64 THE POLITICS OF ADVENTURE Theories of travel, discourses of power A bat re a i] i BE west conan, my cramp un la esate Tras ro etal dete hw win Ost ae Baten nye sc fea Sem i hoe nirtrr svcph ca aa oe San ch dare mt a eri Turkey esp emi ih century, hwCtl 85:4 and Conan an i ara he cst ei om en ayo, ya. andthe Holy Land, pases that had besa colonize by the Ottoman Empire, teense the Arab wort’ artoclopeal nd sane es, feed supsss for scenic contemplation, These incre difee "argc, point oa eric shi i early Orsttatgm from an poy aad apocryphal discourse oa rational and seentie desta My cxamples forthe middle of the sinetenth sentry ae Gerard de Nerva’s Vorure en Orient (1843) and Gustave Faubrt's Nate de en (4889-80, In these wings the commerce of adventure now predemlonte tours a the ne, or modern, form of travel makes advemures pote ‘ommecial euerprs. nthe case of these mid ninesenthcentury eeing Shere i ile ha is exe or seentfe about the Oren ine the Middle Es has tecome extensively explored and colonial by Euopeane the rns of thes inetent-century Wavelets oi toa daeurie sf fom, scene to play, from arduous exploration toe) pesute. Thi a tet to sugest that Orin adventure hae les pollo ee nptea in colonial relation of power. Rater, my arguncat isha new one ot ‘commercial colonialism becomes dominant i the mid-nineteenth eontay nthe ight of recent theories of travel tis my contention that te dy ‘ofthe notion of adventure in these texte neces nv the ps of "European colonialism and the parte ways which accuse tel ae implicate in relations of power: Travel and adventure not sate terms and conquer it becomes necessary tosses theo wl they PtcularNsorieal contexts This 8 not to sugees that thre tate ‘eationhip operating between the historical period, but tthe ta the Shit fom one set of discursive lations anoter be wena apn tha i historically oveetermined and polly speci, Tam iterentd,o ‘one hand, inthe particule theres and questions af travel tal each Set of cavers puts forth: what motivates the Europeu” dere for tae {nd adventure, and what are the al ftir representations of the Ont? (On the other han, I wis to explore the politcal implications ote shit 1 the theories of eavel hut distinguishes each st of taelece, What 'we the historia and pois czcumances tht enabled thee dace shits How; for example, does the move towards a move Faonl thd bjt’ view ofthe Orca aleet Orient a a dicot of per a the ate hse century? And, how do the dcouse a practi ean stable new relation of power between Earope ad the tle Ea inthe ieieenh eaty? ‘The late seventeenth centary—the exotes of adventure 'm France the advent of Ores took pe i the second hall of the ‘svecenth century withthe ie of meraniis and the expansionist Poses of Colbert, Lous XIV's Minster of Financ, The bulding ofa eee tere uc onary cn he edna hough te de (a pe , Se ate am) San ae Te sre aes m Sorts of travelers inthe Ma idea (o travel in the Middle East. Adventure is a mediated phenomenon: ‘rae lo created and backed large comme : ta coke acage! a8 hdr conimecil eer Ma there always already an itera (Chat anotber tel area) tha mi bere eae satis my es (sh a he Cn ines every ele dare Bu the eft of thi Ei Cn 1 he Conpgne Ind Orem n Societies Ee carne Srp rt 10, Sea tans rch one Oren, The flr chu’ of eer eles tgp Teveoo 0 sai Saari rh He pew tay, he poh on. For eae ier tava of the Shera Sep Ate meet cn an FResceaochcenty sen ce pen ong epee eer ies a Face To ge unr oe po ‘ons pins mast be marvelous and unksowe oie aan of Some se a at ne chy an a ‘Gree Frvene Won chrcters he