Hernández, Juan E1; Mendoza, Paquita J1; Del Carpio, Fabrizio1

1
Universidad Privada del Norte, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Cajamarca, Perú
Preparación de Artículos para la Revista Politécnica

Evaluation of the physical chemical properties in cohesive soils for

the treatment of the subgrade.

03 calicatas, con un suelo de tipo de material limo-

1
 1. INTRODUCTION
arcilloso y caucho molido de dimensiones (0,400 mm), se
realizaron ensayos requeridos para obtener sus
propiedades físicas y químicas; como resultado para
Resumen: Para los suelos en general, con un California
obtener la capacidad portante del suelo según la
Bearing Ratio de ≥ 6% o menores a este porcentaje
normativa ASTM 188, se obtuvo que la capacidad
necesitan un estabilizador que sirva para mejorar o
incrementó en pequeños porcentajes, obteniendo un CBR
reemplazar un material en un suelo cohesivo. La finalidad
máximo de 2.04% el cual representa un desafíos para la
de la investigación es para determinar la influencia del
elección del uso que se le dará al suelos ya que su uso
caucho en el suelo a nivel de la Subrasante, en porcentajes
estaría restringido a construcciones temporales o cargas
de 1%,3% y 5% respectivamente; esta indagación tiene
ligeras.
un método experimental, las muestras se obtuvieron de

Revista Politécnica- XXXX 202X, Vol. XX, No. X

Palabras clave: Propiedad fiscas, propiedades químicas,
suelos cohesivos, caucho molido
Evaluation of the physical chemical
properties in cohesive soils for the
treatment of the subgrade.
Abstract: For soils in general, with a California Bearing
Ratio of ≥ 6% or less, they need a stabilizer that serves to
improve or replace a material in a cohesive soil. The
purpose of the research is to determine the influence of
rubber on the soil at the Subgrade level, in percentages of
1%,3% and 5% respectively; this inquiry has an
experimental method, the samples were obtained from 03
calicatas, with a soil of silt-clay material type and ground
rubber of dimensions (0.400 mm), tests required to obtain
their physical and chemical properties were performed;
As a result to obtain the bearing capacity of the soil
according to ASTM 188, it was obtained that the capacity
increased in small percentages, obtaining a maximum
CBR of 2. 04%, which represents a challenge for the
choice of the use to be given to the soil, since its use would
be restricted to temporary constructions or light loads.
Keywords: Physical properties, chemical properties,
cohesive soils, ground rubber.
Soil improvement studies have been intensified in order to
achieve soil stabilization, especially due to poor mechanical
properties of the soil.(Ray Harran, Dimitrios Terzis y Lyesse
Laloui 2023). Soils and pavements represent more than 80%
that depend on civil construction, some of the problems that
influence the state of the soil are technically complicated,
since it depends on its physical, chemical and mechanical
composition of the soil. (Meiqi, Sivakumar y Kazunori
2021).
The roads, highways, roads allow transportation, satisfying
the basic needs from a small community to an entire country,
this study developed in the province of Cajamarca; showed
that our communities and rural areas do not have a complete
road infrastructure, because the soil has a high plasticity, it is
clayey, thus providing a low bearing capacity, low soil
resistance due to its own physical-chemical properties of
nature. (Del Castillo y Orobio 2020), considering that very
