ee DOCUMENT RESUAE gp 455911. . Fi 009.513. vey : . auTHOR + “ Reed, Irene; and Others aa TITLE Yupik Eskiac Gramaar. INSTITUTION Alaska Univ., Fairbanks. Alaska'Native Language . 5 Center. SPONS AGENCY | Wational Endowment for the duaanities (FAH), so. Washington, D.C.; National Science Foundation, ' 2 Washington, Dees oo, PUB DATE 7 . GRANT . NEH-H69-0-55: NSE-G17844; NSF~G23994 NOTE |* 351p. : AVAILABLE FROM. Alaska Native Language Center, university of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99704 ($7.50) 5 EDBS PRICE MP-$0.83 Plus Postage. HC Hot: Available from EDES. 7 [ DESCRIPTORS Alaska Natives; Dialects; *Eskiao Aleut: Languages; + . . Eskimos; Form Classes (Languages); *Grasmar; ‘Higher - Education; *Instructicnal Materials; *Llanguage Instruction; Morphology (Languages); Nosinals; Pattern Drills (Language); Fhonclogy; Sentence . Structure; Structural analysis; Syatax; Textbooks; ae *Uncommonly Taught Languages; Verbs Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS Alaska; Language Exercises; *yupik ABSTRACT A grampar of the Céntral Yupik Eskiao-language, spoken in western Alaska, is presented. Althcugh there are several - dialects within this area, Yupik is a single language. “the first half =. of this book leans toward the Yukon dialect in the vocatulary sections, while the second half leans toward the Kuskokwia dialect. a However, alternate vocabulary words are given throughout the bock, and phonplogyy morphology and syntax are fairly unifora. thrcughcut all the dialects. The grammar is intended to be the basis of a two-year college course, for non-speakers or native speakers. Chapter. * 1 deals with the writing system and frenunciaticn. Chapter 2 deals + with gorphology, particularly suffixaticn patterns. It is recommended that parts of these chapters be used as reference saterial, since they would probably be very difficult fcr students unfamiliar with “Yupik grammar. Chapters 3-28 constitute the sain text. These chapters ‘present vocabulary, drills and other exercises on particular points of grammar. Following the main text, the vocabulary words and the postbases and enclitics from the 28 chapters are listed. In additicn, following ‘are provided: an index, several.addenda tc the text, a n-page bibliography and a short list of cther works recommended to ‘students of Yupik. (ABH) - 8 1 FERRO EE ER EEN SEE SERENE NER * ‘ Reproductions supplied by EDRS are thebest that can be made = * * from the original docunent.- - * SONA ESRIENARA SS HASHEE SON OH RES ARERE RSE HEOS OSES EES FOE SEO SESE R SEER EE oho / / |son “ AR Yup'ik Language Workshop r GRAMA Miyaoka + Jacol @ Center « Reed * Oo = o. a Alaska Native’ Languag REA Pree ee 2 T t ee a : - E1sboe7TdNOTE TO! THE READER: Because of a misunderstandin, the page and chapter numbers 212-218, and'286-292 appear \oe the pages rathi intended. may fause the reader. CORRECTIONS: | Page 3, Figure: Jin the listing of apicals, - delete the first 'n" , Page 28, footnote a er “eatamngaitaa" should be "tatamgat taa’ . Page 62: Last translation on Page shouldbe.” "(they ‘see thea,)" y Page 255, Exercise A,'18: _be “assiiend luki" -Toge 285, 286, 287: On charts, pages 206 & 287, * {8 column after "ise a: "4" newtd te changed * fo '"-". Then, on page 285, finer Paragraph, pe three, insert: “except for eens endings" vafter mee | are retaining type (4)", Page 289, first Tine: Page 3 final sentence: "assiitniluku" should Delete "in the pase” 291, second line: "tet! Page 292, ExBreise A, be “uttyuarteq 'ngerai Page 294, 28.2, in section on Of endiig.should be: "@,7(n $80" should be "hurry!" “unyuarteqngermi" Should Yukon pattern: Porn eya-" Page 296: Final word in list should be "tangergan"* Page 305: The following forms night ‘not be printed Ct haat : ulligte-, 6* . ullirtaaq, 20% “uyaquq, “6 7 uyurag, 6FLoo, 2S 5 ‘ “YUPK | IK ESKIMO GRAMMAR - Q Irene Reed a Osahito Miyaoka © : Steven Jacobson) we . Paschal Afcan . oa ~ Michael Krauss A Publication of the Alaska Native Language Center ~ andthe’. > » Yupik Language Workshop - * Universtty of Alaska’ ~ hon re. 4 First Printing ‘ 3,000 copies \ Copyright The University of Alaska 1977 No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, including | microfilm, photocopy, and ograph, without written permis- sion from the Alaska Native*Language Center, University of Alaska. ‘Portions of the research leading to the development: of iis publication were supported by grants from the National Bhdow- ment for the Humanities (Grant #H69-0-55,-1967-1969) and the National Stience Foundation, (Grants #617844 and #623994). : + Cover Illustration by B. George Smart. .Thig hook deals with the Yup'tk Eskimo language spoken ‘in the area of wésteri Alaska bounded by St. Michgel to the north, by Naknek or Egegik the south, and including the villages along the Nushagak River, the lover ‘parts of the Kughekwim and Yukon Rivers and the cpast and tundra between * ‘these rivers. Although thére are several dialects within this area, Yup'dk 7 ° : is a single language. A Yup'ik speaker from St. Michael, and one from Naknek can easily’ understand each-other. ‘The dialects