Unie Past simple (I did) Seady this example: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791, He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died. Lived/started/wrote/was/died are all past simple. Very often the past simple ends in -ed {regular verbs): © Iwork ina travel agency now. Before that I worked in a shop. © We invited them to our party but they decided not to come. © The police stopped me on my way home last night, © She passed her examination because she studied very hard. For spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6. But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does stot end in -ed. For example: write + wrote © Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. see saw © We saw Rose in town a few days ago. go 3 went © Iwent co the cinema three times last week. shut = — shut © Tt was cold, so I shut the window. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. In questions and negatives we use did/didn’t + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.): T] enjoyed you | enjoy? T enjoy she | saw did | she | see? she | didn’t | see they | went they | go? they 0 © A: Did you go ont last night? 3: Yes, [ went to the cinema but I didn’t enjoy the film much. © ‘When did Mr Thomas die?” ‘About ten years ago." © They didn’t invite her to the party, so she didn’t go. © ‘Did you have time to write the letter?” ‘No, I didn’t.” Be careful when do is the main verb in the sentence: © What did you do at the weekend? (not ‘what did you at the weekend’) © I didn’t do anything. (not ‘I didn’t anything’) The past of be (anvis/are) is was/were: Vhe/she/it_was/wasn’t was Whe/shefit? welyou/they wereiweren't_| | were we/you/they? Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were: © Twas angry because they were late. © Was the weather good when you were on holiday? © They weren’t able to come because they were so busy. © Did you go our last night or were you too tired? Pest simple and past continuous ~ EEE Pest simple and present perfect > RIDERZSIENUNIT EXERCISES 5 Read what Sharon says about a typical working day: ny 4 SHARON Tusually get up at 7 o'clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work, which takes me about half an hour. I start work at 8.45. [never have leach. 1 finish work at 5 o’clock. I’m always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening. I don’t usually go ous. I yo to bed at about 11 o'clock. I always sleep well. Yesterday was a typical working day for Sharon, Write what she did or didn’t do yesterday. 1 .. She. got up at 7.o'cleck... Pes swine at § o'clock, i a big breakfast, 8 o.oo tited when home. 3 She sot aii - 3 a meal yesterday evening. 4 Tea su. tO get to work. 10 out yesterday evening. 5 at 8.45. 11 oat 11 o'clock. 6 Tanch. 12 well last night. Put one of these verbs in each sentence: buy catch cost drink fall turt sell spend teach throw win wise 1 Mozart ..wrete... more than 600 pieces of music, 2. ‘How did you learn to drive?” “My father ..... dose MO? 3 We couldn't afford to keep our car, so we 4 Twas very thirsty. I. ven the water very quickly. 5 Pau! and T played tennis yesterday, He's much better than me, so he 6 Don a. .. down the stairs this morning and 7 Tim the ball to Sue, who .. 8 Ann en lot of money yesterday. She . £100. his leg. .. a dress which A friend bas just come back from holiday. You ask him about it. Write your questions. 1 (where/go?) .. Where did you.ge?. 6 (how/travel?) ... so 2 (go alone?)....... 7 (the weather / fine?) 3 (food!good:) ..... sone so : 4 (how long / stay there?) 8 (what / do in the evenings?) § (stay ata hotel?) 9 (meet anybody interesting?) Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1 Itwas warm, so I. t90k.. off my coat. {take} 2 The film wasn’t very good. I. didn't.enfoy., it very much. (enjoy) 3 [knew Sarah was very busy, s0 I. seveomsnanaesu er. (disturb) 4 Lwas very tired, sof sonsnseannnn tO Bad early. (G0) 5 The bed was very uncomfortable. I. very well. (sleep) 6 Sue wasn’t hungry, so she : anything, (eat) 7 We went to Kate's house but she cetennnen AB HOME. De) 8 It was a funny situation bur nobody. .. (laugh) 9 The window was open and a bird .... into the room. (fly) 10 The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It . very much, (cost) 11 Twas in a hurry, 0 Tecnu . time to phone you. (have) 12, It was hard work carrying the bags. They ... «very heavy. (be) oktPast continuous (1 was doing) Study this example situation: Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis. ‘They were playing = ‘they were in the middle of playing’. They had not finished playing. Was/were -ing is the past continuous: HE helsheht was | Paving welyowthey were ne working etc. ‘We use the past continuous to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but had not finished: I started doing Iwas doing I finished doing 1 ein past ‘past now @ This time last year I was living in Brazil. © What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night? © I waved to her but she wasn’t looking. ‘Compare the past continuous (1 was doing) and past simple (I did}: Past continuous (in the middle of an action) © Lwas walking home when I met Dave. (= in the middle of walking home) © Ann was watching television when the phone rang. Past simple (complete action) © Iwalked home after the party last night. {all the way, completely) © Ann watched television a lot when she was ill last year. ‘We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else: © Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner. © I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book. © While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back. But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another: © Twas walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat. Compare: © When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. (= We had already started dinner before Karen arrived.) © When Karen arrived, we had dinner (= First Karen arrived and then we had dinner.) ‘There are some verbs (for example, know/wanv/believe) that are not normally used in the continuous (see Unit 444}: © We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not ‘we were knowing’) © Iwas enjoying the party but Chris wanted to go home. (not ‘was wanting’)unr EXERCISES 6 What were you doing at the following times? Write one sentence as in tke examples. The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example). 