few studies have been carried out on clay soils, some
research has been done. (Sáez, y otros 2023).
This scenario has encouraged researchers to see the need to
look for additives or alternative materials obtained from
recycled materials; to obtain by-products used in industry that
are going to be discarded. (Aiban 2020) Past research
determined the influence of randomly oriented fibers on the
geotechnical behavior of granular soils, evaluate the use of
materials such as scrap rubber, waste plastic bottle scrap or
polyethylene fiber to increase soil strength. (Aiban 2020).
Revista Politécnica- XXXX 202X, Vol. XX, No. X
In construction practice, the use of fibers is considered one of
the most cost-effective flooring techniques; it provides
strength to the soil and at the same time avoids environmental
contamination. (Silvesttri y Mija 2018) Randomly distributed
fibers acting as a new amendment material have become of
much interest compared to conventional amendment
materials, the mixing of discrete fibers with the soil mass is
simple and quite similar to other mixtures such as cement and
lime. (Bekhiyi y Trouzine 2019).
One of the main advantages of randomly distributed fibers is
the absence of potential planes of weakness that may develop
in parallel to the oriented modification. It has attracted the
attention of researchers worldwide and a series of triaxial
tests, soil strength tests, California load tests and direct shear
tests have been carried out. (E 2013).
The adhesion of small proportions of scrap tire rubber in soil
strength, swelling behavior, increases the rubber fiber
content. This reduction is important for clayey soil with
higher swelling potential; the compression ratios increase
relatively. (Akbulut S 2017)
The research seeks the analysis of laboratory tests with
recycled rubber, this by-product is obtained by shredding
synthetic grass of first use, an additive whose priority is to
provide soils with stability, resistance and improvement to
the physical-chemical properties of the soil, especially for
clay soils, cohesive soils. (Bibhakar y Kumar 2020).
The bearing capacity (CBR) of a cohesive soil increases as
rubber is incorporated. One way to use used tires is to convert
them into smaller pieces using shredders, cryogenic
processing methods or mechanical grinding methods.
(Lombard, Peréz 2016) The mechanical mechanism method
is widely used in engineering operations due to its simplicity
and low cost. (M.Tajabadipour,2020) Scrap tires that are
shredded with a shredder are referred to as shredded tires,
shredded strips or shredded rubber. According to ASTM
D6270, tire chip size is between 50 and 305 mm, tire chip
size is between 12 and 50 mm and rubber particles are
smaller than 12 mm. (KS Al-Jabri,Aw Hago,2021).
Many researchers have studied the behavior of sand-rubber
mixtures. Laboratory results show that the mechanical
response of tire filler (TDA) and sand mixtures is influenced
by the size and shape of the rubber particles. (Ishan
Bhandari,2018).
For the collection of information should be taken into
account:
Soil, for engineering use is undoubtedly the most important
component where the foundations of structures for civil
works are built.(Zinck 2015).
Plasticity, the plasticity index reveals the size of the moisture
range in which the soil has a plastic consistency and allows a
reasonably accurate classification of the soil. (ASTM
D4318,1983)
 Preparación de Artículos para la Revista Politécnica

