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    11 views16 pages

    Lec Chuong2 DSTT

    Uploaded by

    conheodo312

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    SZ TRUONG DAI HOC CONG NGHE THONG TIN 2. He phuong trinh tuyen tinh 2.1 Khai nigm vé he phutong trinh tuyén tinh, 32 He phuting trinh Cramer WOADADBAT Phuong phép khit Gauss ‘He phung trinh tuyén tinh thudn nhit Bai tap 2.1 Khdi niém vé hé phuong trinh tuyén tinh Ching ta di ttmg gap nhiing phuong trinh 66 dang ax+by=e trong d6 a,b,c li cée hing s6, Day 1A phutong trinh tuyén tinh hai bién s6 x va y. Tong ‘tu, phuong trinh e6 dang ax+bytezad trong 46 a,b,c,d la cc bing s6, duge goi lA phutong trinh tuyén tinh ba bién s6 x,y va z, Tong quat hon, mot phiong trinh tuyén tinh bién sé duge dinh nghia nhw sau: Dinh nghia 2.1.1 (Phuong trink tuyén tinh) Mot phwong trinh tuyén tinh n bién 86 4,X2).--%q 1A mot phutong trinh c6 dang Xp + AgX2 HF MAX, trong d6 ay,42,...,dy,b la céc 86 thie. Chai % Trong cée phuong trinh tuyén tinh khong chifa tfch hay cin cita cée bién 86 va khong 6 bién s6 nao lién quan dén céc ham s6 Inong gidc, ham s6 mii hay ham Jogarit. Cac bién s6 cé trong phuong trinh chi cé lay thita 1. Vidu 2.1.2 Céc phuong trinh sau 1A phvong trinh tuyén tinh: (i) 2xy + 3x2 + 4x3 = 5. (ii) V2xy + sin(E)xp + x3 = 0. (iii) xy —log§. x3 = 174. Cée phuong trinh sau khong 1A phuong trinh tuyén tinh: (i) 2x7 +3x=5. 32 Chuang 2. He phwong trinh tuyén tinh 33 (il) VF +2 +5 =0. 2 =r (ii) F-m=m (iv) x1 + c08x2 + sinx3 = Dinh nghia 2.1.3 (Hé phuong trinh tuyén tinh) Mot hé phuong trinh tuyén tinh m phitong trinh 1 bién s6 1a mot tap hop gom m_ phuong trinh tuyén tink n bién 6 duge cho nhut sau yxy + aygXy HoH ayn = by Ag Xy +.39X2 FF May Xy = 2 ea) Am X1 + Am2X2 +++ + Aun Xn, Cae 86 aj; dutge goi Ia he 86 cia x;; b; diac goi IA cae he s6 tar do. Vidu 214 Hé 3 phuong trinh d bién sé xy + xp x3 ty = 2 2x + 3x2 +3 — 34, Sx, + 8X2 + 2x5 + 2xq = 3, Dinh nghia 2.1.5 (Nghiém) Nghiém ctia he (2.1) 18 bO n 86 (cy, €2,.--+€) Sa0 cho khi thay 1 = ¢1,x2 = ¢2,.-.,%y = Cy thi hai vé cia hé phuong tinh 2.1 tré thimh, cée ding thite. Viée tim tat ca cfc nghiém cua mét hé phuong trinh tuyén tinh due goi 1d gidi hé phuong trinh tuyén tinh 46. Vidu 21.6 Xét hé phwtong trink my + - xy 2 xy - 3x; = -1 x 3 Tit phuong trinh cudi, ta c6 x3 = 3. Sau khi thé vao phuong trink thit hai, suy ra x2—3.(3) = —1 va do d6 x2 = 8. Cu6i cling, tit phuong trinh thnt nhat, ta duse x) +8-3=2 hay x =—3. Vay nghiém cita hé phuong trinh Ia {(-3,8,3)} Dinh nghia 21.7 (He phuong trink tuong dong) Hai hé phwong trinh tuyén tinh c6 cing 86 bién due goi IA tuong dutong néu ching 6 cée nghiém giéng nhau. trinm@uit.eduvn 34 2.1. Khéi niém vé hé phuong trink tuyén tinh, Vidu 2.1.8 Hé phuong trinh tuyén tinh My + = xy = 2x, + 3x2 - Sx; + Sx. - c6 duy nhat mét nghiém (-3, 8,3). Do dé, hai he phuong trinh tuyén tinh my +m - xy = 2 m +m - x = x - 3%3 = va {2x, + 3x2 - x3 = 3 x = Sx + Sx. - 4x; = 13 twang duong nhau Dé dun gidn héa vige gidi