sentence adventure st 8 rls de ae appre Fac a ‘omen mode of ual ands dee or dienes revealed in the een al bok pled dri tt poo. Whe el {fac appearance of tems sich ae fe more, Finca 08 lr SREP meant prone awe, miss ‘Sr inseveneencntry acon Spimeder ith be mesaso mak he oe ven ah “Topo te potions of hs dese opr an ape Say Sete co ote a ema a ‘nc tunica eats oui Europe, we mh smn the Bes Seng tenia Foe cted ctrl sce i hah em ‘STenoter aelogue, Taverne Less oye on Targa ee tse oe soa eon ote Me El Gate Rah cll expansion grew wth ie wero gu ‘ecm sin Ae wo i uot ae ot un Toman Fouoet Job Law and Ani roid et ten aa hours oh mor ith he secs. One oe ot ag Qt pcetios of he Ma as find cars gong every mo om one ye provine fo ante, 28a example ofthe uteaon of the de {nd he cnr are mara lr In Aaa oes eon ecaam passat aygue, Tinea ah thot ae entey culated a habs on is men hasnt hoa tm i over ait thane thc th er te forementoned burst of rele De Sr car sess, perf ve In poerty aber a Wo PAE tc pee empire semnctthoen ey oad_| “wear yan doer to be tatesed page acs which gers bene tak of water am he rosin of Aras ‘NeR Seeds notin se tht ae ode and wellsun thos sth so ake eel and reat thm wel” St the vor satiety np 4 te bingo ae ean eit ca sf inelogus tat hae append ee Gitecnce one cannot tna fn-Ass 8 oe might travel in Exo, te eeaesnodoubaburis eee mewn | —_-tainveunating tht there are ee adequate meas of ansporttion . ‘nor the safety and hospitality one encounters in Europe. A further crucial Sites tat oth the prep and the Pope he Ort ae the ‘fac opposie of thse in aap He deste one Ba ae ual “Eppes ni eves oop who are ost ary and lent i Tlandape that ari ate, and dngorous Tavernier ema ‘Svea he eeneenth cnr trv le aan obser and mato te Ore cuts, Inde, eer) European svete ‘avlogue empha ictal, poll and propa die,OOOO, “iceneshat artd te Mil as a ext he place eon a a or j avis on conse by peu og tT deal xn, ut a the pce Ege Se nivenuous cele oked fora rote, Geta and eat be cou ot ad in Free Se pas seeatcateny Ivar ike Tse we fe te creeraesGocang hs voysgs in te Mile Eas, Beer te Suan's ere. For ceal to the prod ig oan ot Ont were eo he hr he mace atcay oo whch ute of power and erotica ner pose Pepe emery sovdogs. dicwson of nna etal Peony of ie harem wo 4 oper obi, asthe eave et ian fas compte oot te ret ea fe rg Star te tonic of oneal sly orb French aude The Pressey tveters roe vison of th harem is smb a Pomona Sex dave that mould be vsized moe ea in thecpheent std nent cetures [Aut Gioson oon ie dee ro pent the sated spo he arom sets ih on the ays in wih stone ary Robs Saree and war wec inp in clon ations f owe tepon esp inhi Bat tus onier Taverner is tite Laas RIV in Laurel reon iv ser (1702) oer Tite eb my pit sot te proce function of haem disney inccoaletn pone. Taverner writes“ ems 0 meal Kangra Asean Alt ae made forthe sol orp of one 3 te Jeg bua nth jou re dein oe he ete wor” Ti Sip ingest tthe beping of text oes a {hee mond ofthe harem speaks fo te scalps! ipa nh ete When he Fen ton we saa HE Ite vont women asap figures ma sched space, ot Pa tug to doit td soi’ tay be ccuence tat Jp tibet bee of reac lois acre ae ‘ngielateseenteth pdeaty ect corres, but toes | sth of eatery system exchange teneon sete TOS "Tei Oneatand polit cous oct sad mereanisn na is eon py) ther woes what male the ae so print fo srvetcntheestrs et the rem’ smulcrom of he tere om (ae fantasies of damnit of the harm contrite othe ultra consrtion ofthe Orient sexi butthey slo provided pace of fants or he French colonization of Asin snd Afi, What Taverir