7 PRESSURE VESSELS pxTRODUCTION i HRPSSU 2 EXLINDRICAL VESSEL THIN SPHERICAL VESSEL WIRE WOUND CYL RIVETED CYLIND sHICK PRESSURE VESSEL, ‘THICK CYLINDERS THICK SPHERICAL SHELLS COMPOUND CYLINDERS IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS 7.1 INTRODUCTION Closed containers known as pressure vessels are used to store liquids, gases and compressed air etc. Typical examples of pressure vessels are steam engine cylinder, water tank, compressed air storage tanks and steam boilers etc, which store fluid or gas at high pressure or high pressure and temperature condition. The shapes of pressure vessels generally used are cylinder and sphere, which are classified into two groups based on-the ratio of wall radius R to wall thickness ¢. Thin walled pressure vessel is generally defined:as ‘one with wall radius to thickness greater than ten and thick walled pressure vessels is one with ratio of radius to thickness being less than or equal to ten. a) b) Non-uniform stress c)_Uniform stress distribution in thick wall distribution in thin walt Fig. 7.1 Thick walled cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels carrying internal pressure P are Lubjected to tensile stress in the sections of wall around the circumference. The stress on _ {given section is maximum at the inner wall and which reduces gradually to a smaller value at the outer surface with non-linear distribution as shown in fig. 7.1 b. But the variation when ils thickness is small. Therefore thin walled pressure vessels can be considered as | Subjected to uniform stress. | 12 THIN PRESSURE VESSELS. Thin walled pressure vessel such as cylinders and sphere are generally used as storage Py and pipes and are used in the field of high pressure and high temperature applications “jail &8 boilers and heat exchanges etc. As discussed in section 7.1, these Pressure vessels ste values of wall radius to thickness ratlo and are subjected to uniform normal Pate4 Stress on the planes of walls normal to the surface of the vessel, The stress anatysls of 312 PRESSURE VesseLs these vessels je simplified by coneidering the following details Loading is assumed to be uniform by neglecting the self welght of the vessel and the weight of contents stored. 1 Prescure vessel is subjected to internal gage pressure P which is the pressure above the atmosphere pressure 1 Degradation of wall due to corrosion and chemical reaction of contents is. nay considered 1 Wind toads and loads caused by the method of supporting the vessel are not considered 7.2.1 THIN CYLINDRICAL VESSEL. According to Pascal's law pressure in a confined liquid is transmitted equally in all the directions. Two symmetrical planes; longitudinal and transverse planes of a cylinder are to be consideted to study the stresses induced in the wall due to the bursting force, Bursting force acting normal to the longitudinal plane induces normal stress on the longitudinal sections of wall as shown in fig. 7.2.1a. This stress_acting tangentially with respect to the circumference of the cylinder is known as Circumferential stress or haop sites. Where as the bursting force acting longitudinally Induces normal stress known as longitudinal Stress on the Transverse _ section w Je_as shown in fig. 7.2.1b. When the vesset is subjected to internal pressure, both circumferential and longitudinal stresses are tensile in nature. FB, (xb)o, (xl) % Se. 6 © a) Circumferential stress 0, b) Longitudinal stress on on longitudinal plane transverse plane Fig. 7.2.1 Consider a thin cylindrical pressure vessel of inner diameter D wall thickness and length L subjected to internal pressure P. Considering the equilibrium of forces in the longitudinal plane we have Bursting force F, PXLXD=0, x2th PD Aucurnterental suess 0. =— a) 20 Now considering the equilibrium of system of forces acting on a transverse section We 8° Resistance exerted by longitudinal section of the wallsPRESSURE VESSELS 313 I ursting force F, normal to = Resistance force exerted by the t the transverse section transverse section of the cylinder wall due to longitudinal stress ¢,, | a EB pasa =aDIxo, i PD | Arongitudinal stress 0, =—— 4t (7.2) .qn.(7.1) and eqn.(7.2) it can be seen that longitudinal stress is half the 1 stress. A small element shown on the surface of the pressure vessel is ig 7.1a, The | frome | geumferenttal .d to circumferential stress 0, and longitudinal stress 0, as shown in fi | betes siiect subjected to maximum shear stress on a plane which is at an angle of 45° with Tongitudinal axis. ‘OL Mé&imum shear stress 2 (HANGES IN DIMENSIONS Based on Hook’s law we can find the circumferential and longitudinal strains induced. ameter, length and hence volume will Increase when the cylindrical pressure vessel is | abjelected to Internal pressure P. Circumferential strain o, 0, PD PD E mE 2E 4tmE (7.3) Change in diameter 8d = €,.d Longitudinal strain gy 2b. PD PD E mE 4tE 2tmE (1.4)314 PRESSURE VESSELS Volume of the cylinder V == D°L 4 8V=2p? 81 += 2D.8DL 4 4 tk Dividing throughout by V=D*L, we get 4 Vv LVR OLIN Oe, voL »D av Volumetric strain Syme tec (75) Change in volume dV=(2e¢ +¢,)V Substituting the values of ¢, and e, we get av-( PD 2PD PD. PD yy =22(4 22 )y 4tEL mom av=20(s-4)y (7.6) 4tE m 7.2.2. THIN SPHERICAL VESSEL . Consider a spherical vessel of inner diameter D and wall thickness ¢ subjected to an internal pressure P. Any diametrically circular section is of the vessel is subjected to circumferential stress of constant magnitude o, due to the geometrical symmetry of the vessel in any two mutually perpendicular planes. . Fig. 7.2.2PRESSURE VESSELS = 315 ‘tthe equilibrium condition of the following equation. Force due to press the wall Pherical vessel along its circular section yields the ure on the circular section = Resistance exerted by £p*p =ndto, | 4 cifcumferential stress 7.7 \ An element on the surface of the spherical vessel is subjected to circumferential stress ¢g, along its two mutually perpendicular directions as shown in fig 7.2.2a. laximum shear stress 21-0, _6,-0, | = Se=e | \, 2 2 | Circumferential strain See = PL, *) \ E mE 4tE GAD m Change in diameter 6D = €,.D | Volume