of Yupiik ake roughly as follows: the dialect of the Yuki, tit of the Kuskokwin, that of the Nelson Island area, the Bristol Bay dialect, the Vtalect of the Nushagak Rivet,” the Hooper Bay ~ Chevak dialect, and the Nunivek Yeland dialect. The last two mentioned dialects are considerably different fron the others though st411 mutually intelligible with them, The first half of thi book ‘leans towards the Yukch in the vocabulgry sections, while the “ft . hat leans toward the Gkotrin, but alternate vocabulary words ee ttroughout the books tend the phonology, morphology and syntax are-fairly — uni form throughout ait the dialeéts. Tits book Le intepded to be the basis of a two year college coursé hich _ , WELL serve the needs oF Blon-speakers wishing to Iearn the Yup'ik language, end speakers wishing to pe titeracy and an understanding of the grammatical : ~ structure of their Yanguage. Chapter 1, -which deals with. the writing system, ‘ihe word "Yup'ik" (also "Yupiaq'") means "genuine, person" and ig the term . ‘bY, which the Eakimos of this ared refer té themselves." The Eskimos of St. Lawrence Island and.the tip of Siberia speak a closely related though differént lariguage and als6 Yefer to themselves as "Yupik". For this reason, the Language’with which this’ grammar book deals. is sometimes ~ called ‘ * Central Yup'ik" and the other language is ‘called "Siberian Yupik", * \ me However; in this book the shorter label,."Yup'ik", is used, and one should ‘bear in inind that'it ig being used to refer only to thé language of the + fekimgs living im the area described above, and:not to that of the St; lawrence Iojand and Siberian Eskinos. -v is the beginning of tHe course. It embraces a great deal of information _toyhes ‘some quite complicated, and mist be supplemented by the instructor Swith ‘supporting exegeise and example niaterialg. Chapter 2, after segtion 2.3, ‘deals with suffitation patterns and this part, should be passed over, and set aside, like parts of Chapter 1, as refergnce material since it would likely be very difficult for students not yet familiar with Yup'ik ‘gfamiar. The main text of the book with vocabulary sections, drills and exercises begins oe i as ‘ with Ghapter 3. - g 7 : 4 oe Chapter 1 can also’be -used-independently as the foundation of a short > ° course in Yupik literacy for speakeys of the Language. For ayer one hundred yéars now writing has been done in Yup'ik. A « vartety of orthographies (writing systems)’ has been used during this Cine. The orthography which is used in this grammar book is that which has gained ‘widespread acceptance among the Yup'ik people as the standard writing system : - for their language. Experience has shown that native Yup'ik speakers quickly ang easily gain literacy using this orthography, and that _nomspeakers who & wish-to learn Yup'ik find this ofthography' to be a great aid in achieving u correct pronungiatich and in grasping the grammatical patterns of the language. Furthermore, by utilizing this orthography, ee ‘student is prepared to read . 5 ° aa ae 5 the increasing. amount of prinfed material available in Yup'ik., The research behind this grammar book was originally ‘begun at the University ,of Alaska by, Michael Krauss, Irene Regd and Martha Teeluk (a Yup'ik speaker from the Yukon Rivef area) in 196171963 (supported by the ° . * National Science-Foundation). Writing of the grammar‘was initially under taken by Osahito Myaoka, rene Reed and Michael Krauss with much inforna~ tion written by Paschal Afcan (a Yup'ik speaker fron the Yukon) in -1969-1970 (evpporced tybehe Inetivte fon Sécial Beqnonte and Gavernnent Reseatch at the University of Alaska, and y the National Endowment for -the’ Human- NG . ‘ : ties)! It was revised and expanded by irene eed in 1970-1971, and Cee “. . - ; “that thig edition be released at thie time. Any comments or suggestions ~ : ae especially by Steven Jacobson tp 1973-1977 (with information fron Sophie . Manutoli afd Anna Jacobson, both Yup'tk speaker's fren the Kuskolwin River ’ area); Many others ene to this book, sncluaing Jetfrey Leer, é Josepl Coolidge, Marie Blanchett, and especially the student: who have * : taken the courses in Yup'Ak Eskimo at the Fairbanks and Bethel, campuses Pa of the University of Alaska during these years. To all ihgee people we wish to express our’ deep gratitude for the enthusiastic support they. have given us in our vor! We also gained a lot by studying previously published works on ye" te’and other Hai: languages. These include writings by Barnum, Hinz avd Hammerich on Yup'ik, and by leinschasat, Schultz-Lorentzen 1 fend Bergelaiid on Greentandie Eskino Preliminary versions of this bodk have been in edreulation since 1971. There are probably still some errors i the present version, and_perhaps . important eis fave been omitted. Certainly much céuld be added in + * the way of” fern exercises and a greater variety of exercise material, conversational material and reading exercises. Also, since a number of people have worked on this book over a number,of years, no one of its . ° an "e ! authors is completely qgtisfied with all of