Bearing capacity is the maximum average contact pressure

between the foundation and the soil such that shear failure or
excessive differential settlement does not occur. Hansen Horizon B
(2020). (second stratum)
Recycled rubber, as rubber is a waste tire, a popular material
obtained from discarded tires in landfills and machine shops,
was used without the resulting separation of textiles or steel
from its composition. Hansen (2020).
Figure 1: Sample strata of calicata sample, where the samples of
the strata can be visualized.

2. METHODOLOGY The number of tests of the cohesive soil with the addition of
recycled rubber of first use at 1%, 3% and 5% were carried
In the area where it will be studied, cohesive soil out as shown in Table 01, identifying the samples according
predominates, so they do not have the necessary to their physical and chemical properties.
characteristics to form a road infrastructure, so they should be
optimized with an additive, in this case recycled rubber, first Table 1: Tests for cohesive soil incorporated recycled rubber
use, thus determining its physical-mechanical properties
through tests to be performed and to know how the soil
improves with the proposed stabilizer, the following Table 1 Number of tests performed
objectives were proposed: To determine the influence of
recycled rubber of first use in 1%, 3% and 5% in the cohesive NUMBER OF TESTS FOR COHESIVE SOIL
soil, to analyze the physical and mechanical properties that QUANTITI
influence the soil when adding recycled rubber of first use in ESSAYS C- C- C-
01 02 03
1%, 3% and 5% respectively and to determine the maximum
percentage of recycled rubber to increase the maximum dry PHISICAL PROPERTIES
density and improvement in compaction. Sieve Analysis 1 1 1
Moisture Content 3 3 3
The present research is of a descriptive-explanatory type,
Liquid Limit 4 4 4
characterized because the subject of study is the soil and the
Plastic Limit 3 3 3
bases of theory are the analysis of recycled rubber of first
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
use. It was carried out at a descriptive level, therefore, the
cause-effect of the dependent and independent variables of Modified Proctor 4 4 4
the research is given, calculating through the investigation of Support Ratio (CBR) 4 4 4
its physical-mechanical properties.(Sáez, y otros 2023).
NUMBER OF TESTS FOR A COHESIVE SOIL WITH THE
ADDITION OF RECYCLED FIRST-USE RUBBER.
The design will be experimental, data collection will be
carried out, looking for the ideal percentage of recycled
rubber of first use to be incorporated into the cohesive soil, Table Nº 1 shows the number of tests carried out, where 4
thus improving the characteristics and physical-chemical CBR samples per test pit were obtained as a result, in order to
properties of the soil mentioned.(Zinck 2015). The present obtain the highest percentage, thus classifying the natural soil
research project has a quantitative explanatory approach, and the soil mixtures, the advantage of this type of
since it will be analyzed in laboratory the improvement of the stabilization with soil rubber depends on saturation factors.
cohesive soil obtained from the soil sample taken from the (Silvesttri y Mija 2018).
first test pit of Huaraclla, second test pit on the road to Jesus
KM 03, third test pit by the Paz Puente los Chilcos. 3. RESULTS

The units chosen from a given population to form the sample
serve as participants or components of the experiment. The
sample will be obtained through the execution of pits
measuring 0.80 x 1.50 m and 2 m deep and the type of
material found is silty-clayey.
This chapter shows the main results of the samples, where the
following results were obtained for Proctor and CBR:
3.1. Moisture content (ASTM D2216).
Moisture content was measured with a value +- of 24 hours
for each test pit, obtaining the following results:

MOISTURE CONTENT
CALICATA 1 59.49%
Horizon A (first CALICATA 2 18.22%
layer) CALICATA 3 22.08%

Revista Politécnica- XXXX 202X, Vol. XX, No. X

 Figure 1: Moisture content
3.2. Analysis granulometric (ASTM D-422).
The granulometric analysis was carried out for the three pits,
obtaining the following graphs.

Figure 4: Modified Proctor compaction curves of the first test pit.

Figure 4 shows the decrease in moisture content as the first-

use recycled rubber is added, the maximum dry density is
lower, consequently, the optimum moisture content decreases
as the rubber is increased, obtaining a maximum dry density
of 1.87 g/cm3 with the addition of 1% rubber; on the other
hand, the optimum moisture content was 16.80 %, for
compaction with the addition of 1% first-use recycled rubber.

Figure 2: Grain-size curve of the samples studied.

3.3. Liquid limit and plastic limit (ASTM D423), The liquid
limit and plastic limit were performed for the three pits,
where the soil classification was obtained by means of the
plasticity index obtained from the logarithmic equation.

Figure 5: Modified Proctor compaction curves of the second test pit.

Figure 5 shows the decrease in humidity as the recycled

Figure 3: Liquid limit and plastic limit of test pits 01, 02 and 03.
3.1. Modified Proctor (ASTM D- 1557)
Proctor samples were taken for each test pit, obtaining as a
result the compaction curves according to all the tests,
including the natural soil for each test pit.
rubber of first use is added, the maximum dry density is
lower, similar to test tube No. 01; in comparison with other
authors, similar results were found in the case of optimum
humidity, since in both cases it decreases to the natural soil
sample. (Sáez, y otros 2023) obtaining a maximum dry
density of 1.73 gr/cm3 with the natural soil sample; on the
other hand, the optimum moisture content was 20.04 %, for
compaction with the natural soil sample; this means that the
small rubber particles added do not rearrange to the soil.

Revista Politécnica- XXXX 202X, Vol. XX, No. X

 Preparación de Artículos para la Revista Politécnica

Figure 6: Modified Proctor compaction curves of the second test pit.