of sphere V=4nR? 3 avetnaR?or 3 Dividing by volume V =nR° throughout the equation, we get 3 1 (7.10) ie The capacity of a cylindrical pressure vessel to carry internal pressure is limited by the of its material which should not be exceeded by the circumferential stress induced. |" 'S Wound round the cylindrical pressure vessels 10 increase their capacity to carry316 ‘SURE VESSELS. internal pressure. When the wire is wound round the cylinder, such that is subjected to initial tensile stress ,,,. the cylinders’s walls are subjected to initial circumferentig compressive stress ¢,,.. Application of internal pressure leads to the Introduction of in the cylinder walls. A fraction of this tensile stre: circumferential tensile stress c,,, sc. Thus the cylinder is subjecteq neutralized by the initial compressive stress G.,, in the wire of cy to hoop stress of small magnitude which leads to the increased capa cay the internal pressure. Let D = diameter of cylinder L = length of cylinder der to t= thickness of cylinder wall d = diameter of wire number of turns of wire on the cylinder ©c, = Initial compressive stress in the cylinder wall. itial tensile stress in the wire = Tensile stress in the wire due to internal pressure = Circumferential tensile stress in the cylinder due to internal pressure. I/m_ = Poisson's ratio for the material of cylinder E,, Ep = Young's moduli of cylinder and wire respectively t PELE ITLL bo + ee a (a) (b) Fig 7.2.3 Free body diagram of the cylinder along with the wire wound around it is shown in fig- 7.2.4a. The equilibrium condition to be satisfied when the cylinder is not subjected to internal pressure is given by Tensile force in the wire 2F,,, = compressive force in the cylinder wall 2F,; No of turns of wire around the cylinder n= dPHESSURE 9 sss B17 gy (iusnber of turns) 7 (ows sectional 7 (initial tenes str ON wre = 27 (cross-sectional area of eplinder wall) $) , 7 Gnillal compressive hoop stress) a “404% Wh 6y nd ee ut ULC 2 (CAD) INTERNAL PRESSURE eet ed to Internal pressure, it's walls are subjected to drcurnferential tensile stress cand the vine Is subjected to tensile Bact | fondition of the cylinder along’ vith the layer of vire 18 shown in fig 724 be ts subj Fun Fes Fa Fu Fup Fog FupFep Fig. 7.24 Resistance of wire + Resistance of cylinder walls = Bursting force 2 ax bye De”A4 up FAL % Gg = PDL q = up +210 =PD arn) ‘so the circumferential strain in the wire should be equal to that of cylinder at the junction 9 9, aE (7.13) E, Ee PD Longitudinal stress in the cylinder 0, =" ~ Solving eqn 7.12 and eqn 7.13 we can find the unknown values.318 pressure vesseis 7.24 RIVETED CYLINDERS Pressure vessels such as boilers are generally fabricated by the riveted joints. The riveted joint which is used to form a cylinder Is known as longitudinal joint and that used to connect two cylinders is known as circumferential joint. Strength of a Plate is reduced considerably after drilling holes for placing the rivets. Therefore the term efficiency is required to compare the strength of joint.with that of the solid plate. Efficiency Of riveted joint is defined as the ratio between strength of joint and strength of solid pl ing several plates using ny =~ SteTee_ot_ foto © Strength of solid plate LONGITUDINAL JOINT Bursting force F, = Internal pressure x projected area in the longitudinal plane (PLD) (7.14) Strength of joint F, = Bursting force F, Circumferential joint Longitudinal Strength of solid plate F, = 6, x 2tL ZT 7 CES Efficiency of longitudinal joint Fy PLD Wes Fe ocx 2th _ PD "= 36, (7.15) CIRCUMFERENTIAL JOINT Busting force = Internal pressure x projected area in the transverse plane. Strength of joint F; = Bursting force Strength of solid plate F, =o, nDt Efficient of circumferential joint cuca nD°P “" Fe 40,nDt 1-22 «ato, (7.18) ae}319 SOLVED PROBLEMS gE pamole .21 A thin cylindrical shell of 0.6 meters diameter and 0.9 meters long is ject ‘an internal pressure 1.2 N/nwn®. Thickness of cylinder of wall is 15 mm. seeing i) Longitudinal stress, circumferential stress and maximum shear stress induced eta) change in alameter, length and volume, Take £ = 200 Gpa and Vn = 03. soln? pala: 1p STRESSES INDUCED Longitudinal stress 206m, L=0.9m, t=15mm, P=1.2N/mm?, £=200 Gpa, v=0.3 PD _1.2x600 pa = 12M eat axis be AOS Circumferential stress PD _1.2%600 og = = 24 Mpa ao 2 axis f * Maximum shear stress 1) CHANGES IN DIMENSIONS Longitudinal strain 24x10 2x10® Circumferential strain Be 813M 2 SOB 9 i E mE 2x10° 2x10° Change in diameter = €,.D =1.02 x 10™* x 600 = 0.0612 mm Change in length dL = ez.L =24%10°%900=0.0216 mm Ans, Volumetric strain ey = 26, + e,=2x1.02x107 +2.4x10 281074 Ans,320 pressure vessexs Change in volume AV = ey .V = 2.281074 x= x 600? x 900 = 58%10° mm? i Ans. Example 7.2.2 A cylindrical pressure vessel of ,| meter inner diameter and 1.5 meters long is subjected to an internal pressure P. Thickness of the cylinder wall is 15 mm. Taking allowable stress for cylinder material as 90 Mpa, determine i) magnitude of maximum Pressure P that can be applied and ii) change in dimensions. Take £ = 200 Gpa ang v= 0: Soin Data: D=1m, L=1.5 m, f=15mm, 6=90 Mpa, E=200 Gpa and v=0.3 i) MAXIMUM PRESSURE, fey re magnitude of maximum pressure is found based on circumferential stress, since it ( he maximum stress induced in the cylinder wall. Circumferential stress PD gq_ Px1000 2t 2x15 P=27 Mpa Longitudinal stress 90 Se 2 oy ii) CHANGES IN DIMENSIONS 45 90x0.3 . = =9x10° mE 2x10 2x10 Circumferential strain 6, op 90 45x 3.825x10~4 OF mE 2x10 2x10 Change in diameter 8d = €¢.D =3.825x10"* x1000 = 0.383 mm Ans. Change in length dL=e,.L =9x10™ x1500 = 0.135 mm Ans. Volumetric strain ey = 2e, +6, =2%3.825 x10 +910 =8.55x10"PRESSURE VESSELS = 321 Change in volume dV= viV = aon 55x10 * 1000" x1500=100.73 x10" mm? Ans. uorflt2s A 0.9 meter long thin cylindrical shell has 450 mm inner diameter and 1g mm thickness. The cylinder is initially filled with water at atmospheric pressure. petermine the pressure at which an additional water of 187 x 10? mm? may be pumped into the cylinder, 1) considering compressibility of water and il) ignoring the compressibility of water. Take £ = 200 Gpa and v = 0.3 and Bulk modulus K = 2.1 x 10° mem? Ufparer soln ? F pata : = 450 ram, L=900 mm, ¢=12 mm,+dV =187x108 mm’, K =2.1%108 mm®, £=200Gpa, v=0.3 Circumferential strain Oo. 6, _ PD PD ye cere, Tle el! ) 797x105 P E mE 2tE 4tmE 2x12x2x10° 2 Longitudinal strain o, 0, PD P - gpk re Oh otis) os Lesa P E mE 4tE 2tmE 4x12x2x10° Volumetric strain ey =2e, + €,=2x7.97 x10 P+1.875 x10" P =17.82x10" P 1) NEGLECTING COMPRESSIBILITY OF WATER * The cylinder is initially filled with water at atmospheric pressure. Now an additional water of volume 187 x 10° mm! is to be pumped into the cylinder at a pressure P . Therefore the cylinder undergoes an increase in its volume which is equal that of additional water. dv=e,.V 187x10° 1. 