the ways that things are formulated in it. Nevertheless, due to the interest’ expressed in . teaching Yup'ik in Alaskan high schogls and colleges, it is desirable ‘ will be gratefully received., : on: : . Steven Jacobson ean “ene Reed* Alaska Native Language Center - University of Alaska, Fairbanks , 2 vent + + November 1977oe gf se? waey's® ‘ese © (uamversi1 Lia) CAueTayal 3 ; Shon Sons d saada to Greenland) eect This‘ map shows the“area of Alaska where Ys With-each other. Iiupiaq Eskimo is further cognates with-Yup'ik aid its syntax is very ae 4k Eskimo is spaken. The Siberian Yupik language and the Sugpfaq language aré closely related to (Central) Yup'ik but are not mutually intelligible with it nor removed from the other three though it too shares’ many close to that of Yup'ik. a 9Chapter I." - oh Chapter Tr. > . Chapter Chapter Chapter ©.” chapter » Chapter + Chapter Chapter ’ Chapter “Chapter chapter Bg Chepter Chapter . "chapter s Chapter. Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter” HIS. Ww. ve vw. vir. VIIL. , Ix, XI. XII. “xatt: xiv. a. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. xX yor, XXIII. XXIV. xxW, The Pefietiie oh ie tk Eokivle’. ss wee enbling a wptie Weed! Rat eee Absolutiive Noun’ (Singular, Duel, and Plural)... eee ye ee « “Tntransitiye Varbs ahd Absojutive Hons. oe. ee tvs ‘tansitive Verbs . ee ce Possessed. Absolutive Nouns with ‘3rd Person Endings... . . soe ° oy Relative Nouns 2°. ee ee ee eee Possessed Relative Nouns with 3rd Person Endings .-. . . .'. Possessed Absolutive Nouns with Ist, 2nd, and 3rd-Reflexive (GR) Person Endings... vt ee ee ee Possessed Relative Nouns with Ist, 2nd, and 3rd-Reflexive (GR) Person Endings ©. 1 1 ee ee ee Intransitive Indicative Verbs... 2. ee ee Transitive Indicative Verbse. eee ee ee ee Interrogative Verbs’ with 3rd Person Subjects . Interrogative Verbs with Ist and 2nd Person Subjects. , . . 165 * localis and Terminalis Cases Ablative-Modalis Case ss) ee te te ee eee Vialis Case and Aequalis Case... ee ee Numerals... ee J Optative Verbs with Ist and 3rd Persdn Subfectss.... . . Optative Verbs with-2nd Person Subjects... 2.20. oe The Ha}f~Transitive Postbase, and Conpound-Verbal Postbases. Bubordinstive| Mood es eeeee Tn gee wet eee Tee Subordinative for Class IVe Bases)... +. +s +s Denofistrative Pronouns . s+. ee ee ee eee Demonstrative Adverbs. 64. eee be eee “229 103 1s’+ Content's,"/coatinued.” a Ly . ~\ Chapter XXVI, “Personal Pronouns . «1 * “Chapter XXVII. The Cénnective Verb Moods, Part I . we 2840 * Ais * . Chapte®, XXVIII: The Connective Verb Moods, Part‘IT. ws. ..0+ +. 293, + . Vocabulary Words, Chapters 1:28. ,. 035°. noe Postbases and Enqjitics, Chapters 1-28... 1 FIndex 2 ep ee eee ee Dal ; : 7 MEO Goo poncogdonsnoud0DN acto Odo CODEMs © : Yup!ik Eskimo Language Workshop Bibliography... 0 ee 238 RO Other Works Recommended tb Stutents of Yup'tk Grammar wee 8. 330 ES . B . te & a ° BS o6 “¢ . 5 a : - : See 7 . . 5 5 - roe . a“ ‘ . : -’ Chapter 1 see eee : at . : boo S the Pionuadtatton of Yup'tk Eskimo” . ‘Bie Pronudigtion of Yup’ tk Eeine , ws . : ‘ .1.l The writing system for Yup'tk Eskimo has been ddveloped in such a way, that if one kriows thexsounds Of the letters and a-few additional rules, written words can be Pronounced in only one way?. Likewise, -Af gine, accurately hearsa word and ds avare of the sounds composing it, K A “Ae can be correctly writeéA doy in.one cand vsuelty only- one way; How ever, Anu feuscases grammatical, information 1s necessary fn arder to . know how'to write a word Yup! tk a,c, e, g, i,k, 1, mn, Pre Fs 5) 8, ub v, Ws “3 and 7, butymever b, 2, by Js oy ms 2. A Yupik ima ‘nay sound itke 1t* ae . » has one‘ bf these! English-only letters,’ for example "o 7 i_the' sounds"of the Jetters he will see that se "0 nad can be repfesetted : . ae There are a few very minpr exceptions to this. © Also different sdiagect ateas will pronounce the same written word differettly, but within’ sive dialect area, spelling’ determines pronunciation... +" « vo det a aaRather then réprésent the gounds of Yup!ik in a.simple list, ir is wore informative.to,arrangé them on_the chart below. ‘| Consonants 5 5 ¢ «> - we . s YY . ; ao z ‘ » ~ stops * P t c. voiged Loe fricatives v 1 sly voiceless 7 fricatives w ss : i“ : voiced 5 5 nasals . voiceless ‘ “ . . nasals Vowels . . front a high i 0 . » 1 e aoacne low “ as / the same part of the mouth. Letters in the same type of sound. The bridge, "~" 5 2 ane generally omitted by Yup'ik writers, hovevér it will be used in this book £HF the sake of precision. The drawing on the folloving page shows where the mouth is constricted: to produce the various Yup'ik consonants. Letters in the same vertical column Féprefent sounds produced in“ @ ~ ee > @ 4 gs g oS SF SS SF ee Se ‘ ff BF FF we ve a k q & ae A Se sor ow &, ., vy ng . ty ao - te : back ae . a the same horizontal row represent ", ind "GB", 2G" and “Ee ds. c ; Tabials Oniwre— . aplcals (t,1,11.n,c.5, . oop y288,n,i) front velars (k,g,gg.ng,tig) ‘i x back velars (q,r,rr) oa ° eae : 1.3 stoTconsonants or€tops in’ the, first horizontal row on the chart are those