ES205 Analysis and Design of Engineering Systems: Lab 1:

An Introductory Tutorial: Getting Started with SIMULINK

What is SIMULINK? SIMULINK is a software package for modeling, simulating, and

analyzing dynamic systems. It supports linear and non-linear system modeling in
continuous time, sampled time, or a combination of the two. It provides a
graphical interface for building models as block diagrams using the mouse by
click-and-drag operations. It also provides a variety of simulated output devices
that can be attached to the system to monitor the output or state variables of the
system.

By defining the system graphically, the mathematical calculations required to

simulate the differential equations that represent the models are hidden from
your view. You only need to be able to supply the model structure and
parameters, the simulation parameters, and the output variables and forms. You
don't have to get bogged down in the math to determine the behavior of the
system of interest.

This tutorial will consist of 4 parts:

A) Launching and becoming familiar with the SIMULINK environment
B) Creating a simple 1st order model
C) Creating a 2nd order model of a mass, spring, damper system
D) Creating a model on your own of an electrical system.

Part A: Launching Simulink:

1) SIMULINK is run from the MATLAB prompt, >>, so the first step is to get MATLAB
running.
-- Connect to the Network
-- Launch MATLAB. ( if you have not already installed MATLAB you will need to
do so at this time. Refer to the instructions handed out in Le 01.)

2) At the prompt, >>, in the MATLAB Command Window, type simulink and

press ! Enter.

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3) When SIMULINK opens you will see the box called the SIMULINK Library
Browser. The Library consist
of a number of different
SIMULINK blocks with which
a system model may be
built.

To build a model, you first need

to create a space to make the
model.

Click the new model icon in the

upper left corner to open a new
SIMULINK file workspace.

Next, select the SIMULINK icon to

expand the list of the available
elements that are used to create
a system model.

4) After making the selections in Step 3, the SIMULINK Library Browser will show
folders that contain the most commonly used elements you will be using for
model creation.

Click on each of the following folders and quickly note the elements that are
contained in each.
-- Continuous
-- Discrete
-- Functions & Tables
-- Math
-- Nonlinear
-- Signals & Systems
-- Sinks
-- Sources

When needed, these elements

may simply be clicked, dragged,
and dropped into the model
workspace.

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During Step 3 you also opened a window called Untitled, which is the model
workspace where the models will be created.

5) You have not yet created a model, but if you had, you would want to be able to
save the model.

To save a model, pull down

the File menu
and select Save_As
or
Click on the
File Save Button

While we won't save

a file right now, we
will have you create a
new folder to save
any models you will create.

Create a new folder called,

simulink_files by clicking on
on the new folder button.
and supply the correct
name.

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Part B) Example 1: A Simple Model

1) The first model you are going to build will solve a simple 1st order differential
equation given by
dx
= 3 sin( 2 t )
dt
with an initial condition x(0) = -1.

2) To create a model of this equation, we first sketch a simulation diagram of

the mathematical model.

The simulation diagram will consist of:

an input --> the forcing function, 3 sin(2t)
an output --> the solution, dx/dt
a parameter --> the initial condition, x(0) = -1
an operator --> integration block

I.C.: x(0) = -1

dx
input: dt 1 x output:
3sin(2t) x(t)
s

3) To construct this model in Simulink, will require three elements:

-- a Sine Wave Block
--an Integrator Block
-- a Scope Block

Locate the Sine Wave under the Sources folder and Click, Drag, and Drop it in
the model workspace window to create the Input Block

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4) Locate the Integrator under the Continuous folder and Click, Drag, and Drop it
in the model workspace window to create the Operator Block.

5) Locate the Scope under the Sinks folder and Click, Drag, and Drop it in the
model workspace window to create the Output Block

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6) Connecting the blocks.

Blocks can be connected by dragging a line from the output of one block to the
input of another block.

Make the following connections:

Output of the Sine Wave --> Input of the Integrator
Output of the Integrator --> Input of the Scope

The arrows indicate the direction of the signal flow.

7) Selecting Simulation Parameters.

Most blocks have different parameters that are associated with them. To access
the parameters, simply double-click on the block of interest. This will bring up a
dialog box which allows the parameters to be changed.

Double click on the Sine Wave

and set the following parameters:

Amplitude = 3
Frequency = 2

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Double click on the Integrator
Block and set the parameter
for the initial condition.

x(0) = -1

Double Click on the Scope

Block.

This does not have any

parameters which need
setting, but instead displays
the scope display screen.