wishes Lous XIV to bovowe nema Kad ‘f'Grand Seimet” who as pola nd econo overlay ve bt Ae fn Afi sae ‘Te late eighteenth century—the sence of adventare Although 1 have suggested, Orientalism was born in France during the ‘Seon haof he seventeenth sentry, it an not ut the end the ih Iceth conury that sptematc and "seni snvesbgations of the Mile Esa appourd, Unt en, the dicourse of Orem was aay coined {othe court ad slons and reprseted the Ose asa phanasmagorcal lind of exotics and romance Towa the end ofthe eighteenth entry however, am explosion af ae iateest in the Midale East occurred amon French itelicualpoitians plogis, and philosopher. They viewed the Ortent more professionally sa fd for serous sholary exploration tnd pedagogi practice. Among the lrg body of texts that exempts rial enuenc” eto seal raveogues:Savary's Le ees sur [egypt and Voloays Vayageen Sie en Exype. What distinguishes these ‘vor om the presogs rvslogues ofthe Middle East thatthe avers Coluseeed to voyage to the reson. Unlike the predessos who went 6 "he Oven ether ae missionaries ora presents ofthe King, Sarg fa Volney travelled thi ov native and viewed thei journeys 3+ Sitting enterprises The scale of waeling which characterizes these journeys contitues a dacursive transformation that cesses ‘ations sth te other ad new defations ad sratepes for observation, nhs ction, wih fo conse he theoretic and poi implications othe shit rom exotic to scence inthe Oscoure of Peach Ovens ‘An adeguateicuson of the forces that enabled this sit beyond the scope ofthis chapter But two major Factors that heped edit the ‘hit from exoticam to scene sould be mentioned Fis, there was Elighenmentphlowphy, with ts emphasis on posism and emp, which Johannes Fabian, in his seminal Tine and the Other, and Mary Lise Prat inher ptl-reaking book, Zora Byes, have convincingly rapped Secondly, the Ortoman Empire and the Saini monarchy in Tran were on the deine during the fst ba of the eightcenth centr, eating the plea vacuum the European colonization ofthe Mile East Subsequently led “Tuning. the, 1 some of the specie dicusve characteristics of the seit frome exo of advetue to the scence of adentre we ans that he ategheenth-ontry tele fl comple, forthe fst time, ona he vale f his jour, rationalize the consequent discursive Pract, formulae ew lions withthe ott and dfn pie satesCO EE to approach Mi Ease societies. He viewed his journey 8 ea (hota exper oot a meas of aising individual eto. ay the Oneal eee been his arate by pooting ost the ela benoit ns als of experonngo tales, This show Savary and Volne begin ther marae repec, “aveling¢ mas most instructive school Ii by traveling tat heisabletokiow his few me: iby living with cher pepe, by stnhing he esioms, ter elgion thir goverament that bisa sada of compare by which he cn jude the cso, region, aod goverment of x court. By fonmate cicumstancs, [bad bese acusomed fom @ ung geo sing. Thad asd te stand ten he, Sofi Hind rs seme tof me et iy fig th ate of pening my educaon ap tok ester ref ad ad rept tt Set of ng be it arming gro dementia asthe mow cet deed spans voyage: Sy oil say conidia hoe Wa sod thy ate toss, sed Tome an appopie Wounds or making the pola snd moral obevaon ow Tate dot ms 4a ths fuse, the journey to the Mid f the oust the Mile East is represetad a mae ef alization inthe inert of he ranean that he Os Isboupt der xainaton nd presented the rope dof Ob el ot jus serch forthe exotic and te roi. Rate, 8 Panty ta ot only completes he traveler's formal ea sth eer public by raising acess othe pub out a Svea and