82x10-* PZ 450° x900 Ps 3 Mpa Ans. 1) CONSIDERING THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF WATER _ Additional volume of water to be pumped into the cylinder is equal to the sum of Increase in the volume of cylinder and reduction in the volume of water in the cylinder. ecause the compressibility of water is considered. Bulk modulus322 PRESSURE vEssELs Reduction in volume of water e PB 450? 900 = 68.1109 P men? 21x10° 4 Additional volume of water = dV, +My 7,82x10°° Px =x 450° x90 + 68. 110°P 1 : 187x1 P=2Mpa Ans, diameter and 25 mmwall thickness is Determine i) circumferential stress, 00 Gpa and v = 03 Example 7.2.4 A spherical vessel of 2 meters inner subjected to an internal pressure of 1.5 ‘Nimm?. maximum shear,stress and changes in tite dimensions. Take & Soln : 7 dia ru ol Data: D=2m, (=25 mm, P=15 N/mm’, £=200 Opa, v= 0.3 1) MAXIMUM STRESSES Circumferential stress PD 1.5 2000 ec =30 Mpa 4t 4x25 m as s, ©-o2 2 Maximum shear stress. T= ii) CHANGES IN DIMENSIONS Circumferential strain Shove E 2ax10® Change in diameter (1-0.3) =1.05 x10 c 8d = €;.d =1,05x10™ x 2000 = 0.21 mm Ans. Volumetric strain ey =3e, =3x1.05x1074 =3.15x10™ Change in volume 3.15x1074 F100" = 132x104 mm* Ans. dV = ey.V = ey. ink 3pressure vessets = 323 ie 725 A indica vessel with hemi-spherical ends is 1.2 meters long on its gates portion and 0 meter diameter. Thickness of wall on the eyfindrical portion is aking internal pressure as | Mpa, determine i) Thickness of wall of hemispherical in and change in volume of vessel. Take £ = 210 Gpa and v = 03. ps p=06m, L=1.2 m, t,=7mm, P=1Mpa, E=210Gpa, v=0. Junction! ¢ fe A ts Lh u at. #—12m—> Boa : Fig. E 7.2.5 (UNDRICAL PORTION Circumferential strain oo, _PD P Ge 1x600 E mE 2tE 4tmE 2x7x21x10 Longitudinal strain qyedh- Seo PB__PD 160 E mE 4tE 2tmE 4x7x21x10 Volumetric strain ey =2e, +e = 2x1.73x107 +4.08x10" =3.87x107 (1-20.3) = 4.08x10> Change in volume dV = ey.V=3.87x107 23600" 1200 =13.18%10" mm* ane EMISPHERICAL PORTION Two hemispherical portions together can ealculation of change in volume. Circum! '3terical portion at the junction will be differ £8 magnitudes of circumferential stresses are Rerefore we have to find the wall thickness of the circumferential strains of cylindrical portion an be treated as spherical portion-for the purpose ferential strain in the cylindrical portion and ent in case their thicknesses are equal. Since different in cylindrical and spherical portions. {' spherical portion based on the condition d hemi-spherical portion are equal junetion. Circumferential stress 0, =-2 = 29% = 2? Mpa ZG 4t 4t - unferential strain in spherical portion = Circumferential strain in cylindrical portion S. 4 El-v) = 1.73 x10/2.5 meters long and 1 meter diameter. Thickness 324 PRESSURE VESSELS = 0.3) = 1.73 x10 Ans Change in volume dV=ey.V =3¢.V 321.7310 x 4% «3008 =8.87x108 mm? 3 Total change in volume dV =13.13x10" +5.87x10" =19%10" mm? Ans. h hemishperical ends consists of a cylindrical shell ‘of wall of cylindrical portion is 23 mm. In how much water may be pumped in, after initial that the circumferential strain in hemispherical = 0.3. Bulk modulus for Example 7.2.6 A pressure vessel wit a hydraulic test to a pressure of 4 Mpa, following at atmospheric pressure. Assume end and cylindrical portion are equal. Take £ = 210 Gpa and v water is 2.1 x 10° N/mm? Soin : Data: L=25m, D=1m, v=0.3, K=2.1%10°N/mm?. t=25mm, P=4Mpa, E=210Gpa, CYLINDRICAL PORTION a Circumferential strain RD yeaa) 4x1000 ( <3) 3.24x104 cen enn qe e ©E mE 2tE AtmE 2x25x21x10° 2 Longitudinal strain SL See ee Se OU (2 c0l3) = 619x108 E mE 4tE 2tmE 4x28x21x10° er Volumetric strain ey =2e, +€,=2X3.24x104 +7.619x107° =7.242x1074 Change in volume dv, ey.V=7.242x104 x7 1000? 2500 =142.2x10" mm?PRESSURE VESSELS = 325 eMISPHERICAL PORTION Circumferential strain in hemispherica tortion, Pherical portion ts same as that of cylindrical portion to Volumetric: strain €y =3€.=3x3,24x1074 =9.72x 10-4 Change in volume 4n dVs =ey.V= ey RP 9.7210" 4% 500° = 50.910" mm? 3 Net change in volume of vessel dV =dV, +dV, =142,2x10* +50.9x104 =193.1x104 mm? te Bulk Modulus. K = —P _ aviv Reduction in volume of water due to compressibility Bi 4 T 4n Vy =—.V =——_ | 2 x1000? x 2500+ 4" «500? 3 * mm Ww K 21x10 (: of 5 '* 500° 173.73 x10" mm Additional water supplied dV +dV,, =193.1x10* +473.73x104 = 666.8x10* mm* Ans. Example 7.2-2¢A cast iron cylindrical pressure vessel has inner diameter of 400 mm and wall thickness of 14 mm. A steel wire of 4mm diameter is wound round the entire surface of the cylinder such that an initial tensile stress of 70 Mpa is induced in the wire. When the cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure of 3.6 Mpa, determine the net stresses 100 Gpa, Eq, = 100 Gpa and v = 0.3 for steel. induced in the wire and cylinder. Take E, Soln : Data: D=400mm, t=14mm, d=4mm, Es =200Gpa, Ec, =100Gpa, v=0.3 P=3.6 Mpa, 04; =70 Mpa INITIAL STRESS IN CYLINDER let L be the length of cylinder : L Number of turns of wire on the cylinder = a Compressive force in cylinder walls = Tensile force in the tur..s of wire 2 n Bboy =AX2x~ XO326 PRESSURE VESSELS 2 2xl4xbxog =H 224 x70 Compressive stresses In the cylinder walls 6, = 15.7 Mpa (comp) FLUID PRESSURE Let c,, and ¢,,, be the tensile stre: due to fluid pressure. .sses induced in the cylinder and wire respectively Resisting force by cylinder + Resisting force by wire = Bursting force 2 xinten 22 Cop Cup = PDL 1 ong xaxtaxLs £2 Cup = 3:6 x 400 x L ! Boop + 6.3 Ciyp = 1440 @ Circumferential strain in the cylinder = Circumferential strain in the wire Sep __Stp_ _ Sup | Eq mEq Es where G.. and o,, are circumferential stress and longitudinal stress respectively in the cylinder. PD Cup “at Sep __ 0.3% 3.6400 _ _ Sup 1x10" 4x14x1x10°-2x10® ep = 0-5 Cup $7.71 a) Substituting the value of o,, from eqn.