+ 150. Tests | | Physics Topicwise Quizzes a { Single Chapter Tests Chemistry i ' | + chapterwise Tests * Veommrcsce | |= ues | | # Biology ale Half book tests je paliceewennlat | yen | © English Page and Practice SW, 2 English Grammar Tests Logical 10,000 Mcas, t) 1 _PMC36 aid Tests Free Reasoning n MDcAT Past Papers i i cluded 2015-2021, ‘bowk printing. onc: Dont buy hw, if cae ages missing er honk auciity is mat good, co i © 2022 EditionBOM SERIES ewer) Pe v0 0 ee Main Features VY Topicwise + Chapterwise 20,000+ Topicwise MCQs ¥ 1 Liner key points ] V Tips, Tricks & key points } /MCQS with explaination ¥ Cover Full course ‘ " v Cover All Textbooks v Cover All Subjects /¥ Online MCQs Account v PDF Past Papers till now. Volume 2 of 2 2023 EditionBOM series 1 NMDACT Tips, Tricks & Formulas ALL Rights Reserved. This book is registered with government of Pakistan by Means Of FBR, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANISZATION , IRIS No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopies, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the BOM admisitator team. If any one share these books through internet or anyone made a copy or sell fake books, strong actions will be taken against then like 2 years Jails and 5 Lak Penalty by FBI. Koes Sc So TO THE STUDENTS. ‘This book provides a complete materials for NMDCAT according toPMC syllabus 2021. It is in the form of MCQs from elementary and basic to advanced and sophisticated level. By using this book, you ean prepare yourself for National MDCAT test for medical colleges. We wish you every success and invites positive information iticism and suggestions for the i provement of the BOM TEAM According To PMC Syllabu 2021.2 MDCAT At Your Fingertips Contents Excluded Chapters From Textbooks For NMDCAT 2021: 4 PHYSICS.. 5 1. Force and motion : sia si 5 . Work and energy Rotational and circular motion..... . Waves., Electrostatics.. . Current Electricity... Electromagnetism, 40 2, 3 4. . 5. Thermodynamic 6. 4 8 9, ). Electromagneti¢ induction 10, Electronics 11, Dawn of modern physics. 12, Atmotnic spectra... 13, Nuclear Physics. CHEMISTRY. 1. Introduction to fundamental concepts of chemistry /Stoichiometry. 2. Atomic structure, 3. GASES. Bo 4, LIQUIDS 5. SOLIDS. 6. Chemical equilibrium, 7. Chemical kinetics. 8. Thertnochemistry .... . ate Ne Le svcpinsisnaiitt 9. Electrochemistry 81 10. Theories of covalent bond and shapes of molecules/Chemical Bonding. 84 11. S and p block elements 87 12. and f block elements. . 90 13. Fundamentals prineples of organic chemistry. %0 14, Chemistry of hydrocarbons. 93 15, Alkyl halides : : 98 16, Alcohols and phenols. 100 17, Adehydes and ketones... 1 103 18, Carboxylie acids. 105 19, Macromoleeules/Biochemistry 108 BioLocy 113 1. Biodiversity (acellular life/variety of life) 113 2. Bioenergetics. 15 3. Biological molecules... lt According To PMC Syllabu 2022.3 MDCAT At Your Fingertips 4. Cell structure and function... . i 7 ss 120 5. Coordination and control/nervous & chemical coordination... 6, Diversity among animals (The Kingdom Animalia) 7. Enzymes... 8. EVvOIUtION soon wn on on so - 150 9. Life processes in animals and plants (nutrition/gascous exchange/transport) seven 153 10, Prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera) oe : 169 11, Reproduction . 172 12, Support and movement i. Cartilage.. 178 13, Variation and genetics/inheritance.. 182 English/Logical Reasoning 189 1) Vocabulary: synonyms, antonyms, homophones 139 2) Tenes and sentence structure... 