sounds which require the passage of air through the mouth to come “to 4 » -dcomplete stop.” ” ois c ~ Yup'ik "p" is sim{lar to English "p" but ‘e unaspirated. Actually, : English "p" can bé unaspirated too, but only ‘in certain Positions within a word. Pronounce the English.word "spin" while holding your hand in front of your mouth. étice that theze 1s no puff of atx following the "p". < This is what is meant by "p" bging unaspirated, and this is the‘usual sound of Yup'ik "p", Now pronounce thé Yuplik word "pin" (your thing) belig \ careful to make the "p" unaspirated. Contrast this to the English word ~ "pin" where "p" 18 aspirated. ° Another Yup'tk example is “ipuun" (ladle). « in the English word "stung," Yup'tk "t" is like the unaspirated te except that ‘at the end of a word it is aspirated. An example is “aatat" ch. 1(fathers) where the first "t" is unaspirated and the final "t" is aspirated. Yup'ik “c" de like an unaspirated English "ct! However, when another ‘consonant (particularly "s") or the vowel follows "c", most speakers pro- nounce such a "c" like the "ts" in "hits". Thus, "calista” (the worker), but “cefa" (shore) ‘and "acsat"” (berries). At Yup'ik "k" is like unaspirated English "k" in "skin", except that at the end ofa word it is aspirated, as in “ukuk" (these two). “A roogh but fielpful way to look at it is ‘the Yup'ik "p" is somewhat, between English "p" and*"5", coe 't"' 48 between English "t" and "4", : Yup'ik 4s" between English "ch" ‘aid "J" ‘and Yup'ik " between. English , ne" and hard "sg". a. . » ‘The letter "q" stands for « Yup'tk sound "that ie not present in English. To" English speaker it sounds similar to Yup'ik "k", only it is pronounced further back in the mouth. The English sbeaking missionaries - who composed” the ‘older writing systems for-Yup'ik Eskimo often did not realize the distinction betwee these two sounds,” and for this reason the +, How older writing systems represent both sounds by a single letter, ever, the distinction fs often crucial’ to the meaning of a word." For example, "kiiq” (heat fp the air) and "qiiq" (gray hair), or “angyaq”. (one boat) and "angyak" (two boats). I£ one pronounces each of these stop consonants, "p; t, c, k, q", in tur, he will notice how the, point where the sound is produced moves. L from the front to the back of the mouth. ‘Two identical stop consonants are never written next to each dther. tn Hooper Bay and Chevak, words that have "ce" eleewhere, have,"ci" and the "cis pronounced 1ike the "ch" in "church" in these words also: $0, for Hooper Bay and Chevak, "cefla” ie “cina". . . ° |F fo : 1.4 The consonants in“the next two'rows are fricatives, which are continuing sounds (in contrast to the stape). Voted fricatives. are those in which the vocal cords vibrate when the sound is made, while in aking a voiceless fficative, the vocal cords donde yibrate, i" «1, Basically, "v"-sounds like it does in Yaglish. Notice how the vocal - 1 cords vibrate when one says “avga" (half Of it), >In many words, if "v" is . between vowels, it is pronounced like the Englisit letter "w" (except in Hooper Bay and a few other areas). Thus, "tuntuvak” (mopse). We are ~~ .accustoned to thinking of "v" and "ti" as very different. sounds in English, . ee but they-are pronounced in the same part of the mouth, so it is not - Surprising that they arg often interchanged in Yup'ik.) (The ¥up'ik v writing system does use the synbol’"w", but not for the’same sound that , - it symbolizes in English.) \ . no 'wv'' de the voiceless counterpart of "v If you keep your vocal = + cords from vibrating white pronounding "v", you get the sound of English © <= » and th4s is exactly the sotnd of "vv" in Yupik: “avvutuk" (they _ .two separate), "kuuviiaq”" (coffee). We do not use "f" in the writing { : “system because it is desirable to show the relation between voiced fricgtives stich.as "v" and their voiceless counterparts such as "vv “by using a single symbol for the voiced sound and the same symbol doubled for the voiceless sound. Looe ; \. The fricative that corresponds to "t" is "1". It gounds like English - ‘except that the tehgue is held flat and higher in the mouth than in English. Examples are "ila" (relative) and "uluaq" (woman's-knife). THY making "1" voiceless by pronouncing dt withogg, allowing your : vocgl es#de to vibrate. The ‘resulting sound ts represented by "11" 8 a sound totally,foreign to English. The sound of "11" Thi + see also the Addendum on page 317. : to . ch. 1 . u .7 Examples are “aLlaneq" (stranger), "ayalleq" (the one who 1éft). f The; voiced fricatiye that cérresponds to the Yup'tk stop "c" is written “s". You*will notice that it Ras the sound usually associated with the Baglish 1gttér "2", though "a", in many-Eyglish words, such as "easy", Us voiced also. ~"y",*prgnounced as in Eiglish, is formed in the same part’ of the-mouth ds s" and certain areas will regularly use "y" ‘ where others use "s"!, and. there arg areas that use "a" vhere others use i : : + Thus, most Yup'ik. speakers say "casit" (what are you doing), but in soe areas people say "cayit". ‘The voiceless counterpart of "s" and "y" ; . \ " which sounds Ike the English "ss" in "essay". Thus, “assiituq” : (it is bad). (For a further discussion about "s" and "y", see page 317.) ~ The voiced fricatives "g" and "r" are the continuing sounds that correspond to'the stops + The voiceless counterparts are "ge" yand "rr", Pronounced in the same position in the mouth as "k" end "q", these sounds are all foreign to, English.? » Some Yup'ik examples are “igaa” * (he swallows it), "iruq" (Jeg), “maaggun" (through here) and “amarru" (cary it on your back). o 4 1.5 The: sound of the letter ‘w" in’ Yup'ik differs from the sound of English \ ‘ "win having more of a "wh" sound as in some English speakers" pronunciation . *noopet Bay - Chevak . . 