(ti) into eqn.(i) we get, 28 (0.50 yp +7.71) + 6.3 Gyyp = 1440 Sup = 60.3 Mpa From eqn.(i) we get 28 ep + 6.3 x 60.3 = 1440 Ocp = 38 MpaPRESSURE VESSELS = =327 Net stress o,,, in the cylinder and net stress g,,,, in the wire are given by Gen = Sei + Sep = -15.7 +38 = 22.3 Mpa Net stress in the wire Swn = Swi + Swp Ans. = 70+ 60.3 = 130.3 Mpa Ans. of ; ; ple 7.2.8. A cylindrical cast iron pressure vessel has inner diameter 140 mm and Pal thickness 6 mm. A steel wire of 2 mm diameter is wound round the cylinder on its ire surface. The cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure of 3 Mpa. Taking net stress reed in the cylinder as 35 Mpa, determine the initial stress induced in the wire and gjinder. Take Ey = 2 x 10° Mpa, E,, = 1 x 105 Mpa and v = 0.3 for steel. Neglect the poisson’s effect. ‘soln = pata: D=140mm, t=6mm, d=2mm, P=3 Mpa, oen=35 Mpa, v=0.3 FE, =2x10° Mpa, Ec; =1x10° Mpa, INITIAL STRESS Compressive force in the cylinder = tensile force in the wire L 2nd* 2tLo, = x6, we d 4 L anx2? - X Ou 2x6x LX og = Z Oyj = 3:8 Og; @ INTERNAL PRESSURE Resistance offered by the cylinder + Resistance offered by the wire = Bursting force 2 Sep x2L+ ex znd X Oyp = PDL 2nx2? Op X2X6XL +E. X Oyp = 3X 140% L 126 + 3.14 Oyp = 420 Gi Circumferential strain in the cylinder = Strain in the wire CG, cp _ Swp ‘ = owe (neglecting Poisson's effect Eq Es = y328 pressure vesstt Sep _ Sup. 1x10® 2x10° cr) up = 2 Sep Substituting the value of O,,, Into can 12 Ggy + 3:14 X 2 Oey = 420 23 Mpa Sp From eqn.(ili), we get Cup = 2% 23 = 46 Mpa Net stress in the cylinder Sen = Sei * Scp 35 = og, +23 ©; = 12 Mpa Ans. From eqn.(i) Initial stress in the wire oy; =3.812= 45.6 Mpa 7.2.9 A water pipe with 500 mm diameter supplies water at 51 meters head. wable stress for pipe material as 30 Mpa and efficiency of circumferential riveted Example ic weight of water is 9.81 KNim? Taking allo joint as 80%, determine the thickness of the pipe. Specifi Soln : Data: D=500mm, H=5im, 6, =30Mpa, =80%, w=9.81KN/m° P=wH =9.81x10° N/m? x51m=0.5x10° N/m* =0.5 N/mm? oe ec 2tn 0.5 x 500 2xtx0.8 Ans. 5.2mmR YY & QO poate 330 pressure vesstis P 7.2.7 A 2 meters diameter spherical pressure vessel is subjected to an internat pressure 2 Mpa. Thickness of the wall Is 15 mm. Taking £ = 200 Gpa and v = 93, determine 1) circumferential stress _{i) change in diameter and ili) change jn volume. Ans. (0, = 66.6 Mpa, BD = 0.47 mm, dV = 293.2 * 104 mm) P 7.2.8 A cylindrical pressure vessel of 800 mm inner diameter has wall thickness of 12 mm. Taking efficiency of riveted joint as 80 %, determine the maximurn internal pressure that can be applied. Allowable stress for the pipe material is 65 Mpa. Ans. (P = 7.3 THICK PRESSURE VESSELS 7.3.1 INTRODUCTION ‘Thick walled cylindrical pressure vessels are used in the fields of chemical plants, piping, deep submersibles, shrunk fit cylindrical components efc. These vessels are subjected to hoop stress and radial stress as in the case of thin walled pressure vessels. However magnitudes of these stresses vary across the section of the walll with the difference between the circumferential stresses at the inner and outer surfaces of the wall being a large value and which is very important in the design of vessels. In this section we derive the Lame's equations for thick walled cylindrical and spherical vessels and also study the stresses involved when the cylinders are shrunk fit. 7.3.2. THICK CYLINDERS A thick cylinder of length L, inner and outer radii R, and R, respectively, subjected to internal pressure P is shown in fig. 7.3.1(a). Consider a semicircular element of inner radius x and radial thickness dx as shown in fig. 7.3.1(b). Let the element be subjected to an internal pressure P,, external pressure P, + dfyand circumferential stress o, in the sections of the wall, due to the applied pressure P. The element is subjected to the bursting force F, due to the radial pressures P, and (P, + dP,) acting on the projected areas 2xL and 2(x+dx)L (rectangular areas) respectively. Resisting force F_ = (o, x 2 dx L) exerted by the two rectangular areas of the sections of wall neutralize the bursting force. (PP) jee }+- 20x +dx) ——r} @ (b) Fig. 7.3.1pressure vessels 337 Fy = Py X2XL-(Py +d Py) x2(x+dx)L Fg = Oe X2dxL Considering the equilibrium of the element we have fy R P, x2xL—(Py +d Py) x2(x+dx)L = 0, x eb P, x2xL-P, 2x L-2P, dx L~2d P,xL =2d P,dxb=0,2dxb 1 Ignoring the higher order terms (-2 dP,. dx. L) and simplifying we get o, dx=—-x dP, -P, dx ain oc t* : an element in the wall of the cylinder is subjected to i) radial pressure P,, jp Creumferential stress o, and ill) Longitudinal stress ¢, as shown in fig. 7.3.1(c). Applying ine generalized hook's law, we can obtain the longitudinal strain ¢,. G1 _VOe (-) oP) 7.18) According to_Lami’s theory, longitudinal strain is uniform throught the cylinder. In ean. 18, longitudinal stress o, is a constant. Therefore for the longitudinal strain €, to be eo the term (o, = P,) should be a constant, which may be assumed to be equal to Py = 2a P.