1 (at 8 o'clock yesterday evening) ...| wag.having. dinner. with seme friende..... 2 (at 5 o’clock last Saturday} ...Lwas.on.a.train.on. my. way te. London. 3 (at 10.15 yesterday soem) 4 (at 4.30 chis morning) ... 5 (at 7.45 yesterday evening} « 6 (half an hour ago) . Use your own ideas to connplete these senterwes, Use the past continuous, 1 Tom burnt his hand when he....wae.ceoking the dinner, .. 2 The doorbell rang while I . 3 We saw an accident while we 4 Mary fell asleep while she... 5. The television was on but nobody Put the verbs into the correct form, past contimeous or past simple. a if f 1...28W... (see) Sue in town I (meet) Tom TL anesnnnsnuennees (Cycle) home yesterday bur she and Ann at the airport a few yesterday when suddenly a .» (not/see) me. weeks ago. They man (step) out She (look) (go) to Berlin and 1 into the road in front of me. 1 the other way. (go) to Madrid. (go) quite fast We vernon (have) abut luckily I... bat while We vaccine (MNAnAgE) £0 stop in time and (wait) for our flights. {not/hit) him. Put tbe verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past sintple. 1 Jane... malting... (wait) for me when I ...arrived.. (arrive). 2 What ss (you/do) this time yesterday?” ‘I was asleep.” 3° “Yyou/go) out last night?” ‘No, T was too tired.” 4 ‘Was Carol at the party last night?” ‘Yes, she... secs (wear) a really nice dress.” 5 How fast... _. {yonidrive} when the accident (happen)? 6 John... {take} a photograph of me while L ‘{not/look}. 7 We were ina very difficule position. We .. : (novknow} what to do. 8 Thaven’t seen Alan for ages. When 1 last. seen owe (See) bim, he {try} to find a job in London. 91. walk) along the street when suddenly I. {hear} footsteps behind me. Somebody... .» (follow) me. and 1. 10 When I was young, | was frightened (start) to.run. (want) to be a bus driver.Past perfect (I had done) Study this example situation: At 10.30 © Half an Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party el too but they didn't see each other. Paul went home at (ate) 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o’clock. So: es When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn’t there. gl He had gone home. Had gone is the past perfect (simple) Uwothey/yon | 4,44 | (=Pdete.) | Bone ‘ seen shpatt he/shefit (= he'd etc.) finished ete. ‘The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/scen/finished etc.). For a list of in‘egular verbs, see Appendix 1. Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past: © Sarah arrived at the party. This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect (had...}: © When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. Some more examples: © When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat. © Karen didn’t want to come to the cinerna with us because she had already seen the film. © At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but I soon realised that P’d made a serious mistake. © The man sitting next co me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before. / He had never flown before. Had done (past perfect) is the past of have done (present perfect). Compare: present perfect past perfect have done > had done > | past 7000 past TOW © Who is that woman? I've never seen her | ® [didn’t know who she was. I'd never seen before, her before. (= before that time) © We aren’t hungry. We've just had lunch.) ® We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch. © The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned | ® The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks. it for weeks. Compare the past perfect (I had done} and past simple (I did): © ‘Was Tom at the party when you arrived?” ‘No, he had already gone home.’ but “Was'Tom there when you arrived?” ‘Yes, but he went home soon afterwards.” © Ann wasn’t at home when I phoned. She was in London. but Ann had just got home when I phoned. She had been in London. Past portact continuous -+unr EXERCISES 15 Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets 1 You went to Jill's house but she wasn’t there. (she / go / out) ... She. had.gene. ah... 2 You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same as before. tit change /a lot) 3 invited Rachel to the party but she couldn't come. ishe / arrange / to do something else) x... 4 You went to the cinema last night, You arrived at the cinema late. ithe film / already / begin) - 5 Iwas very pleased to see Tim again after such a long time. {/ not / see / him for five years)... . 6 Toffered Sue something to eat but she wasn’t hungry. {she / just / have / breakfast) _ Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Use the verb given in brackets. “1 The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight. (fly! ...He had never flown before, on He hadn't flown before. 2. Awoman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me, {see} I before. 3 Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very good at it because it was his first game. (play) He .. 