8) Now that the model has been defined and created, the model simulation is
ready to run.

To Start a simulation,
pull down the Simulation
menu, and select Start.

View the output of the

simulation on the Scope
window.

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9) Simulation Results

Your results should look

like the figure.

Measure the magnitude of

peaks and valleys and the
period of the signal.

Peak = ____________

Valley = ____________

Period = ____________

10) Simulation Verification:

To verify that this plot represents the solution to the problem, let's solve the
equation another way. Either manually, or using Maple, obtain the solution x(t) of
the ODE with the initial condition

dx
= 3 sin( 2t ) with x(0) = -1
dt

Show solution here:

The result should be:

x (t ) = 1
2 − 3
2 cos (2 t )
This is the function that was plotted in the SIMULINK Scope window.

Save this SIMULINK model in the simulink_files folder as as Example1.mdl

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Part C: Example 2, a mass, spring, damper system

1) The second model will use SIMULINK to create a model of a mass-spring-

damper system which may be modeled with a 2nd order differential equation.
Other parameters of the system include:

-- initial conditions: x(0) = 0 and dx/dt(0) = 0

-- the input f(t) is a step function with magnitude 3 at t=0
-- mass, m = 0.25
-- damping coefficient, c = 0.5
-- spring constant, k = 1

The model equation:

d 2x dx
m 2 +c + kx = f (t )
dt dt
Assume all units are consistent for the model.

You will work through the following steps:

a) Draw the simulation diagram
b) Create and save the SIMULINK Model
c) Run the Simulation.

2) In the space below attempt to draw the simulation diagram for this model:

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3) Let's walk through the steps.

For comparison, start by solving the model equation for the highest order
derivative term.

d 2x dx
m 2 = f (t ) − c −k x
dt dt

The first block you create should be a Sum block, where the output of the Sum
block is the left-hand term of the equation above.

d2x
m dt2

sum block
Now using SIMULINK, Create a new workspace..... File ..... New.....Model

Locate the Sum Block in the ____________ library and Click, Drag and Drop it
into your new workspace.

The Sum block is to have 3 inputs. Double click on the Block and set the
parameters to rectangular and + - - .

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4) Gain Block.

Add a gain (multiplier) block to normalize the coefficient, m, to modify the signal
so it is equal to the highest order derivative term alone.

d2x d2x
m
dt2 dt2
1
m

sum block gain

Click, Drag, and Drop a Gain Block from the _____________ library into the
SIMULINK workspace.

Double-click on the Gain block to change the block parameters.

Use a Gain of ___________________

Add a title to the Gain Block.

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5) Add two integrators to your Simulation diagram.

d2x d2x dx
m x
dt2
1
dt2 1 dt 1
m
s s
sum block gain Integrator Integrator

Click, Drop, and Drag two Integrator Blocks into your SIMULINK workspace from
the _______________ library.

Also:
Set the initial condition parameters to zero for both integrators.
Add a scope block to the output of the second integrator
Connect the output ports to the input port as shown
Label each of the signals by double clicking on the leader line.

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6) Return Branch Gain Blocks

In the Simulation Diagram, connect the integrated signals with gain blocks to
create the terms on the right-hand side of the model equation.

d2x d2x dx
m x
dt2
1
dt2 1 dt 1
m
s s
sum block dx
c
dt
c

kx
k

In SIMULINK, Drag in two additional Gain blocks from the Math library to the
workspace.
--Flip these blocks by selecting each block and using...... Format.......Flip Block
--Double click on each of the blocks and set the appropriate parameters
c = 0.5
k = 1.0
--Connect the signal lines:
Either Click the gain block input and drag to each of the branch points.
or
Ctrl-Click to select the branch point first and drag to the gain inputs.
--Add appropriate titles to the gain blocks

c = 0.5

k = 1.0

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 7) Connect all Input Signals.

In the Simulation Diagram, connect all the input signals to the appropriate inputs
of the Sum Block.

Input:
+ d2x d2x dx
f(t) m x
-
dt2
1
dt2 1 dt 1 Output:
x(t)
m
- s s
dx
c
dt
c

kx
k

In the SIMULINK workspace:

-- Add a Step Block from the Source library and set its parameters.
Step time = 0
Initial value = 0
Final value = 3
-- Connect the signal lines to the sum Block, paying attention to the signs of the
inputs.

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8) Your completed SIMULINK model should look like the following. Complete any
missing titles or labels.

Save your model as Example2.mdl

9) Running your simulation

Double click on the Scope to make its output visible.

Run your simulation.