+2a (7.19) Substituting ey value of g,, into eqn. 7.17 we get P,+2q+x. He sp, de, xP -9(p,.4a) d& Separating the variables and integrating we get dx Peta x Where C is an integration constant which can be written in terms of another constant bas log.b. 2 log. (P, +a) =-2 loge x +loge b332 pressure ve SELS. Where @ and b are constants which are dependent on the boundary conditions ang Is the radial distance of a point in the wall of the cylinder at which the stresses are to be found. The Lame's equations for radial pressure P and circumferential stress ¢ can ultimately be written as . : mx tee, ott ahs pH urhane Sie ee be be fron. (7.20) 7.3.3 THICK SPHERICAL SHELLS A spherical shell of internal radius R, and external radius R, subjected to intemal fluid pressure P is as shown in fig. 7.3.2. Consider an element of radial thickness dx at a distance x from the centre. The element subtends an angle d@ at the centre of the vessel. Let the radius x be increased to x+u, due to the application of internal pressure P. The circumferential strain €, and radial strain ¢, induced in the element are given by, @ () Fig. 7.3.2PRESSURE VESSELS = 333. (x+u)d0-xd0_ ca xd0 x (72) d(x+u)-dx du “de dx ¢ circunferential strain €, and radial strain ¢, are tensile in nature, when the spherical ;pjected to internal pressure. On the other hand the strains are compression in js subi ‘ eis en the sphere is subjected to the extemal pressure. Consider an elemental hemni- sae spel of thickness dx and inner radius x as shown in ig 7.3.2 (b). Let the element ne subjected (0 the pressure P, al radius x and to the pressure (P, + dP,) at the radius ig, Asume atthe circumferential stesso ¢ of the shell. The hemi-spherical shell is subjected to the bursting force F,, on & (7.22) induced in a plane perpendicular to ie surfac ge projected area which is opposed by the resisting force F, exerted by the wall Fy = Py mx? -(Py td Py) a (x+dx) F=0,2nxdx fom the equilibrium condition of the element we get F, =F, o,2n xdx =P, nx? (Py +d P,)n(x+ dx) Jeglecting the higher order terms and simplifying we get 20, xdx =-2P, xdx—x"d P, thiding throught by 2x dx we get a2 oP, 2° de An element in the wall of the spherical shell is subjected to triaxial state of stress ‘tonsisting of i) radial pressure Py ii) Circumferential stress o, in two mutually perpendicular ines as shown in fig.7.3.2 (c). Applying the generalized Hooke's law we get the radial tain ¢, and circumferential strain ¢,. (7.23) o,=-P, (v is Poisson's ratio) 24) (7.25) (2) EE E ‘a ™eqn.7.21 and eqn.7.22 we get Bek (nee et on334 PRESSURE VESSELS Substituting the values of €, from eqn.7.24 and €, from eqn.7.25 into edn.7.26 we get x do, , vaP, I-v)o, + VP, J+ [tw Seah [(-v)oe +P] + 5 aS do, aP, (14 v) (Py +0¢)+x(I-v) Stay a0 Gan Differentiating eqn.7.23 with respect to x we get do,__ dP, _1 dPe _x dP, dx dx 2 dx 2| dx? (728) do, dx from eqn.7.28 into Substituting the value of G, from eqn.7.24 and the value of eqn.7.27 and simplifying we get Separating the variables and integrating we get ape Zz Ee log, Z=-4 log, x+C where C is integration constant which can be written as loge C,, where C, is another constant. log, Z =log, (3) x Substituting 7-27, we get dx dP, Integrating the above equation we getPRESSURE VESSELS §= 335 Gq a-—+Cy Premgs te (7.29) is constant of Integration, substitute the value of P, from eqn 7.29 into ean 7.23 [Circo eee cen 2) x4 6x mere C2 Ce (7. 30) supsttuting Cyan and C, = ~a into eqn 7.29 and 7.30 we bet the Lame's equations for re P and circumferential st ip al essUre ress 6, b oc =g ta 3) ‘me constants @ and 6 are to be obtained from the boundary conditions. In case the iesel fs subjected 10 an internal pressure P, the boundary conditions are given by i) P;=P axe, and il) P, = Oatx=R,. 134 COMPOUND CYLINDERS in the analysis of thick walled cylinders it is seen that the material near inner surface F subjected to large stress and it gradually reduces to a smaller value at the outer surface. Tetefore when a cylinder with large thickness is subjected to a very high internal pressure, the materlal near the outer surface carrying very small value of hoop stress is under-utilized. this problem of under utilization of the material can be overcome by the use of compound yinder with shrink fit, which aids in stressing the cylinder more uniformly. A compound cylinder formed by shrink fitting a cylinder on to another cylinder is abjected the pressure at ils junction. The junction pressure induces initial compressive trcumferential stress in the inner cylinder and tensile’ circumferential stress in the outer liner. The introduction of internal pressure in the compound cylinder leads to the tensile toop stress being induced in both inner and outer cylinders. Superimposition of initial itesses due to junction pressure and tensile hoop stress due to intemal pressure yields Tore uniform stress distribution and therefore the material is used efficiently. Consider a Compound cylinder of inner radius R, , junction radius R, and outer radius R, subjected to eS internal pressure Pi. Let the junction pressure Py be induced due to the shrink fit. The Subs for the determination of stresses should be made separately for internal pressure junction pressure. } wana PRESSURE >oundary conditions are Deep axeR i i DR=oax=R, a336 PRESSURE VES: LS Substituting these boundary conditions, individually into equation (732) and solving the two resulting equations we get the constants @ and 0. Substtuting the values of constants a, b into the equation for radial pressure and circumferential stress, we get the values of these stresses at the Inner surface (at x = R,), junction (at x = Rj) and outer surface (at x = R,). JUNCTION PRESSURE, The junction pressure acts as an extemal pressure on the inner cylinder and as an internal pressure on the outer cylinder. Therefore stresses induced due to junction pressure can be found by nner Outer considering the two cylinders separately. cylinder cylinder INNER CYLINDER: A R Ry ‘The boundary conditions are ) P=P, at x=R, ii) P=0 at x=R, ners Substituting these boundary conditions custom individually into the eqn.7.32 we get the Pecseure constants a and 6. From eqn.7.20 we can get the value of compressive hoop stress — and radial stress induced, by substituting x= R and x = Ry individually. OUTER CYLINDER The boundary conditions are ll I | ertetore ) P= = stress duet Daly mete) intemal pressure i) P=O a x=R, Substituting the values of constants a and b obtained from the boundary conditions and x = R, and x = Ry into the I hi Net stress equations for P and o, we get the tensile hoop stress and radial pressure induced at igs (ate. ea) once ameas. Fig. 7.3.3 Hoop stress distribution Superimposing the stress due to junction pressure and internal pressure at ‘the salient points, we get the