moral and cultural valves, In other nod. “Riese te ot okaow ices cutare ste, Sve onthe part othe Europe, The moe OE tout tx ets, tebe understands sci. The Ont ter, bu otherness iso interest othe lte-gger 384 ston subj o stay, no san ot of ears isla te powerful enunciting sbi ies oth Savary and Voeyasort the acer quaiations ofthe tal, Whether peta se poe of tobigrphial information (sin the (se of Vol whose edcaton acquired ste and pasion have prepared himfr he journey) oF given asa pce of advice as in Savar's ae), the tras highlights his preparation Tor such an undertaking ace that re him the authority to spk. Savy’ consultative emarks provide a good ‘hample the pete of sysemate preparation for ese fore hepaning his raves, i portant that he have an exten- She Knowle of geography and history. Theft wil situate the place wich served that or great tnt The ter wil ease hove events in his memory.” wen Ik snot coincidence that Saary considers history and geography as the {vo fundamental bes of knowlege nesetsry for tveing i he Oren {or Onetism as discursive practic became invested wth seohisorial fares inte late eghceth entry” A sete study a the Oreat ‘syurs knowledge of ory and world peography, ot js sa scholany ‘ctehnia prerequisite ta Tall derstanding of Europe's oe bat, more Siena sa thooretea ramework to leate “Oneal hr istry fh cre, within the privileged ester sar a5 a whole. Geography and Istory provide the traveller withthe tol to make aweful ad acura siscrment of what he ses abd. Theknoedge of geography erable the ‘cco tele to state the Onn a spt term, whe hs stone oles allows into locate tin tine. Moreover, the travel aust kooW some oriental guages to draw acturtedonchons rom hs obsarvation of other elas. Tiss the ind bl criterion that Voluy lame mot of is precusos woeful ake: ‘Mont aves are bur sing antiques eather than hemor fate, Neu all of them, sly traversing the country, have ested wo portant means of geting to know tie an an ‘age Without language we would not know how to appreciate the eis fa nation's character Aa iterpreter translation never his the clot o a dec lope." wea ‘This page sa semarkable example of how the new dipin of phio- logy profesional the pracis of wave and adventure and made them ‘more »temat or seni. Tme and Koowadge oi languages are ‘ewe! a nsesary condos 1obaving 1 meuningfl encounter with the ‘ter, Voleys remarks ao point an anhropologelinerest inthe ober, ‘oe that attempts too beyond the archaeological interest in orientalsmsigy an he perfil oberon of ec vee, mina nd twincmen Unt te sks nual aes vee sa ttle th nesptententuy tances abl apres ee ai came ato” bate he) kn and tro te age fothncnayconinas fra dst cxparne a he Ons Wine een tia crs dd pees att ined Th acgison of nguays andthe excel tea the ane tert With he thermore dt, and tas suds tnd acy thot study beter The Kaowidg of nae “esl nahn om he ther onal, however, themes of tine an Language do ot reins rant an clo othe Oren than his cence Prune. On the contr, what privioged inthe scene day Ofte ds Bah Svar an Voineyenphasse he mporant fiefs mont of craton Tr te a eben enacted bth recs Saray speaks ote setae a th Oat sins aftctation” and nt to place onl “wre dos tabs ot ge neigh o wha the trvcer ulin pee oat the oer LEW) Snr, Vln crane ater spnea ini ts of wonderment an sock, and vocurups sore Ged Aigsionat reton the other efit inpresion of ae bjt serriss wand thro out it diary One must mat fer th tesco aa ad tpt erton mor than oc. in oi ob urs Aan, To wel sana tha us more eit aang “would think. — Z z vex, Git Este’, 2s Edvard Sad bas demonstrated in Orem“ sracher, ever involved, always detachod.””” 