A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) for animals involves random assignment of

animals to different treatment groups to study the effects of treatments on a response

variable. The statistical analysis typically involves ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to
determine if there are significant differences among treatment groups. Below, I'll
provide a general formula for solving a CRD for animals along with a hypothetical
problem and its solution:

Formula for a CRD:

1. Define the Research Question: Clearly state the research question and specify the
treatments you want to compare.
2. Select Experimental Units (Animals): Determine the number of animals needed for
your experiment and the number of animals per treatment group.
3. Random Assignment: Randomly assign the animals to the different treatment groups,
ensuring unbiased allocation.
4. Apply Treatments: Administer the treatments to the assigned animals.
5. Data Collection: Collect data on the response variable for each animal.
6. Data Analysis (ANOVA): Perform ANOVA to compare treatment group means and
determine if there are significant differences. The ANOVA formula involves calculating
sum of squares (SS) for treatments (SST) and error (SSE), and then using these to
compute the F-statistic:
 SST (Sum of Squares for Treatments): SST = Σ (ni * (mean treatment - grand
mean)^2), where ni is the number of animals in the i-th treatment group.
 SSE (Sum of Squares Error): SSE = Σ (ni - 1) * variance of treatment i, where ni is
the number of animals in the i-th treatment group.
 F-statistic: F = (SST / (k - 1)) / (SSE / (N - k)), where k is the number of treatment
groups, and N is the total number of animals.
7. Hypothesis Testing: Perform an F-test to test the null hypothesis (H0) that there are no
significant differences among treatment groups. Calculate the p-value and compare it to
the chosen significance level (e.g., α = 0.05).
8. Conclusion: Based on the p-value, decide whether to reject the null hypothesis. If p < α,
conclude that there are significant differences among treatment groups.
9. Post-hoc Tests (if necessary): If ANOVA indicates significant differences, perform post-
hoc tests (e.g., Tukey's HSD or Scheffé's test) to identify specific differences between
treatment groups.

Hypothetical Problem: You are conducting a study on the effects of three different
diets (Treatment A, B, and C) on the growth rates of 45 lab mice (15 in each group).
After collecting data and performing ANOVA, you obtain the following results:
 SST = 18.5
 SSE = 7.2
 F-statistic = 6.25
 Significance level (α) = 0.05

Solution:

1. Hypothesis Testing: Null Hypothesis (H0): There are no significant differences in

growth rates among the three diets (Treatment A, B, and C). Alternative Hypothesis (Ha):
There are significant differences in growth rates among the three diets.
2. Calculate the Degrees of Freedom (df):
 Degrees of Freedom for Treatments (k - 1): df(Treatments) = 3 - 1 = 2
 Degrees of Freedom for Error (N - k): df(Error) = 45 - 3 = 42
3. Calculate the Critical F-value:
 Using an F-table or calculator, find the critical F-value for df(Treatments) = 2 and
df(Error) = 42 at α = 0.05. Let's say the critical F-value is 3.27.
4. Compare the F-statistic to the Critical F-value:
 F-statistic (6.25) > Critical F-value (3.27)
5. Make a Decision:
 Since the F-statistic is greater than the critical F-value, you reject the null
hypothesis.
6. Conclusion:
 There are significant differences in growth rates among the three diets
(Treatment A, B, and C). Further analysis or post-hoc tests can help identify
specific differences between diet groups.

In this example, the ANOVA analysis suggests that the diets have a significant effect on
the growth rates of the lab mice.
A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) for animals involves random assignment of
animals to different treatment groups to study the effects of treatments on a response
variable. The statistical analysis typically involves ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to
determine if there are significant differences among treatment groups. Below, I'll provide
a general formula for solving a CRD for animals along with a hypothetical problem and
its solution:

Formula for a CRD:

Define the Research Question: Clearly state the research question and specify the
treatments you want to compare.

Select Experimental Units (Animals): Determine the number of animals needed for your
experiment and the number of animals per treatment group.

Random Assignment: Randomly assign the animals to the different treatment groups,
ensuring unbiased allocation.

Apply Treatments: Administer the treatments to the assigned animals.

Data Collection: Collect data on the response variable for each animal.

Data Analysis (ANOVA): Perform ANOVA to compare treatment group means and
determine if there are significant differences. The ANOVA formula involves calculating
sum of squares (SS) for treatments (SST) and error (SSE), and then using these to
compute the F-statistic:

SST (Sum of Squares for Treatments): SST = Σ (ni * (mean treatment - grand mean)^2),
where ni is the number of animals in the i-th treatment group.

SSE (Sum of Squares Error): SSE = Σ (ni - 1) * variance of treatment i, where ni is the
number of animals in the i-th treatment group.
F-statistic: F = (SST / (k - 1)) / (SSE / (N - k)), where k is the number of treatment
groups, and N is the total number of animals.

Hypothesis Testing: Perform an F-test to test the null hypothesis (H0) that there are no
significant differences among treatment groups. Calculate the p-value and compare it to
the chosen significance level (e.g., α = 0.05).

Conclusion: Based on the p-value, decide whether to reject the null hypothesis. If p < α,
conclude that there are significant differences among treatment groups.

Post-hoc Tests (if necessary): If ANOVA indicates significant differences, perform post-
hoc tests (e.g., Tukey's HSD or Scheffé's test) to identify specific differences between
treatment groups.

Hypothetical Problem:
You are conducting a study on the effects of three different diets (Treatment A, B, and
C) on the growth rates of 45 lab mice (15 in each group). After collecting data and
performing ANOVA, you obtain the following results:

SST = 18.5
SSE = 7.2
F-statistic = 6.25
Significance level (α) = 0.05
Solution:

1. Hypothesis Testing:
Null Hypothesis (H0): There are no significant differences in growth rates among the
three diets (Treatment A, B, and C).
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There are significant differences in growth rates among the
three diets.
 2. Calculate the Degrees of Freedom (df):

Degrees of Freedom for Treatments (k - 1): df(Treatments) = 3 - 1 = 2

Degrees of Freedom for Error (N - k): df(Error) = 45 - 3 = 42
3. Calculate the Critical F-value:

Using an F-table or calculator, find the critical F-value for df(Treatments) = 2 and
df(Error) = 42 at α = 0.05. Let's say the critical F-value is 3.27.
Compare the F-statistic to the Critical F-value:

F-statistic (6.25) > Critical F-value (3.27)

4. Make a Decision:

Since the F-statistic is greater than the critical F-value, you reject the null hypothesis.
5. Conclusion:

There are significant differences in growth rates among the three diets (Treatment A, B,
and C). Further analysis or post-hoc tests can help identify specific differences between
diet groups.
In this example, the ANOVA analysis suggests that the diets have a significant effect on
the growth rates of the lab mice.