corresponding net stresses.pressure VESSELS = 337 3 ]MPORTANT OBSERVATIONS 73: From is ma} pein! the discussion of topics on thick walled pressure vessels the following important y be observed. tnick walled cylindrical pressure vessel with closed ends is subjected 10 YP? Sear stress 6, acting normal to the section of wall in the longitudinal plane, jp radial stress P acting in the plane of transverse section of the wall | and ji) Longitudinal stress normal to the transverse plane. A cylindrical pressure vessel with thened ends Is not subjected to the longitudinal stress. Radial and circumferential stresses in a thick walled pressure vessel vary parabolically across the section of the wall, while the longitudinal stress is uniform throught the cylinder. Imespective of whether the internal pressure or external pressure is applied on the cylinder, the inner surface is subjected to maximum circumferential stress. A large difference between the circumferential stresses at the inner and outer surfaces of 2 cylinder or a sphere may be observed when the thickness of the wall is large. 1D The magnitude of circumferential stress induced at any point in the wall is always greater than that of radial stress at the same point, irrespective of whether the pressure vessel (cylinder or sphere) is subjected to internal or external pressure. O/When a thick walled cylindrical pressure vessel is subjected to an internal pressure, ‘he circumferential stress induced throught the section is tensile in nature, while the radial stress is compression in nature, The radial stress induced at the inner surface of the wall is equal to the internal pressure, which reduces gradually to zero at the outer surface. ficase of pressure vessel subjected to external pressure, both circumferential and radial stress induced in the wall are compression in nature. The radial stress at the outer surface is equal to the external pressure, which gradually reduces to zero at the inner surface, 0 An clement on the wall of a spherical vessel is subjected to two equal and mutually Perpendicular circumferential stresses because of geometrical symmetry of the vessel along any two mutually perpendicular planes. In addition the radial compressive stress 's induced in the plane of sections of the wall in the diametrical planes.\ 3 < 338 PRESSURE VESSELS SOLVED PROBLEMS \2xample 7.3.1 A thick walled cylindrical pressure vessel has Inner radius of 150 mm ang “outer radius of 185 mm. Draw a sketch showing the radial pressure and hoop stress distribution on the section of the cylinder wall, when an Internal pressure of 10 Mn/m? js applied. Soin : Data: R; 0 Mpa 50mm, Ry =185 mm, P= i Dt Fig. B 7.3.1 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ) P,=10Mpa at R,=150mm 1) P,=0 .at Rj =185.mm The formulae for radial stress and circumferential stress respectively are given by god @ @) Substituting the boundary conditions into the above equations we get 10= renal @) : b one ast @ Subtracting eqn:(4) from eqn.(3), we get b = 656769.76567 From eqn.(4), @= Sor =19.2 185? qxCUMFERENTIAL STRESS 656769.7 4. 150? , 856769.7 1857 = 48.4 Mpa (tension) = 38.4 Mpa (tension) ,ADIAL SFRESS Preoticre, P, =10 Mpa P,=0 she radial stress and circumferential stress distribution is shown in fig. E 7.3.1. iple 7.3. 2 In the above problem determine i) circumferential strains at the inner outer surfaces and i) Longitudinal strain at the inner and outer surfaces and prove that the longitudinal strain is.constant throught the cylinder. fake E = 200 Gpa and Poisson's aio v = 0.3 Soln = pata: Ry =150 mm, Ro =185 mm, P, =10 Mpa, P,=0, 0, = 48.4 Mpa (tension), 0, = 38.4 Mpa (tension), £ =200 Gpa, v=0.3 oa 0, = 192Mpa 0, = 192Mpa Circumferential direction, P,=10Mpa @ of x \eggtinal qj = 484 Mpa co = 384 Mpa (a) Element at inner surface (b) Element at outer surface 5 - t Fig. E 7.3.2 Considering the equilibrium of the cylinder in its transverse plane we have A d? P=n(R2-R?) 0, 7150? x10 = (185° -150") o,340 PRESSURE VESSELS 6, =19.2 Mpa INNER SURFACE The clement at the inner surface is subjected longitudinal stress and circumferentiay stress, both being tensile in nature and compressive radial stress as shown in fig. E 7.3.2, Applying the generalized Hooke's law we get, ¢ gy Eo A Sk PoE mE mE 10x0.3 _19.2%0.3 2x10° — 2x10° te © 2x10 =22.82x10 19.2 10x0.3 _ 48.4x0.3 : 2x10° 2x10° —2x10° =3.84x10° OUTER SURFACE The element is at the outer surface is subjected to tensile hoop stress and tensile longitudinal stress. Pressure (radial. stress) at the outer surface is zero as shown in fig. E 7.3.2(b). Applying the generalized Hooke's law we get, ; SL E mE 38.4 19.2x0.3 2x10? 2x10" =16.32x10> °, iL £o oo 40 E mE . __19.2 _ 38.4x0.3 2x10 2x10° Longitudinal strain is constant throught the cylinder, since €), = €,, =3.84x10°pressure vesse.s 341 73.3 A cylindrical pressure vessel has fnney and duter rail of 200 mur an 5 : 007" cepecvely. The material of cinder hasan allowable stress of 75 Man? (MPC) 50 tne maximum Internal pressure that can be applied and draw a sketch of radial re icunferental stress distribution, ue res lt _— sags Ri=200 mm, Ry =250mm and og =75 Hp Og = 75 Mp R,= 200mm aioe Hoop stress 0.0 = 586 Mpar : Py=0 Radial stress mE TSS ‘The pressure vessel is subjected to maximum circumferential stress at its inner surface respective of whether it Is subjected {0 internal or external pressure. Therefore allowable Mpa can be treated as the circumferential stress at the inner wall. stress 75 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS at Ry =250mm 75 Mpa at R;=200mm_ a o,=a22 z : @ Substituting the boundary conditions into eqn.(1) and eqn.(2) we get b + O=-a+—2 oe 250" & b B=a+—, 2002 «) Subtracting eqn.(4) from eqn.(3) we get b = 1829268.3 From eqn.(3) a = 29.3 Die i342 pressure vesstis From eqn.(1) internat pressure 1829268. 