1 follows, then, that he" I al ite Arle ney he objet at power oer Tie tr Fein co hata he donee rae Ses ol atone ware su nora song tt fous Seattle doco» price dat eng cob GR ea apa oe is emars pit to see ee eration, am, nae, and dtachd cen ply: Van ims o speaks hing a a of distance posts binary andes ler and the “Oriental ts embeded in specie and concrete politcal apd idelogal concerns of the cghenthcenury Oren, a dscourse that provided Prance the escoary Knowle fr its clonialeaerpise. In the binary oppositions [Occidentale slater, the fst terms are alma prvlessd, “plying relation of unequal power. The European i nay the subject TRtunicdge and power, wile teri x comnitent coasted a5 the Ghjet of istitutinal investigation. Because te travel is he questioning Sn ovlooking subject. his objet of study is presumed to ben ned of ‘Samtion, conection, and ulimatly colonization. “The dghtenthrecoury traveler's aim to absclate truthfulness and atm objectivity also pias fa dsr suaeay by means of which “Shobographial and empiri writing is presented. Let s conser Savarys nd Valves unyielding eli Total rates ‘avingbocome a cizen of the Univers, he wil is abo parity tnd option and in deserbing ces nd counts, his rasstokes ‘nl be guid hy the hand of tut." ein) Fowl, 1 equired myself to talk abot sothng but what had sees thor fchand Tam account, tempted fo preserve the spirit Thad brought with mein examining the Cats that an inpata foveof the uth I forbade mye a able of th imagination. WED) War hes teers tau ins of ojiviy and ries point Soot mc ave or fication of the Ot Vay cla Sanh satan ot ours mora tay me ‘Scanian one ceca Orla Tore t- touareg a unmet ube a cmbrs ris utes te dinemiaon of he pig sto Sy an es groom a Teva any oincn and pri, hia escent move Lo conceal thor uptattprecr, to camoutage thr vuseting ls the uct fen an ii the aortas ves ord © ‘Eat tir poten mons shot tele of neo mens {hemor of a autora cour Sch cn uthorsan odious hough the dies of he pa ingabs andthe auonomn of he ening Pac aS ov drome ane! ate, na Hs soa wht ous Cis fi Wer an ait vrs nous ema Snay tnd Won tac constant sino te tomar “aul ps ae rare. The Th sr eratice'n mumber of formal citria about teCO ‘sBies for studying non-European societies, thus sketching» nepal ing the eee obser ‘The mid-nineteenth century—the ‘commerce of adventure Jn the m-inetcenh century technological and pla tags i ered in new and dominant mode of travel othe Mid | Fit the derelopment of sicamships (which revolution al ‘Medieraneen) and the construction of railroad ines (heh all MAE Eastern sis) furnished wesiern European tals wih ‘somfort that was indispensable in cncouraging them o le ‘cose the Orient. Second, the French covpation of Map iB ‘sence in India and Egypt, and the ending ofthe Grec-Tuish 1m 128 ‘stabilized the socio-political situation nthe Ore ‘ecessary secuity forthe tours industry in the ‘The improved raclng cov out the Bast made sad litany of misadventures, and very poor description: & tableau without a oraon, without «landscape, where becomes pos Ihe tous he te o four scene of Switzerland b Hay that ‘kr before ving the mln eer the, the ve peste of lakes, the apne observations, and al this poetic fora ‘i beoved, sunny elmaten which lave the Pars bourgeiie Fel o bite sta tl they cannot po farther than Montel fr Montmoreney™ Nev saga for 4 tine when ‘eaves i known nds was fool, ani hs deopsory tae of he word Yo which sppered in {Serene langage only in 16 can be talon a sigs