What is it maximum value of x reached?______________

What is its final value of x reached?__________________

Is this behavior underdamped, overdamped, or critically damped?

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This concludes the SIMULINK Tutorial Module.

You are now to complete Part D: Lab 1 Worksheet. To complete the

worksheet you are expected to understand and use the terms below.

Terms used on the worksheet:

Steady State Value is the final value of the system settles at after transient
behavior has dissipated.

Overshoot is characterized as the maximum response swing past the steady

state value.

Rise time is time required for the system to rise from ten to ninety percent of the
steady state value.

Settling time is the amount of time the system takes to value settle close to the
steady state condition (to within approximately 2% of the step size).

Settling
Time

Overshoot
Steady State
Value

+/- 2% of step

Rise
Time
.

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Name __________________________Section _______ C M _____________

Lab Partners: ________________ __________________ _______________

Part D: Lab 1 Worksheet

ES205 Analysis and Design of Engineering Systems

1) Mass-Spring-Damper Model:
Below you will explore how changing each of the three parameters, m, c, and k ,
affect the system response of the spring-mass-damper model created in Part C.

Varying the mass, m:

In the space below, make a prediction. How do you think changing the mass, m,
of the system will affect its dynamic behavior?

Now using your SIMULINK model, vary the value of the mass, m, using the
multipliers given below, while keeping k and c constant. Then on the graph
below sketch and label each response.

Use Mass values: m/5 m/2 1.0*m 2.0*m and 5*m

Summary: Give a short summary which qualitatively describes how changing

the mass affected the system response. Include qualitative reference to the
overshoot, settling time, and steady state value.

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Varying the damping constant, c:
Make another prediction. How will changing the damping constant, c, of the
system affect its dynamic behavior?

Now using your SIMULINK model, vary the value of the mass, c, using the
multipliers given below, while keeping k and m constant. Then on the graph
below sketch and label each response.

Use Damping Constants: c/5 c/2 1.0*c 2.0*c and 5*c

Summary: Give a short summary which qualitatively describes how changing

the damping constant affects the system response. Include qualitative reference
to the overshoot, settling time, and steady state value.

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Varying the elastic coefficient, k:
Make a prediction: How will changing the elastic coefficient, k, of the system
affect its dynamic behavior?

Now using your SIMULINK model, vary the value of the elastic coefficient, k, using
the multipliers given below, while keeping m and c constant. Then on the graph
below sketch and label each response.

Use Elastic Coef values: k/5 k/2 1.0*k 2.0*k and 5*k

16

14

12

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5

Summary: Give a short summary which qualitatively describes how changing

the elastic coefficient affected the system response. Include qualitative reference
to the overshoot, settling time, and steady state value.

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2) Modeling a Simple Electrical RLC Circuit.

A simple electrical circuit consists of a Resistor, Coil, and Capacitor in series with
a variable voltage source, E(t).

R
L
e

i
+ C
E(t)

The circuit may be modeled using two 1st order DE's given as

di R 1 1 de 1
+ i + e = E (t ) and − i=0
dt L L L dt C
with i(0) = 0 with e(0) = 0

where i is the current in the circuit and e is the electric potential at the node
between the coil and capacitor.

Draw the Simulation Diagram that represents these DEs below.

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 Now using your Simulation diagram, create the SIMULINK model for this electrical
system using the values:

R=3
L=1 2
C =0.5 E(t)
and E(t), which is a pulse defined as t
1 5

Add Scope Blocks to display both outputs, i and e, as well as the input voltage,
E(t). Make sure you include appropriate labeling of the blocks, signals, and I/O.

Run the simulation for 0< t < 10

Sketch the shape of the output signals below:

i
e

t t

Now experiment with your model by varying each of the component parameters,
R, L, and C. Describe the effect each has on the system response.

Effect of Varying R:

Effect of Varying L:

Effect of Varying C:

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Using trial and error, try to select an appropriate set of values for R, L, and C that
produce a system response such that the system has
-- a rise time of less than 1 s
-- a settling time less than 4 s
-- an overshoot of less than 0.25 V?
Document the variations you tried to produce this response on the table below.
(If after 8 tries you were unable to find a satisfactory solution you may stop.)

Trial R L C Settling Overshoot Meet

Time Constraints?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Upon completion of this Worksheet, hand in the following:

1) This handout, Part D with all graphs, tables, and questions completed.
2) A printed copy of your spring-mass-damper system SIMULINK model.
3) A printed copy of your electrical system SIMULINK model.

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