7, =-29.34.18 =16.4. Mj P; = 29.34 16.4 Mpa Ane Py CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS 6, =75 Mpa 6, = 29.34 1829268.3 _ 58.6 Mpa The radial stress and mferential stress distribution is shown in fig. E 7.3.3. Example 7.3.4 A cylindrical pressure vessel of 590 mm inner diameter is subjected to an internal pressure of 9. Mpa. Taking allowable stress for ‘tlie material of the’ cylinder as 40 Mpa, determine i) wall thickness of cylinder, ii) circumferential stress at the outer surface and ii) percentage error involved when the thickness is calculated based on thin vessel theory. Soin : Data: P)=9Mpa, D, =500mm, oq =40 Mpa The cylinder is subjected to maximum hoop stress at its inner wall. Therefore allowable stress of the material is treated as the circumferential stress at the inner wall, BOUNDARY CONDITIONS i) P.=9 Mpa at R,=250mm ii) Gc, =40 Mpa at R, =250 mm aM @ @) 4-2, w 250' Adding eqn.(3) and eqn.(4) we get 6 = 1531250 From eqn.(3) a = 15.5 Substitute the boundary condition P, = 0 at x = R, into eqn.(1), since the cylinder is not subjected to any external pressure.1531250 2 -15.5+ Ry =314 mm Thickness ¢=R ~R, =314-250=64 mm Circumferential stress at the outer surface 1531250 Oc, =15.5+ =31 Mpa “ 314 ° Thickness based on thin vessels theory PD, oat «"2t 9x500 2 ¢=56.3 mm % error = ©4=56.3 199 = 13.704 56.3 Ans. pample 7.3.5° A cylindrical pressure vessel has inner and outer diameters 340 mm and 40 mm respectively Taking allowable stress for the material of the cylinder as 50 Mpa, determine i) maximum value of external pressure that can be applied and ii) circumferential sness induced in the outer surface. Soln : Data: D; =340 mm, D, =440 mm, 0 =50 Mpa The cylinder is subjected to maximum value of circumferential stress at its innerwall which is compression. in nature. since the external pressure is applied. Therefore 4, =-50 Mpa JOUNDARY CONDITIONS i) P.=0-at R,=170mm (since internal pressure is not applied) Ii) G¢, =-50 Mpa at R; =170mm b Peat qa)BAA punnsune yersel® fuatmey in " Adding eqn (a) avid enn) ae wet = TAD Veo eqn (ay a= A Daterial preesute Zz ae , Nn! YM be Chreunterential etress at the cuter suntace VELA) 0, wate 2+ 0 9 My (eran) be i ao wat) A Sample TO pressure vessel vty cater iii niet Sinners 18 WA wan ae reapectively te subjected to an external pressure % Mpa. desessiine: the cheer induced at the inner and outer surfaces, Soln s Data: Dy = 420 mn, D, = 600 mun, P= % Mpa Pewat GO, 84 o 5, wane yo BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 1) P,=6Mpa at RK, = 200m Pao at Ry =160mm Substituting the boundary conditions into eqn.) we 1 9 908889 22-— 44,4 Mpa (comp) Ans 36.4 Mpa (comp) Ans 200° ‘Therefore the cylinder Is sub nature when it is subj ed to circumferential stress which is compression!PRESSURE VESSELS = 345 .g.7 For the cylindrica , gyal ee determine 3 ae vessel subjected to external pressure in the ee octane ential strain at inner and outer surfaces: i) longitudinal and prove that longitudinal strain is constant throught in a sta inde Take E = 200 Gpa and Poisson's ratio v = 0.3 =44.4 Mpa (comp), o,, =36.4 Mpa (comp), P, =0 P, =8Mpa, E=200 Gpa, v=0.3 0, = 44.4 Mp cireumterential |" pe peo Sad a rection Radial direction P, =8Mpa Longitudinal rection — | Gg, (a) Element at inner surface (b) Element at outer surface Fig. E 7.3.7 ) CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRAIN An element considered at 44.4 Mpa (comp) and radial stress P, jected to o,, =36.4 Mpa (comp) and P, = the inner surface of the wall is subjected to circumferential 0 as shown in fig E. 7.3.7 (a), where ‘as the element at the outer surface is subj 8 Mpa (comp). Circumferential strain at the inner surface 6, een eee where P; =0 iE mE 44.440 2x10® Circumferential strain at the outer surface =e (33 “17x10 } axio> \ 2x10 |Ro =o age in. ce ; . a Ooze re i yer ne hee en in not ed BAG Pressure VESSELS orapooe™ agt ~ sabe ives ii) LONGITUDINAL STRAIN ‘The cylinder is subjected to longitudinal tensile strain radial pressure are compression in nature. since the circumfertial stress ang « ° - Sa, Pi M4 Ax03 96. 66x10° mE mE 2x10° 66 x10 Sc, P; _ 36.4%0.3 , 8x0.3 _ Se 4 Fi 2 PE €,= to TE mE 2x10" 2x10" Longitudinal strain is constant throught the cylinder, since €1, = €1,- aample 73.8 A cylindrical pressure vessel with inner and outer diameters 180 mm and aor spectively is subjected to an internal pressure 10 Mpa. Taking the circumferential etermine i) maximum value of extemal tial stress on the outer surface. Also draw erential stress distribution. stress at the inner wall as 25 Mpa, (tension), 4 pressure that can be applied and il) circumferent a sketch showing the radial pressure and circum! Soln : Data: D, =180 mm, Do =220mm, P;=10 Mpa, Oc; =25 Mpa 04 = 25 Mpa Hoop stress Radial stress A Fig. E738 — p -90mm BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 1) P.=10Mpa at R,=90mm it) O¢, =25 Mpa at Ri =90 mm a) Q@) @)rrnssure vessels = B47 b wear 90 a) . solving Can.) and eqn.) We Hota = 76 and b = MAtIS Extemal pressure fo 7.5, =4.2 Mpa A ns. Hoop stress at the outer surface b 141750 Oc, HA+ FETS 4+— 219.2 Mpa co. Re id pa (tension) a Je 7.8.9 A compound cylinder is made by shrink fitting a cylinder of oute A a er and inner yh 204 mm and 175 mm on to a cylinder with inner radius 150 mm. If the junction pressure gue to shrink fit is 8 Mpa, draw a sketch showing the radial stress and circumferential ress distribution. soln = Data : R; 50mm, Rj; =175 mm, R, =204 mm, P; =8Mpa We have apply the boundary conditions separately for the inner and outer cylinders to fnd the influence of junction pressure. The junction pressure acts as external pressure on the inner cylinder and as an internal pressure on the outer cylinder. INNER CYLINDER BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ) P=0 at R,=150mm ii) P,=8Mpa at R,=175mm + ( P=-at- ~ w b GO, = at @ x Substituting the boundary conditions into eqn.(1) and eqn.(2) we get b 0 aaa (3) b Ba-at 7 a Solving the above equations we get a =-30.2 and 6 = -678461.5| 348 — pressurn vesseis HOOP STRESS 6784615 60.4. Mpa (comp) R 150 6784615 59.4 Mpa (comp) 30.2— ° 1757 OUTER CYLINDER BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ) P=8Mpa at R,=175mm i) P,=0 at Ro=204mm Substituting the boundary conditions into eqn.