of «peopl Sicominy nthe en of thet, wells be ce ive. Neva’ remarks ansoune he gradhal poesia of he Scventarostvelr who undertook the moblesome joey in sarh ‘ew knowl rman counter an cnoticenperese Une hea Sisto the Ore rom th wo stir poste mint sentry ‘rover hana more amateur and era ela tthe tor he ster a power ej of nowy aor an adeno exper fhe ‘Sknowns Neral ses covered about cpio the ei than abot ‘Be pole of his om brated. conto Vole and Savay, wo ‘Mmptd fo des ad ake ses hiner oa of ota Sole in ode og ew knows about the thet, Neral la Sholslyssknowldges Neg lied 0 ening the aed Sed Sov of exe Fluke’ Not de age noses 3 nw ye of ae, th tour. hic Nolo ris Fe ome hsea ‘iin journeys erly vers fom the areal fos Taber sa wae or pele iteration fro he boredom fs day oropetn i The epson kre it common ee ia i Ite from Esp It yu only knew the campos around us and in what peaceful peo Sundiy one feels the spt ouming—we Ize around. we saunter, sxe daydream. Fam geting a in revotig Fashion, "We evel shy Tor theres of ou Journey, not tring ousles sand spending log tine watching everthing tht passes us onthe ‘ik, sleping oy fattening up ke igs, ad having charmingly sud ta" ‘The belted sineeethcenary rele 5 ‘ike bis romantic prorors nora serous explore of eultral difernces nd enpinal knowledge, fhe sgheethcearystanttavellr. The ‘ours pleasuresesker who privess the sy wfoig see overEr sae ae ose fia ap ie ee Susan Bock Mon Nerval p Voyage ex Ore si usw cial fefeence to 4 new discursive formato, la bok, Asa teal traveler arbng ithe Oren at tne ia teen thoroughly explored, tubed, ad colonise, Neral ae Chole sbout the nature of the new genre, He descibs aap representation, devoid of aestetc consciousness «ok em Tiotpetchoiaon of the travelogue abd vague arate at \Citcal though Nerval was ofthe now gene te ou gi Significant shift in travel Irate, one that served he the power stcucture that supported st The guide shoe aa (thigh te statements and their speakers are dso. The Ste author, the Knowledgeable avon-avee, next he maderancr ay adventurer. There aoa shit fom ial thon i the guide nl the tavelogue here oe til se fe and spun. te pe a eee conn acre 2d ote a Sen, paca Soon a Se ce we po nlm Ee ee oe coool ae Oe pega nn cna Be — soon acouners—stoouoters that are produced by the tours a short, the fuidebook reawvakens the doure Tor ores exo a a dane When rope coloniin had already made he Orewa fara space. dnl Travel Nawal Sun YacSet Unt, Kastan, Taian, May 3 2m 2Seme a Hs dr Lic Bons Gery Feary 200. » Fates Cie movement Onetanuclona] det pl chet plas ‘an: ne rouge eto dessert sage On a Saint tela de grande ermpugi decent Marino Poh onl en ees XP ow SVT se (Pars Mahe {8 A alr dca of Cider exten ec ad ger Stn) Sent Calonuin are tyond hope hace bt on get 2Shrer Cates pla sd Semone, Léon Docs Tacos ection om oy Fae uri Pon, 8. REGGE age uur a fot tr ae Hames, Le see ge inn out pe ena ei a ps aa SSDP pope ej gn Rn va arn ‘Show dle nnn abs ls chow gael ries eels Jot ‘Buu ety eo ponte sensu der ea peas ‘hts ql on dana pee ee dope cose Set etn ym fi Comin ce oe {pane ng an Tt Vue Ent Pas ae Ps 4 "Lee voyages ms oot pus dams Ase corms dans L'Euroe, mi tstes le rs trecn mn Ei On ny oa os vote Ste ue, {S*Shmlns ie fle tl de powcr ef proms spp om fo ‘ents Dn vol Ss Ase de om entices pape 8 ae stg sit ae ue es a ‘enya dango pre mange Seat ar icone Ab ‘Sue ne sas fe der ler es, tes gu pene Se er Pn es smi Dpese Tavern, Ue eae! [Hepa & on Poe Volt Pats: ibe Frame 1s, 93 «Se She gu ous er Raps de TAse, ede TArgue testy ue Sein Rgiatas maritime