Figure 6 shows the decrease in humidity as the recycled

rubber of first use is added, obtaining a maximum dry density
of 2.15 gr/cm3 with the natural soil sample; on the other
hand, the optimum moisture content was 9.80 %, for
compaction with the natural soil sample, with respect to the Figure 5: Maximum CBR value obtained at 100% of the M.D.S at 0.1¨ for
the standard sample, 1% of rubber, 3% of rubber and 5% of rubber,
comparison with the previous Proctor of test pits Nº 01 and obtaining a CBR of 0.80 %, 1.22 %, 1.44 % and 1.40 %, obtained from test
Nº 02, it can be seen that the rubber as a stabilizing material pit No. 02.
does not adhere to the microstructures of the cohesive soil.

3.2. California Bearing Ratio (ASTM-D 1883). For calicata No. 03:
The test evaluated the effect of compaction, with the
percentage of moisture and maximum dry density in the three
molds for each CBR, obtaining the following maximum
density results at 95¨ and 100¨ % of the MD.

For Calicata No. 01:

Figure 6: Maximum CBR value obtained at 100% of the M.D.S at 0.1¨ for
the standard sample, 1% of rubber, 3% of rubber and 5% of rubber,
obtaining a CBR of 1.16%, 1.44%, 1.78%, 2.04%, obtained from test pit No.
03.

A validation of the data obtained was carried out to compare

Figure 4: Maximum CBR value obtained at 100% of the M.D.S at 0.1¨ for
the CBR corresponding to each test pit, where it was
the PATTERN SAMPLE, 1% RUBBER, 3% RUBBER and 5% RUBBER, obtained:
obtaining a CBR of 0.53%, 0.54%, 0.98 and 1.84 obtained from the test pit
Table 2: Summary of CBR at 100% of the M.D.S for test pit Nº 01
Nº 01.

For calicata No. 02:

According to table Nº 2, it could be observed that the values

of compressive strength, presenting a low cohesion of the soil
with the recycled rubber particles, consequently, the results