4 Last year we went to Denmark, Ie was our first time there. (be) We Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they happened — so (1) happened before (2), (2) before (3) etc. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect. 1 (1) Somebody broke into the office We arrived at work in the morning and during the night. found that somebody ...had breken... into 2) We arrived at work in the morning. the office during the night. So we .. 13} We called the police. () Ann went out. Te tice ‘Ann this morning but. 2) Lttied to phone her this morning. no answer, She There was no answer. out. 3 ty Jim came back from holiday a few T met Jim a few days ago. He wesw snnnvn just days ago. @ Lmet_him the same day. He sno (He looked very well. «Kevin wrote to Sally many times. Yesterday Kevin . i She never replied to his letters. He very surprised. He (3) Yesterday he hada phone call from her. many times but she (He was very surprised. Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (Ihad done etc.) or past simple (I did etc.}. 1 ‘Was Tom at the party when you arrived?’ ‘No, he ...had.gone.... igo) home.” 2 Lfelt very tired when I got home, so 1.... . (go) straight to bed. 3 The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody _ (go) to bed. 4 Sorry I’m late, The car... "__. (break) down on my way here. 5 We were driving along the road when we soununs (86) A car Which, .. ibseak) down, so we . {stop) to see if we could help.UNIT 18 Used to (do) Study this example situation: A few years ago Dennis stopped smoking two years ago. He doesn’t smoke any moze. But he used to smoke. He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day. “He used to smoke’ = he smoked regularly for some time in the past, but he doesn’t smoke now. He was a smoker, bot now he ism’ JK he used to smoke > past Dyears ago no ‘Something used to happen’ = something happened regulazly in the past but no longer happens: © Lused to play tennis a lot but I don’t play very often now. @ Diane used to travel a lot. These days she doesn’t go away so often. © ‘Do you go to the cinema very often?” ‘Not now, but [ used to.” (= I used to go...) We also use used to... for something that was true but is not true any more: @ This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema. © Tused to think he was unfriendly but now I realise he’s a very nice person. @ Vve started drinking coffee recently. I never used to like it before. @ Janet used to have very long hair when she was a child. “Insed to do something’ is past. There is no present form. You canmot say ‘I use to do’. To talke abont the present, use the present simple (I do}. Compare: past heusedtosmoke — wensedtolive there used to be present he smokes we live there is © We used to live in a small village but now we live in London. @ There used to be four ciaemas in the town. Now there is only one, The normal question form is did (you) use to...?: @ Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? The negative form is didn’t use to... . {used not to... is also possible) @ I didn’t use to like him. (or Tused not to like him.} Compare T used to do and I was doing (see Unit 6): © 1 used to watch TV a lot. [= Iwatched TV regularly in the past, but I no longer do this} © I was watching TV when the phone rang, (= I was in the middle of watching TV) Do not confuse I used to do and |_am used to doing (see Unit 60}. The structures and meanings are different: @ I used to live alone. (= [lived alone in the past but Ino longer live alone} © 1 am used to living alone. (= I live alone and I don’t find it strange or new because Pve been living alone for some time) Would (= used to) > [GET Beiget used to (doing) something > ETTEEuNIT 18 » EXERCISES Complete these sentences with use{d) to... + a suitable verb. 1 Dennis gave up smoking two years ago. He ...used.te.emoke... 40 cigarettes a day. 2 Liz a mororbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car. 3 We came to live in Manchester a few years ago. We... caeseeaaall Nottingham. 4 Trarely eat ice cream now but I. soon it when Twas a child. 5 Jim... my best friend bue we aren't friends any longer. 6 Itonly takes me about 40 minutes to get to work since the new road was opened. It : more than an hour. 2 There. a hotel opposite the station but it closed a long time ago 8 When you lived in London, . to the theatre very often? Brian changed bis lifestyle. He stopped doing some things and started doing other things: studying hard smoking He stopped | going to bed early He started | going out in the evening running three miles every morning spending a lot of money Write sentences about Brian with used to and didn’t use to. 1 ..He.used to. study hard... 4 2 He didn’t use to. smoke... \ 5 } Compare what Carol said five years ago and what she says today: FIVE YEARS AGO Tmahorel | | TODAY ‘My dog died two years ago. receptionist. Travel a lot. (i eat lots of cheese now. Tread a newspaper NM Ive oo los of N\ (every day now, Iplay the piano, friends, | | 1 work very hard these days. ely ¢ a) in) Thaven': been to N Dy Pm very lazy. i ‘af}— Lnever read | | I don’t know many know a party for ages. : newspapers. | | people these days. ~~ Idon’t like 7) |S ‘ne tare *t played cheese. ~~ Idoa't drink tea. | | I work in a bookshop wm IN the piano for years. ve got a dog. Tgotoalot | | Tdon’t go away much Tea’s great! of parties. | | these days, Thike itnow. Now write sentences about how Carol has changed. Use used to / didn't use to / never used to in the first part of your sentence. 1... Ghe.used to travel a lot. but ...she doesn’t. go. away.much these. days... 2 She used ... but bur bat but .. but but 37