begins with system ‘s request that describes problems or desired changes
in an information system or a business process. A system ‘s request can come from a top manager, a planning team, a
department head, or the IT department itself. A major request might involve a new information system or the replacement
of an existing system that cannot handle current requirements. In contrast, a minor request might ask for a new feature or
a change to the user interface in current system.
Systems Analysis: The purpose of the systems analysis phase is to understand business requirement and build a logical
model of the new system. The first step is requirement modelling, where you define and describe business process. During
the next tasks, data modelling, process modelling, and object modelling, you develop a logical model of business process
the system must support. The model consists of various types of diagrams, depending on the methodology being used. The
end product for the systems analysis phase is the System Requirements Document.
Systems Design: The purpose of systems design is to create a blueprint for the new system that will satisfy all documented
requirements. The design is documented in the System Design Specification and presented to management and users for
their review and approval.
Systems Implementation: During systems implementation, the new system is constructed. Programs are written, tested,
and documented, and the system is installed. The objective of the implementation phase is to deliver a completely
functioning and documented information system. The systems implementation phase also includes and assessment, called
a systems evaluation, to determine whether the system operates properly and its costs and benefits are within expectations.
Systems Operation and Support: During systems operation and support, Maintenance change correct errors and adapt to
changes in the environment, such as new tax rates. Enhancements provide new features and benefits. The objective during
this phase is to maximize return on the IT investment. Business process change rapidly, and most information systems need
to be replaced or significantly updated after several years of operation.
Q. Why motivation is important for all organisation?

Motivation holds significance for all organizations due to its ability to enhance performance levels. It influences both the
willingness and ability of individuals to work efficiently. While education and training contribute to the ability to work,
motivation plays a crucial role in fostering willingness, which ultimately impacts productivity and cost reduction.

Moreover, motivation is instrumental in transforming negative attitudes among employees. Effective mentoring can
employ various strategies to alter this mindset.

Furthermore, motivation aids in reducing employee turnover rates, thereby safeguarding the organization's reputation and
resources invested in recruitment and training. Motivated employees tend to exhibit greater loyalty in their roles,
contributing to workforce stability.

Additionally, a motivated workforce contributes to a positive public image, attracting competent individuals to the
organization. Motivation, being an internal sentiment, is best understood and cultivated by mentors who maintain close
relationships with employees.

Finally, motivation plays a crucial role in mitigating absenteeism within organizations. Factors such as poor work
conditions, strained relationships with colleagues and superiors, lack of recognition, and inadequate rewards contribute to
absenteeism. By addressing these deficiencies and fostering motivation, mentors can create a workplace environment that
employees find enjoyable, thus reducing absenteeism.

Q. Write a note on Feasibility and Cost-Benefit Analysis?

Feasibility study is an outcome of the preliminary investigation and determination whether the system requested is feasible
or not. Following are the different types of feasibility, but they are interrelated:

Technical Feasibility: Assesses whether the proposed system is practically achievable from a technological standpoint.

Operational Feasibility: Examines whether current work practices and procedures are sufficient to support the
implementation and operation of the new system effectively.

Economic Feasibility: Analyses the expected benefits and cost savings of the proposed system to determine its financial
viability.

Management Feasibility: Evaluates whether the proposed system will be accepted and supported by management
personnel, considering factors such as organizational culture and strategic objectives.

Legal Feasibility: Determines whether the proposed project complies with relevant laws, regulations, and pending
legislation to avoid any legal implications.

Time Feasibility: Determines if the proposed project can be implemented within the specified time frame. Projects that
take too long to implement are at risk of being rejected due to delays.
Q. Write a note on Cost-Benefit Analysis?

Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a systematic approach used to assess the costs and benefits of a proposed project or decision
in order to determine its economic viability. It involves comparing the total expected costs of a project against its total
expected benefits to determine whether the benefits outweigh the costs.

Tangible Costs and Benefits: Tangible costs and benefits can be directly measured. These may include expenses such as
equipment purchases, labour costs, and revenue generated from the project.

Intangible Costs and Benefits: Intangible costs and benefits can’t be directly measured. Examples of intangible costs
include employee morale or customer satisfaction.

Direct Costs and Benefits: Direct costs and benefits can be specifically identified. For example, direct costs may include
the purchase of materials, while direct benefits could include increased revenue from sales.

Indirect Costs and Benefits: Indirect costs and benefits are not directly tied to the project but may still be affected by its
implementation. These costs and benefits may be more difficult to identify.

Fixed Costs and Benefits: Fixed costs and benefits remain constant regardless of the scale of the project. These costs and
benefits do not change with the level of output or activity. Examples of fixed costs include rent or insurance premiums.

Variable Costs and Benefits: Variable costs and benefits fluctuate in proportion to the level of output or activity. These
costs and benefits change as the scale of the project changes. Variable costs might include raw materials or labour costs,
while variable benefits could include increased sales revenue.