cde he phuong trinh tuyén tinh, ta sé ding mot cong cu méi dé 1A ma tran. Khi gidi mot hé phiong trinh tuyén tinh, ta chi bién déi ede hé s6 cia cae bién va eée hing sé 6 phia bén tay phai dé tim ra nghiém. Bing cach sit dung ma tran, ching ta 6 thé ghi lai qué trinh bién déi cae hé 56 va cdc hing s6. Vi du, 86 vac hAng sé cita he phwong trink tuyén tinh x; + x - 2x, = 6 2x; + 3x, — 7x; = 16 5x, + 2x, + x3 = 16 3m - mm + 8x = 0 cé thé biéu dién dudi dang ma tran nhu sau A 1 1-2/6 2 -7| 16 5 1/16 3-1 0 Ma tran nay dude goi 1A ma tran bé sung ctia hé phuong trinh tu mot hé phuong trinh sung ma bé di cot cudi ci sn tinh. Chi ¢ ring én tinh m xn c6 ma tran bé sung 1A mx (n+1). Ma tran bo 1 1-2 2 3-7 5 2 1 3-1 8 duge goi 18 ma tran he s6. Cha ¢ ring ta thay 0 vao vi trf cée hé s6 khong e6 mat trong hé phuong trinh, Chuang 2. He phwong trinh tuyén tinh 35 Dinh nghia 21.9 Cho hé phutong tinh tuyén tinh gom m phuong trink n bién amt aang tt dinky = BL Ay, Xy $Ag7%7 He Ary Xy = Ob; 21%) + 29% a 2 (22) yg X1 + yng Xp + Many = Din a1 412 an a 2, 422. an . an ha ef cia ha Ma tran A= dude goi 1A ma tran hé s6 cit he phuong Gm Amr ann trinh (2.2) va ma tran ay 12 + May | By 91 422 82m duge goi Ia ma tran bé sung (ma tran mé réng) Amy Amr 2+ Amon | Bm x 2 fn sf Ma tran cot X =|"7] duge goi la ma tran bién s6, Xn, by by 6 Ma tran cot B=| 7 | duge goi Ja ma tran he s6 ty do, Dm. cée ki higu bén trén, hé phutng trinh tuyén tinh (2.2) duge viét lai dudi dang. phuong tinh ma tran alu sau AX=B VA ta goi day IA dang ma tran tia hé 2.1 Vidu 2.1.10 He phuong trinh tuyén tinh x + x2 - 2x, = 6 2x; + 3x, — 7x; = 16 5x; + 2x, + x3 = 16 c6 ma tran bé sung trinm@uit.eduvn 36 2.2. He phwong trinh Cramer 2.2 H6é phuong trinh Cramer He phuong trinh Cramer duge dat theo tén cita nha tosn hoc Gabriel Cramer (1704 1752). Dink nghia 2.2.1 (He phuong trinh Cramer) H@ phuong trinh Cramer JA he phuong trinh tuyén tinh AX =B trong dé A la ma tran vudng va det(A) #0. Dinh ly 2.2.2 (Quy t&e Cramer) Hé phuong trinh Cramer luén c6 duy nhat mot nghidm xéc dinh béi lAil lA] trong dé A, 18 ma tran thu dude tit ma tran A bing céch thay cot thit i bing cot B. j= Chimg minh, Dat J; 1A ma tin nh§n duge tit J bing céch thay edt thit i béi cbt X. Khi d6 he phuong trinh twang dong véi phuiong trinh ma tran Al, = Aj va det(Al,) = det(A,) det(A,) Vi det(Aa) # 0 non det(t) = Foray Ta tinh dink thite ita ma tran 1) bing efch Khai trién theo cét thtt i, ta dug det(4;) det(lt) = #5 = Fata) va ta c6 diéu phai ching minh. o Vidu 2.23 Giai hé phuong trinh Cramer sau my + 4 - 4% = 2 2x, + 3x. + x Sx, + Bx, + 2x5 3 Giai, Ta cb ma tran bé sung cita hé phuong trinh nu sau va céc dinh thite [Al wong 2. Hé phyong trinh tuyén tinh 37 12 lal=|2 - -14, |A3|= 5 3 Khi dé. Vall Vaal 1 x= =H 9X2 = =7,x: trl Al Vay nghiém cia hé phuong trinh Ia {(-9,7,—4)}. o Vidu 22.4 Tim diéu kien cia m dé he phuong trinh sau la mot he Cramer. Sau dé, hay tim nghi¢m mx+y+2=1 xtmy+z=1 xtytmz=1 m1 det(A)=|1 m =m) -3m+2=(m—1)?(m+2). 