2phe north mouth of the Yukon River. . . S,abialized forms of the back velars "r" and "re" also occur but rater . fr infreqently. The labjalized back velar voiced fricative "ik" occurs only in words formed with the postbase "-i1yq" (poor, dear one), such as , | “caifelug" (the poor dear thing). The labialized bagk velar voiceless ‘I 5 fricative "Gr" occhrs in one of, several possible Possessed forms of I. anatomical words ending in a vowel followed by "quq". An example with 7 this sound ie "uyaqPrani" (on his neck) which can also be said | * "yyaqurrani", where the labialized voiceless back velar fricative "dr" is Heplaced with a voiceless "u" followed by the non-labialized voiceless hack velar fricative "rr", and this same word can also be said “uyaquani". 1 : 5of "whetstone". Yup'ik "w" is like Yup'ik "gg" but made with the lips “rounded! That is, Yup'tk "w" 4s a voiceless’ labialized, front, ye1# , fricative. Examples are "wiinga" (I, me),,"watua" (just now),’and. ,- “akwaugaq" (yesterday). -"It should not be confused with the sound of "y" in words such as “qavartuq" (he's sleeping).+ . oo The voiced counterpart of Yup'ik "w" occurs only ‘in some Yupik demonstratives where it-is represent by:"Uk" if this book. Thus "sb" 5 ae 5 is like Yup'ik “g" but made with lips rounded; for example, " (the one going away) and "tadbaam" (however, but) .7 1.6 The next row aré the voiced piasals, so called because they are Produced: by the passage of air through the nose, “a and "a" are Like English "n" and "n". "ng" is like the "ng" in-the Eyglish word "singer", and not like the "ng" in "finger" or "ungodly". ‘Thus, in Yup'ik, "ng" is a’single sound. ‘It could have, been represented by a single synbol, but there is not a‘ convenient symbol available on most typewriters and. the pair of symbols "ng" in English often has the same sound as the sound we wish to symbolize in Yyp'ik. An example shoving the voiced nasal sounds in Yup'ik 18 “ainguun" (ointment) A Later on we shall discuss limita on the number of consonants that can occur-in a cluster. "For these discussions "ng" is to be regarded —_— 5 ‘ lin udoper Bay and Chevak the pronunciation of these letters "v" aid "w" is different. In those areas, ''v" is always pronounced like English "v" and never like English jw" excepe in demonstrative adverbs such as "avani" (Chap. 25). The Yyp'ik "w" is "wiinga’ete., is pronoufced Ike an English "w", in Hooper Bay, Chevak, and in‘some: other areas, ‘fen Yup'ik writers dispense with the symbol "o" over "ug" it leads to hderdifferentiation in that it does not show the difference in pronun- clation of "ug" and "We". For example, in "kaugaa" (he reaches intB it), fu and "g" represent the usval sound of "u" followed by "g", while in seta Motce we would write "taiggam"), "ug" represents a single labializéd’ voiced velar fricative. acohsonant, as ate the voiceless fricatives "vv", "11", "ss", "gg", and “er' . s When a word hag the two separate sounds “a” and "g" occurring next i “ to each other in that order, we put an apostrophe between the letters to distinguigh this sequence of two separate sounds from the single nesal, sound "ng". !¢ompare ‘can’ get" (grasa) and "cangacit" (how are you). | 7 The nasals described above are voiced, in that the vocal cords vibrate when they are pronounced. Voiceless/nasals alsoyoccur 4n Yup'ik. This ~ happens automatically when a nasal follows a stop or voiceless fricative. ‘For example, the "ng" is’voiecless in "akngirtuq" (he gets hurt) ‘and in 7 ‘alingiq" (patch on the sole of a boot). If a nasal follows a stop or a voiceless fricative and that nasal is voiced Hespite its position, we indicate this situation by placing an apostrophe between the yoicaless consonant and the’ voiced nasal. For example, in "up'nerkaq" (spring sea— son), the "n" is voiced. If a nasal is voiceless everi though’ it doesn't follow a voiceless consonant, ve indicate the voicelessness of the nasal : by putting a mark over it. Compare "asemfgaitaa" (he won’t break it) vere the "ip" te voiceless; vith “aqummgaieua™ (he vente Bw where “the “ng” da voted: As with the stops, two likeMnasale are never written + ‘together. Hovever, 4t 4a posable to have adjacent nasais’vhich éiéfer oly in that one is voiced and“the other voiceless, an example being “ania! (he says she put it outside) \ “\1.7 There are four vowels in Yup'ik’Eskimo. The letter "a" is pronqunced. * somewhat like the English Ya" in "what" or like "a!" has the former sound, while double "in "father". Single ; "has the latter sound. Thus “akutaq! (Eskimo ice crean). The double "a" is lengthened in pronunciation, a . 