Q. Basic components of a Decision Support System.

The main components of a DSS framework are:

Model Management System: The model management system stores models that managers can use in their decision-
making. The models are used in decision-making and forecasting demand for a good or service.
Database Management System: This component stores and manages the data required for decision-making.
User Interface: The user interface includes tools that help the end-user of a DSS to navigate through the system.
Knowledge Base: The knowledge base includes information from internal sources (information collected in a
transaction process system) and external sources (newspapers and online databases).
Decision Support Generator: This component provides functionalities for generating alternative solutions, evaluating
alternatives based on predefined criteria, and recommending the most suitable course of action.
Security and Privacy Controls: Security and privacy controls are essential components of a DSS to ensure the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive data and decision-related information.
Q. Write down the process of selection under staffing?
The process of selection under staffing involves several steps aimed at identifying, evaluating, and hiring the most
suitable candidates for positions. Here's a typical process:
Identifying Staffing Needs: The first step is to identify the staffing needs.
Job Analysis and Description: Conduct a job analysis to identify the roles, responsibilities, skills, qualifications, and
develop detailed job descriptions outlining these criteria.
Recruitment Planning: Develop a recruitment plan outlining the strategies of selection process.
Resume Screening: Review and screen resumes received from applicants to shortlist candidates who meet the required
qualifications, skills, and experience outlined in the job descriptions.
Interviewing: Conduct interviews with shortlisted candidates to assess their technical skills, knowledge, experience to
best-fit for the organization. Interviews may be conducted in multiple rounds and can include panel interviews, technical
assessments, and behavioral interviews.
Reference and Background Checks: Conduct reference checks to verify the candidate's employment history,
qualifications, and professional background.
Decision Making: Evaluate the candidates based on their performance during the interviews, reference checks, and
background verification. Make a final decision regarding the selection of the most suitable candidate for the position.
Offer and Negotiation: Extend a job offer to the selected candidate, including details such as compensation, benefits,
start date, and any other relevant terms.
Q. What are the different managerial levels? Explain it?
The chain of superior-subordinate relationships within an organization is commonly referred to as the Levels of
Management, and it typically consists of three main levels: Top-Level Management, Middle-Level Management,
Operational-Level Management.
Top-Level Management: Also known as executive or senior management. Includes the highest-ranking executives in the
organization, such as the CEO (Chief Executive Officer), CFO (Chief Financial Officer), COO (Chief Operating Officer).
Responsible for setting the overall direction, vision, and strategic goals of the organization. Involved in making high-level
decisions that impact the entire organization. Typically focused on long-term planning, policy formulation, and
representing the organization externally.
Middle-Level Management: Also known as intermediate or departmental management. Consists of department heads,
division managers, and regional managers. Acts as a link between top-level management and operational-level
management. Responsible for implementing the strategies and policies formulated by top-level management. Involved in
decision-making related to resource allocation, performance management, and operational planning within their respective
departments or divisions.
Operational-Level Management: Also known as first-line or supervisory management. Includes frontline supervisors,
team leaders, and foremen. Directly involved in overseeing and managing day-to-day operations and activities.
Responsible for ensuring that tasks are completed efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational goals. Acts as a
direct link between management and frontline employees, facilitating communication and coordination.
Q. What are the information requirements of different managerial levels? Explain it?
Information, as required at different levels of management can be classified as operational, tactical and strategic.
Operational information This type of information is needed by lower-level managers and relates to the day-to-day
operations of the organization. It is used for controlling repetitive activities and ensuring that they are carried out
efficiently. Operational information is typically measurable by specific standards and has a short-term horizon.

Tactical information Middle-level managers require tactical information to allocate resources effectively and implement
top-level plans of the organization. Tactical information is predictive in nature and focuses on short-term trends. It can
come from both internal and external sources and helps managers make decisions related to optimizing resources and
achieving organizational objectives.

Strategic information Strategic information is used by top-level managers to define goals, priorities, and long-term
strategies for the organization. It is predictive and relies heavily on external sources of data. Strategic information has a
long-term perspective and is often presented in summary form to aid in decision-making at the highest levels of
management. It includes evaluating business options, initiating new programs, and developing policies for resource
allocation.

Q. Write a note on Managerial control over computer-based planning.

Managerial control over computer-based planning refers to the ability of managers to oversee and direct planning
processes that are facilitated or supported by computer systems and software. With computer-based planning systems,
managers can exercise greater control and oversight over various aspects of the planning process, including:
Data Analysis: Computer-based planning tools allow managers to analyse vast amounts of data quickly and accurately.
Forecasting and Prediction: These systems often include forecasting and predictive modelling capabilities, enabling
managers to anticipate future trends, market conditions, and potential outcomes.
Resource Allocation: Managers can use computer-based planning systems to allocate resources more effectively.
Monitoring and Tracking: Computer-based planning tools provide managers with tools for monitoring and tracking
progress against plans and targets.
Risk Management: Computer-based planning systems also support managers in identifying and managing risks
effectively.