11 1 1 nm He phutong trinh da cho 1a hé Cramer khi det(A) #0 hay (m-1)?(m+2) #0 m= 1,m#-2. Khi d6 11 jm 1 1 Im 1 1 [Ay]=|Lom 1) =(m-1)?; |Ag]=]1 1 1)=(m=1)?; |Ag|=[1 0m 1] = (m1). 1 1 m| 1 1 m| 11d “ Valo Wael tas 1 2 3 *1= TAL ~ m4’ *2 = Tal ~ ma’ 3 Al ~ me 114 Vay nghiém cia hé phuong trink Ja {( m+2' m+2' m+2 2.3. Phuong phdp khtr Gauss Dinh ly dudi day cho ta cde phép bién déi mot hé phuong trink, phuong trinh tuyén tinh tuong duong véi n6. :yén tinh think mot trinm@uit.edu.vn 38 2.3. Phuong phap khit Gauss Dinh ly 2.3.1 Cac phép bién déi sau day cho ta cdc hé phutong trinh tuyén tinh tuong duong: (@) Déi ché hai phuong trinh cho nhau, cée phutong trinh khée giit nguyen. (ii) Nhan mot s6 khée 0 vA mot phuong trinh, cée phuong trink edn lai gitt nguyén. (ii) Cong vao mot phuong trinh mét phwong trinh khéc da nhan véi mot 86, cée phutong trinh edn lai git nguyen Ta cha ¥ rang cdc phép bién déi tuong duong trén hé phuong trinh tuong ting véi cée phép bién déi so cAp trén hang cla ma tran bé sung. Hon nita, phép bién déi tuong duong trén hé phuong trinh chi lién quan dén bién déi cdc hé sé. Dé gidi mot hé phuong trinh tuyén tinh, ta ding cde phép bién di so cép trén hang dé dua ma tran bd sung vé dang bac thang. Phuong phap nay duige goi ld phwong php khit Gauss. Dinh nghia 23.2 + S6 dau tign khac 0 cia mot hang (tinh tit trai sang) duge goi Ia phan tit co sé cia hang dé + Ma tran bac thang thu gon IA ma tran bac thang ma cée phan tit ed sé cita hang bing 1. Vidu 2.3.3 Céc ma tran sau lA ma trin bic thang thu gon Dinh ly 2.34 Cho hé phuong trinh tuyén tink gm m phuong trink va n bién 86. Gia sit A li ma tran hé s6 va A 1A ma tran bé sung. Khi d6 (i) Néu r(A) < r(A) thi he phuong trink da cho vo nghiém (ii) Néu r(A) = r(A) = n thi he phuong tinh tinh da cho ¢6 duy nhét mot nghiém. (iii) Néu r(A) = r(A) = k hg—4h, [0 0 0 O]m—7 12-14 2 hawt Jo 1-1 3] 1 0 5 -3 7|m-2 00 0 0|m-7 4 2 z q 1 Baty O|m-7 + Néu m#7 thi (A) =3<4=1(A). Khi dé he phuong trinh vo nghiem. + Néu m=7 thi r(A) = r(A) = 3. Khi d6 hé phuong trinh c6 vo s6 nghiém va phy thuéc 1 tham s6. Dat xq =, khi do 7 7 5 y= pany = May — 5x4 = Lia, = 2-2xp +45 — deg = Fa Vay nghiém cia hé phuong trink 1a ((-2a, 1, Fa,a) |aeR). 2.4 Hé phuong trinh tuyén tinh thudn nhét Dink nghia 2.4.1 He phuong tinh tuyén tinh n bién s6 duge goi la tuyén tinh thudin nhit néu né ¢6 dang 441%, +412%2 +--+ AIX = 0 431%, +432%p 4-4 Aan%y = 0 2X1 + a22%2 z (23) Aap 1 + D+F Aan Xp tong 2. Hé phwong trinh tuyén tinh 45 Vidu 2.4.2 xy + 2x2 + 3x3 = 0 x + 3x + 5x = 0 0,0,...,0) ludn JA nghigm ciia he phuong tinh (2.3) vA nghiem nay duge goi JA nghiém tam thudng, y ring mot he phuong trinh tuyén tinh thufin nhdt hode ¢6 nghiom tim thuting hode c6 vo s6 nghiém. Néu ta tim dude mot nghiém khong tim thudng cita he phuong trinh tuyén tinh thudn nhdt thi hé phutong trinh nay 6 va s6 nghiem. Nhan xét 243 1. r(A)=r(A) 2. Néu r(A) =n thi he phitong trinh c6 duy nhét mot nghiém (nghiem tim thudng) 3. Néu r(A) =k

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