(1), we get aeniy rm 175) b 3) 204 Solving the above equations we get @ = 22.3 and 6 = 927660.8 Radial stress HOOP STRESS Mpa (tension) _ bo 927660.8 8, ar at rong Mpa (tension) ion is shown in fig. E 7.3.9 : The sketch of radial stress and hoop stress distrib¢ PRESSURE VESSELS = 349 7.3.10 A compound cylinder is made of a cylinder with j 2 7. of a cylinder with inner radius 120 mm and geal gius 140 mm shrunk fit on to another eytine the Her of inner radius 100 mr, The ‘it a mm. The cylinder atte 10 an Internal pe ssure Of 20 Mpa. Taking pressure at the junction due tn the a fit as 15 Mpa draw a sketch showing radial pressure and hoop stress distribution ine Sh pata: Ry =100 mm, Ry =120 mm, Ry =140 mm, P, =15 4 =15 Mpa and P;=20 Mpa JRNAL PRESSURE finder, consisting of two cylinders wi he compound cy! 8 cylinders with shrink fit may be treated as | ange xlinder to find the radial pressure and circurnerent pation diet “i Stemal pressure. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. ) P,=20Mpa at R,=100mm a al stress distribution due to the i) P,=0 at ~ — =-a+—, xe a) b o. 2a @) Substituting the boundary conditions into eqn.(1) and eqn.(2), we get 20=-a+—2 =-a+— «) Tm @) o=a+— @ =a+—> . 4 140? Solving eqn.(3) and eqn.(4) we get a = 20.8 and 6 = 408333.3, |} )RADIAL PRESSURE P,=20 Mpa Circumferential stress 408333.3 Paces T= =61.6 Mpa (tension) 100° 6, = % R=100mm 20.8350 9.2. Mpa (tension) Oy Ryat20mm ~ 1.6 Mpa (tension) Seq Ry=140mm 1407 JUNCTION PRESSURE, The two cylinders are to | conditions to find the stresses be considered separately with the respective boundary duced due to the junction pressure. INNER CYLINDER inder is subjected to junction pressure P, = 15 Mpa on its outer surface. its inner surface will be zero. Therefore radial pressure BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 4 1) P,=15 Mpa at Ry =120mm ) P=0 at R,=100mm Substituting the boundary conditions into eqn. (1) we get ‘ 6) a+ 1007 © Solving the above equations we get a = —49 and b = -490909 RADIAL PRESSURE 0 PR=t00 mm P2120 mm =15 Mpa CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS 490909 Cot rar Ton Og om) 490909 “{R=120 mm arc 1202 =83 Mpa (comp)PRESSURE Vesseis i CYLINDER ° pr ts subjected to the j er cylinder "NCHON pressure po 4 oon PICSAUC an Ihe outer surtace wit he 1°29 Ma 01 18 toner sutace 351 wee men pie ral ‘ CONDITIONS, DP =15 Mpa at =120 ny, W Po=0 aL RL=140 mm 20r0, qunDaRy b Beas a b oO @) Solving the above equations we get q = 41.5 and b = 814153.8 DIAL PRESSURE Pgct20mm =15 Mpa Popessomm = 9 \CUMFERENTIAL STRESS = 41,54 814153.8 Scip-120 mm - 98 Mpa (tension 120° J 814153, Feopntzomm = 41-5+—" SS = 83 Mpa (tension) Fig. E 7. 3.10352 pressurr, VESS RADIAL PRESSURE Preetoo mm = 20 Mpa 6415 = 22.6 Mpa PR=120 mm Pp =140 mm =0 ENTIAL STRESS: =61,6-98=-36.4 Mpa (comp) CIRCUMF! Sep—100 mm = 49,2-83 = -33.8 Mpa (comp) Sepe120mm 4 . leneen ° = 49.2+98=147.2 Mpa (comp) -hercsten ~ SeRu120 mm = 41,6+83=124.6 Mpa (tension) mm inner radius and 50 mm thick is subjected to Example 7.3.11 A spherical shell of 300 .ss and radial pressure distribution | an internal pressure 3 Mpa. Draw the sketch of hoop stre: on the section of the vessel. Soin : Data : 7, =300 mm, ¢=50 mm, P;=3 Mpa, ro =300+50=350 mm j= 92Mpa Hoop stress Seo = 9:7 Mpa Radial stress P, =3Mpa R,=300mm Fig. E 7.3.11 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 1) P,=3 Mpa at i) P,=0 at 1 Formulae for radial pressure and circumferential stress are given byPRESSURE VESSELS = 353 2b p=-at—z p o wm b sat-z ic 3 Q) substituting the boundary conditions into eqn.(1) and eqn.(2), t 2b =-a+ 3 300° a 2b =-a+—y 350° iS solving eqn-(3) and eqn.(4) we get b = 1.094 x 10° and a = 5.1 oer 1094x108 Roni sata 5. lt" a9, 064 HOTS 300° a Ans. 1.094 x10® 51+ = 3507 7.7 Mpa Ans. PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 34 Acylindrical pressure vessel with inner and outer diameters 320 mm and 400 mm respectively is subjected to an internal pressure of 6 Mpa. Draw a sketch of radial pressure and circumferential stress distribution. Ans. (2, =0, o, =27.4 Mpa, o¢, =21.4 Mpa) 32 A cylindrical pressure vessel with 200 mm inner diameter and 500 mm outer diameter is made of a material with allowable stress of 80 Mpa. Determine the magnitude of maximum internal pressure that can be applied and the magnitude of circumferential stress induced on the outer surface of the cylinder. Ans. (P; 7.6 Mpa, o¢, =62.4 Mpa) 43.4 cylindrical pressure vessel of inner radius 180 mm is subjected to an intemal Pressure 6 Mpa. Taking the allowable stress for the material of the vessel as 50 Mpa, determine the wall thickness. Draw a sketch of radial pressure and citcumferential stress distribution. 4 Mpa)SUMMARY se cHUNDRICAL VESSEL ier is subjected two mutually perpendicular circumferential and longitudinal “min cylin wa” point in the wall. F e PD § 0: =—— 1 Hoop se85 Ce "95 1 _PD Oo Longitudinal stress Of aa um shear stress Tax = 0 Maxim . F PD 1 1) circumferential strain €¢= 1-— 2tE 2m fs z PD(, 2 ‘0 Longitudinal strain €, => 1-— 4tE\ m D Volumetric strain €y = 2€¢ tea28 (5-4 4tE m _ PD P Efficiency of Longitudinal joint 1, 2to, ie. 0 en ficiency of Circumferential joint Ne = 4to, Where p = Internal | pressure, D = Internal diameter, ¢ = thickness, | Poisson's ratio m356 Pressure vesseis ‘THIN SPHERICAL. Ess! __ Thin sphere is subjected to two mutually perp Magnitudes at any point in the wall po endicular cireurnterential st OD Circumferential stress 6, at G Circumferential strain ¢ © Volumetric strain €,=3¢, ‘THICK CYLINDRICAL VESSELS ‘Thick cylinders are subjected to three mutually perpendicular (i) Circurnterentia stress, Gi) Longitudinal stress and (iil) radial stress at any point in the wall GC Radial pressure p b OC Circumferential stress 6, = a+ x PRE Longitudinal stress 0, = 7 7) 07K; where R, = outer radius, R, = Inner radius, P = Applied pressure, x = radial distance of any point from the longitudinal axis at which the stress are to be found, a, b = constants based on boundary conditions. ‘THICK SPHERICAL VESSELS Spherical vessels are subjected to two mutually perpendicular circumferential stresses and radial stress in a direction perpendicular to the directions of circurnferential directions. GC Radial stress P -a+28 - g b OC Circumferential stress 6, =a4+—> x