19 ay‘“ (mother). 4:8 ied 1tter "i" ds pednothiced sonewhat like the English "i" in "hit" or > ike “the! English "pe" in + Single "i" has the former sound, while double’ cai "hag the latter sopid. “Examples’ are "iqmik" (chewing tobacco), and "iinruq" (pttL, medicine). « . 1,9 “The Lettet Mu" 4s prondunced sonevhat 1ike the Engiisi{"u" in "put" or Mbuke", Singlé."u"has the former sound, while double "u" has the latter sobnd. - Exgnpies are "yuk" (person) and "yuk" (two persons). However, wiven one of tha back velars "q", "x", or "rx" occurs next. tb "u"', it gives ihe’” a sound whitch resenbleg "0" to an English speaker. Compare "ukuk" (these two) with "uquq" (seal oil). This 4s the reason that older writing systems- for Yup'ik used the letter in these positions. 1.10 "a", "i", and “ul are known as prim’ vowels. The other‘ vowel is " a short, indistinct gpund, someuhat 11ke the "e" tn the English we “roses. Yt never occurs doubled, or hhext to another vowel, o at the epd of a word. .At the beginning of a word it is sitent or nearly silent if ~ followed by a consonant and a single prime vovel.! Examples af” "tekeq" (index finger), "épa" (house), and menitug" (he learns). Bs 5 noe 1,11 Prime vowels may occur doubled, and any two different prime vowels May occur next to-each other in a diphthong. However, it is a featute of the Yup'tk sound system that three or more vowels never occur’ in a cluster. Examples of "ia" are "kaviag" (red fox), “piant" (up there), and "caliaq” Gob). Examples of "ai" are atrrag" (string story), “qimugtai" (his dogs), and “angyaituq” (he “doesn't have a*boat). Examples of "iu" a Tig" 48 typically voiceless between voiceless consonants or at the beginning of a word:before a voiceless consonant; for example: "elpetek" (you two), where the entire word may be voiceless (see 1.12 for devoicing of "1"). Also Nu" 1s often voiceless between "q" and voiceless "x", and "k" and voiceless "g",. for example “qurrun" (chamber pot) ,/and “cakugeit" (what‘Mffe you planning to do?)|, single because."q" is a stop. "ealiuq":(he works) and "ciun" ' (ear). “Examples of ait" are “uinga! ‘(her husband) gnd "“iitauq" (He stays). Notice that these two words sould as | if they begin with English "w", but they are Hot spelled with, uM int 5 r. Yup"ik. Compa “wlinga" (I, me) and "Stpga"" (her husband): Examples of "ua" are “ahi (in the area towards the exit or towards the mouth of the river) (compare "wani" (right heré))% and-"nagaruaj" (rabbit}.” Exauples of "au!" are "aurruq" (he's craving) and “auk" {blood); , ee 1,12 It is a feature of the Yup'ik sound system that when ‘anyjof the fricatives "v, 1, 85-g, r" occurs next.to a stop consonant “that fricative is almost always -voiceless.. Another feature is that the voiceléss -frica~ ‘ieee 11, 9s, eg, rr¥ can vecur next to each other. ee Jed to a stiplification of the writing system. Whenever a tingle, / , * fricative is eee next to a stop, the fricative: ds: prongunced voiceless, “ endt ts, as af tt were written double, Thus, in "pugla" (eat) fre "u" Thess twt! facts _As pronounced voiceless 1tke "11", but here voiceless "1" is waggten Likewise, in ec (he“teaves) the "se" ~ [is written single but-pronounced voiceless. those rai cases where a voiced fricative occurs next to a stop, this ig indicated by sepaMmting “ ; ans Pe t'gaq" (foot) and "at 'tutaa'" the two letters with an apagtrophe., ‘Thus in " (he réturns it), the g" and "x" arg voted. Ey When two voiceless fricatives occur together, the first one is written double and the second one is written ‘single. The coibination is pronounced * as if Goth fricatives were written double. ‘co, fayatiroig" (hegleft) 5 7 mt 5 and "negerrluk" (dry fishy. In cases where a voiced fticative is next to “a voicéless fricative (a rare occurrence limited to a small'area of the’ Yukon), this is also indicated with an apostrophe ‘as’ in “ner'Lliniug" (I discover, that he ate). - , 9, 1.13. A single “s" at the baginning of a word is pronounced voiceless. . For “INwugcuuy" (he 18 tall).? If a yord begins with a fricative other * exaimple ,” than "s!", then that ae fs ‘otced, For examples, "yuuzgaa", (hot beverage) , and "luuskaaq"t (open: Astually, the only voiced ‘ricative that begins a & appreciable nunber ‘of native Yup"ik “words ts ny") ‘the sajrity of Yup": ik. . +, words that at en "U'" are Sctually borrowed from Snsetan, (suet “as "luusr, > kang" mentioned above), and bery few Yup'ik words: begit wth voiced, frteatives athién ttian "1" or ty", “Moras ‘that’s “bona as if. they begin with a woleed frica~ tive usually begin with "e" instead. Thus “eitug! (he learns), "epniea" *s\ (window) , aid “erina™ (voice). At thie fend of a word a filcative is propouncea Hooless even though it ts writeeg’ ingle. The most common fricative esgroreens inthis position 4s x" as*in “angyacuar" (1ittle boat), le 1.14 We have pose that when vowels are written double they aré pronounced u lengthened. Consonants are also ries to a Process, of Jengthening called - . gemination, Genination“is a ‘process whereby oné syllabie ends with 4°certain » sound and the next syllable begins with the’ samé sound:” Gemipatidn occurs in seme English words, such as "bookkeéper". In Yup'ik marked gemination is . indigated by placing an apostrophe after thé consonant which is ‘geminated. foe . -Thus "ang'uq" (it 4s big), "mit'ellruuq" (it landed), "taq'uq" (he quite) By (compare "taquq" (braid). Later we shall discuss gemination whfch ts not , G by-an apostrophe. ‘ elt . ate . . 