Revista Politécnica- XXXX 202X, Vol. XX, No. X

of this research the rubber as an additive, if it increases the
resistance using 5% of rubber for the test pit Nº03, obtaining
a CBR of 2.04% maximum.
COMPARISON OF RESULTS OBTAINED FROM CBR
AT 100% OF THE M.D.S FOR 0.01¨.
Figure 7: Summary of 100% CBR results, shown from left to
right of test pit No. 01, pit No. 02 and pit No. 03; where it
was obtained that the highest percentage of CBR was with
SUBGRADE CATEGORIES CBR
According to (MTC and MDS)
So: Subrasante inadecuada CBR < 3%
S1: Subrasante Pobre De CBR ≥3% A CBR <6%
S2: Subrasante Regular De CBR ≥6% A CBR <10%
S3: Subrasante Buena De CBR ≥10% A CBR <20%
S4: Subrasante Muy Buena De CBR ≥20% A CBR <30%
S5: Subrasante excelente De CBR ≥30%
the addition of 5% recycled rubber of first use in pit No. 03,
obtaining a maximum CBR of 2.04%.
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
To discuss concerning(Del Castillo y Orobio 2020), In his
research, the author mentioned that he obtained results that
lowered the CBR obtaining a CBR with a maximum value of
2.5%, this belonging to the natural soil in comparison with
the addition of 10% rubber, this lowered to 0.48% of CBR,
relating it to our research we achieved the increase of the
CBR in its maximum value of 2.04% with 5% of recycled
rubber of first use, but it is considered a material not suitable
for subgrade, therefore in relation to Casimiro (Del Castillo y
Orobio 2020), and his research presented rubber does not
serve as a soil stabilizer.
On the other hand, according to (Bekhiyi y Trouzine 2019),
determined that lime and rubber in addition percentages of
4% does improve in its subgrade resistance, obtaining a soil
suitable to be workable, and mentions that from the point of
view of the environment, rubber avoids environmental
pollution, since tires would no longer be burned, and it would
be much more economical than lime as a soil stabilizer; With
respect to our research, rubber, since it is not processed,
reduces environmental pollution, but it is true that the
obtaining of this material is scarce and not so profitable
because it is of first use. 78%, therefore it can be said that it
Revista Politécnica- XXXX 202X, Vol. XX, No. X
does increase the bearing capacity but it is not adequate to be
worked.
As he mentions, in his research contribution, he included
high percentages of additive, 20%, 40% and 60% of recycled
rubber respectively; he obtained a maximum CBR of 41.
00%, obtaining that the clayey soils behave in an optimal
way, in comparison with our thesis, the percentages that we
use to improve the rubber, in small proportions can be
observed that they do not improve the soil as expected, but it
is left in doubt that if by adding a greater amount of additive
to the mixture, this will generate an increase in its bearing
capacity, Therefore, it is deduced that the greater the amount
of recycled rubber additive, the greater the soil stress and its
behavior to improve the physical, mechanical and chemical
properties of a soil under study.
Conclusiones:
In conclusion, the influence of the recycled rubber additive
was determined, evaluating that for a natural soil obtaining a
percentage of maximum CBR at 100% of the M.D.S A 0.1¨
of 1.16%, to this natural soil was added 5% of recycled
rubber of first use, thus obtaining a maximum CBR at 100%
of the M. D.S A 0.1¨ of 2.04 %, obtaining as a result that it
does improve in a percentage higher than 15%, leaving in
conclusion of the present investigation that for a subgrade
according to figure Nº 10, it is a S1 soil: Poor subgrade,
therefore, according to the Manual of Roads, it is a S1 soil:
Poor subgrade. (MTC 2014),
rubber does improve the soil, in small proportions, but it does
not meet the requirements for workability, i.e., the result is a
soil that is not suitable for a subgrade.
Figure 8: Categories of the classification of a subgrade according to the
percentage of CBR, obtained from the Transportation and Communications
Manual 2014.
The physical and mechanical properties of rubber were
analyzed, where it was obtained that this low dry density in
the Modified Proctor test, because the properties of rubber,
being a flexible and elastic material, adheres easily at the
time of compaction, on the other hand, generates resistance
when mixed with soil.
The maximum percentage of rubber was determined, to
increase the dry density of a cohesive soil, thus obtaining the
improvement in the 5% of rubber of the test pit Nº 01, a
maximum dry density of 1.80 gr/cm3 and a CBR of 2.04%,
obtaining that, due to its plasticity of rubber when submerged
in water, its improvement of resistance to the soil is low.
It is concluded that the research carried out with respect to
the stated hypothesis, if it improves in CBR the use of
recycled rubber in first use for a cohesive, but when
classifying the soil represents a challenge for the choice of
the use that will be given to it, since its use would be
restricted to temporary constructions or light loads it does not
serve as a subgrade; since the highest percentage obtained of
improvement was 2.04%.
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BIOGRAFÍA Elvis Hernandez, ORCID:

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2016-
286X graduated from the civil
engineering career in the year
Fotografía
Revista Politécnica- XXXX 202X, Vol. XX, No. X
2023-1 at the Universidad Privada
actualizada
del Norte (UPN), also a graduate
del autor
of the armed forces of the
 Paquita Mendoza, ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0321-
3963 graduated from the civil
Fotografía engineering career in the year
actualizada 2023-1 at the Universidad Privada
del autor del Norte (UPN), has collaborated
in research projects has interest in
the areas of Mathematics, Design,
Construction, Analysis capacity
observation Creativity and
innovation of projects.
With ability to handle
technological programs.

Fabrizio del Carpio, ORCID:

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6334-
7867 civil engineer, researcher,
with work experience as a teacher,
thesis advisor, project evaluator
since 2006, working in the public
and private sector, with constant,
skills and language skills such as
English and Portuguese;
knowledgeable in scientific
productions.

Revista Politécnica- XXXX 202X, Vol. XX, No. X