4 "2:15 We have seen examples of long vowels which gre indicated by writing ° ~ ° ee . the voyel double such ‘as "aana" (mother), "iinruq" (pid1), and "uung This is referred to as double vowel length. In addition, vowels may. be pro- Nounced long by vittud of their position within a word, This is known as. \ ~ al Seo : shthmde 1 ength. Ttts this phenomenon that. pives Yup!ik ité characterist¥e daény speakers in the Yukon’ area and along the coast bétween and*incYuding Neléon Island ghd Hoopér Bay - Chevak ‘substitdte "ce" for dnitidl "s", sayiazy— for example, "cugtuuq" instead of "sugtuug". 7 > ? os 2 rot sees er . - oe Lee ch. 2rhythm-as distinct from Inupiaq Eskimo. Rhythmically lengthened vowels, are not tpsicated jn the’ writing system Since one who knows the system can tell, which vowels have this kind of length. : In ordge to understend rhythmic length oné must know how to divide Yup!tk words into syllables. First, divide between pairs of consonants "ge", (recalling that "ng" and the double fricatives "w", "11", "ss vand "rr" Bre considéred single consonants). Then, whenever a configuration of, the form."VCY" oceurs (where °C" stands for consonant and "V" stands ' for vowel), diyide between the first vowel and the consonant. For instance, the word "angyalingaicugnarquy"" (he probably won't make a boat) ds divided: ang/ya/1i/ngai/cug/nar/quq. ey ‘An apostrophé which indicates marked gemination.showld be regarded .as a cénsonant for syllabification purposes. Thue “nit 'eqatareug'NUtt fe about to land). is divided: mit/'e/qa/tar/tuq. Othe® apostrophes.do not * -- Cegune a6 letters for syllabiticstion. thus "can'get™ and "it'gaq” are g divided: can/getand {€/gaq, so~ oa "or "cy". The.rule - eS us for thythuric lengeh 4s°that-a prime vowel in the second of a’ Series of .. ‘A simple open syllable is one of the form : - go simple open syllables has rhythmic length unless it cones at the ed “| ofthe word. For the purpose of ihdicating rhythmic length we shall use a hat "A" over"the lengthened’ vote. However, thi's is not part of the < einai weiting systfa. As an example consider the von "tekitug" (ig arrives) ) We syllabicate it and mark ‘syllables and rhythmic Jength thus: ), y i/tuq. "ki" being, the second ‘Ya series of two' simple open syllables ~ “ev cv cve : : aut . * : - + Taveddthough an “e" which ié the secolid of a series of two simple open . ; syllables will not be lengthened, ve still may mack dt with a hat. Thus : in "nat@cuar" (a small gun) the hatted "e", is mot lengthened. And we shall refer to such an "e" as a hatted “e" even in those cases when we don't © - + ark de but only ‘refer-to Lt WheN iE fe abaut to be suppressed (see. php. 2.8). | . :a 7 “43 fas rhythmic length. In the following two words, although the’ last six - C syllables sound dranatically different, this difference doea-not need to be written because the cules predict it: “plesugatallintIuni" Gepparentty about to hunt), which is analyzed: pi/sa/qa/t@/114/0t/1w/ni, and “mit’eqatallindluni® S ~ ov GV GY cv -cv cy cv cv intt/"e/aA/ea/i12/ai/19/ni.° In the firet example; the finel syllable doesnot cvc.cv cV.cv cy cv of ow as . e "have rhythmic length’ (in accordened with the tile) even though it de the second oM& series of tuo simple open eyllables because it comes at the ehd of the word.’ Coupare the pronunciation oe "eldtug"-(he learns) ana!" eljengauq" (hee learned). tn the Fire, the "4" has Thythmic lengch while in the ‘second it does not because the syllable “lis” is not open. cai 1.16 In addition to gemination which is marked by an apostrophe after the + geninated consonant, there is a typeof automatic gemination which te not” ~ .8 @ '“Wuarked in the Writing systen but vhich 4s predictable from the eakiguias tion of the letters around the consonant which gets geminated.. - Automatic gemination will occur in two situatiotis. . First is that the consonant following a hated "e" is geminated, so- that the second "nm" in “tun€mi" (6n the footprint) and the "{" in i * . + “"Lkamrarpece§i" (in yourpy, sled) are geminated. 4 : Second is \that whenever a consonant is preceded by a sit - . , - Bon=lengthened’ veel and followed by two vowels (alike or unlike), then thet consonant is geminated, An example is “nimapicuar" (1ittle poe tundra), where the "c" is geminated. The words "tekiituq” (he doesn't have ear wax) and "eekitug” (he arrives) have equally long vowels in v their middle ortiasies, though the fikst hed dotbie vowel Lenath and . . the second hae \rhythaic ‘length. ‘The only difference in the Pronunciation an of these two wos is that in the raw the "k" 48 (automatically)’ . ‘gemiadted, white in the second At is’ not geminated.* Sone 7 : exauples,where automatic gemination will ,not Gccle despite a 5 u roe .consonant being\ followed by two vowels are “niituq" ‘fhe’ hears) and “ayallruuq" (he left) where gemination cannot ogcur because a-vowel does POt precede the cbnsonant in question. In “gayacuat" (a'little kayak) and "uteuar™ (a ceag Sambar, gemination is absent because a hatted vowel or two vowels prteate the consonaht in question. However, in we few exceptional cases sites a consonant that would be geminated by the rule is not, geninated, as'in View urkag" (an article of clothing); an apostrophe is put. between the colons to show that they do not geminate the "t". This ie another use of the apostrophe. . 1.17 In addition. to uch features as rhythmic length and automatic gemination, which are not’ dhgteaced tn -the writtfMoyaten because they are predictable, there ts iyo the phenomenon of stress, certain syllablgs of a Yup'tk vord will be strelsed (that. 1s, ‘Pronounced with gteater volume and enphaste than the other syhiables), and ‘thie too 4s predictable ach the help ofthe following three \rules.+ ! Gi were A non-final syllable willl receive strest if (a) it contains a rhytl Hcally lengtheped vowel, or (b) 4f contains two vow f (at ‘unlike), 2 . ra or (c) dt ds a’ closed Syllable and is the first syllable of the word, - or (d) it isa closed syllable and the immediately preceding syljeble . is unstressed and open, ° any ' 2, Every even numbered non-final syllable, counting from_a syllable stressed boule 1, will’ receive stress if it is closed, .Counting - These stvess rules give the stress pattern common in the Kuskolvim, ' smuch of the Yukon and on Nelggn Island. In’ otheg. areas, stressIs slightly r different. 7 For a formulation which presente rhythmic po and automatic» | geitiiation as consequences of stress, refer to the Addendum on page 312. 1’ . 4 wre 2 25 . . :for the Burposés of applying this rule starts again after teaching oe tho Bo 1 the next eylleble thtch is already stressed by Rule 1. : . oe ek svifable Proséding che ‘containing wo -vovel, will receive sttps We'shali here use “the mark!" over’ che vowel ‘of a stressed syllable to ye ed smatk prominetation, thoygh like thé hat ("A")"this'4s not patt of the * Ste writing dysten, since the stress is predictable By the rul « * For example, in "daa /yac/oa/fisuenen/ye lone o09" (he probebly ta” a able to make largypoats), the Bitte ang" sets “stressed by Rule 1g at d ‘ ' } , J the syliable "a" gets stressed” by Rule 1(a), and the syllable “yug" gets . stressed by Rule 1(4) because leon Preceding syllable, "pga as unstressed © Sg + and open. ae ", \. . ; Pa In the word “ér/etq/otig/nargfoud” (te win Draw eat),. the’ “syllable Saeed yee i oo . " 4e- Stressed by ee L(G) and fhe. syllable "sug" 48 stressed Ay Rule 2 > _ Stiice At 4s the second (ind hence “ta even, nunbered syllable) folowing the = stressed eyllable "Mer". On rs other hand, in the word “Ahejesprcgiatase a4 ".18 strésséd dn\\addition to . a (ne will probably éat it), the ayltable "ni "aug" because. "siar" precedes a Byliablé with two vowele (ule 3). In fact,“ 4 4 ot tfie‘sttess on "nar" 4s more noticeable than tha® on “sug”. \ i The process known’ as "ar"-deletion (seb Chap. 2.12) may alter the normal pattern of stress. In these cases an“anostrophe is written betweert_ a Rds vowel and consonant of the affected syllable to indicate that that + syllable should receive stregs even though the rules for strews’given above - do not assign it stYesss.or that it should receive more stress then the rules assign, for example, in "gavares! ough (he keeps ‘on ele eépive) , the rules above assign stress pnly to the syllab ", hutr the apostrophe indicates , that the syllable "tu'r" is also: to be stressed. .5 aoe * .2). to separate a stop and a voiced fricative or nasal as Z "an "te gaq" (éo0t), . a 1 ' a).do anddeateymarked gemination ap an "eaq'uq” “(he quits), | 7) dy to-prevent aigonatic gemination ab in “atu'urkaq” (article of Se" “etothtng), and 5) to indicate: ‘departure from the’usual stress pattern as 7S, an ae (he keeps on seem. . ‘ Sof Mgaitzin’ a a an : * Nag. The next, symbol” “we have to discuss is the hyphen. One use of the hy bhef is 3 set-dtt borrowed English words from the Yup "ik, endings’ . - witch havétkedh tacked o on tp them, as in "ped teai-eugus" (it 4g a pelican). The first part of this "is the English word "pelfgan", and Jt should be, “|S ptbouces aq it is. in English, while the part after the hyphen ie a Yuptik ending and is to be “pronounced according to the rules for : e ~ *; pronouncing Yup'ik., The Etigli8h part may also be underlined. (\, 1 the otek usg of the Ayphen. is to separate the main part of a~ . "yord frou anoth other Yup'ik part or parts at the end called enclitics (see Ghap. ‘2.1).* \ . pg esi is Some énc]itice bégin.with -a voiceless fricative ‘but 8 re written double even if the main part of tiie word ends z4n atop, f “neqet=Liu" fish). . es ge Setop, for extmple, “neget-2iu" (and £ish) x . zi . oe 1 - a