189 3) Punctuation: 193 4) Articles 196 5) Prepositions 198 6) LOGICAL REASONING i Ms 207 Logi¢al Reasoning MCQ3.. Error! Bookmark not defined. Physics, Chemistry, Biology & English Practice MCQs..... 284 Past Papers Vearwise Original rror! Bookmark not defined. According To PMC Syllabu 2022.BOM series NMDCAT TEST 2021 Y Total No. of MCQs: 210 3.5 hours Y Duration of MDCAT: ¥ Format: Computer-based MCQs ¥ Minimum pass marks: 65% Y No negative marking MDCAT At Your Fingertips S.No_| Subject No. of MCQs(PMC Test) 1. | Biclo; 68 2.__| Chemistry 56 3.__| Physics 56 4. | English 20 =, 5. | Logical Reasoning 10 Total 210 Note: In Biology, Chemistry and Physics section, 70% questions will be recall and 30% will be application level. Difficulty levels of MCQs Level | Percentage (PMC) Eas, 20 Moderate 60 Hard 20 Excluded Chapters From Textbooks For NMDCAT 2021: BIOLOGY Chap No.7 Protista and Fungi Chap No. 8 Diversity Among Plants Chap No. 15 Homeostasis Chap No. 19 Behavior Chap No. 21 Development & Aging Chap No. 23. Chromosomes and DNA Chap No25) Man And His Enviroament Chap Na, 26, Biotechnology. Chap No27. Biology And Human Welfare vy CHEMISTRY > Chap no. Acids, bases and salts > Chapno.10 Solutions and colloids > Chapno.22 Industrial chemistry > Chapno23 Environmental chemistry > Chapno.24 Analytical chemistry PHYSICS > Chapno.d _— Measurments > Chapno2 | Vectors and Equilibrium > Chapno.6 Fluid dynamics > Chapno7 Oscillation > Chapno9 Physical optics > Chapno.15 Alternating current > Chapno.16 Physics of solid According To PMC Syllabu 2022.BOM serie: 5 PHYSIC! i, Force and motion ii, Work and energy iii, Rotational and circular motion iv. Waves Vi. Electrostatics v. Thermodynamics vii, Current electricity viii, Electromagnetism ix. Electromagnetic induction NMDACT Tips, Tricks & Formulas x, Electronics xi, Dawn of modern physics xii, Atomic spectra xiii, Nuclear physics 1. Force and motion i. Displacement it. Velocity ili, Displacement-time graph iv. Acceleration v. Uniform acceleration vi. Variable acceleration vii. Graphical representation of acceleration with velocity time graph momentum viii, Newton's laws of motion xiv. Collision motion motion motion xv. Elastic collision Sent] * Everything in the vastness of space isin state of Rotatory motion © The change in position of body is called Displacement * Inertia of body is measured in terms of Mass * [velocity is increasing the acceleration is Positive © Actual way > Distance © Shortest way > displacement © Speed scalar Velocity > vector Average sped ~ always positive Average velocity > positive or negative Acceleration > vector * Displacement-time graph is called Velocity [so important*™ * Displacement-time graph may be Negative © Distance-time graph can never be Negative © Slope = Ay/Ax ean * Slope or gradient of v-t graph is called Acceleration _**so important*+| Veloce © Areaunder v-t graph is called Distance traveled ix. Newton's firstlaw of x, Newton's second law of xi, Newton's third law of i, Linear Momentum xiii, Law of conservation of xvi. Elastic collision in one dimension xvii, Elastic collision in one dimension under different cases xviii, Projectile motion xix. Characteristics of projectile motion xx. Time off light xxi, Maximum height xxii, Horizontal range eo WaVitat = V+ 1/2a827 © 2as= VP-Ve © Sevnxt= (4 t = ifaccelerationis constant. na #_ Freefallmotionis 9.8 ms? or 32 fts* ‘© Inabsence of air, lighter and heavier objects fall with same acceleration. [MINT ‘© When force is applied on body its mass remains Constant ‘© Newton's first law of motion is also known as Law of inertia Newton's second law of motion F=ma Newton's third Jaw of motion Fas = -Faa mites F=ma=(mi+m; Ja so a= tre * Gq F ticarema) * Gaim) °We can also cto F2=mzaandFi=mia ‘© Linear momentum was called quantity of motion by Newton * The produc to fmass and velocity is called momentum. © Linear momentum is vector quantity. © Units:kgms? orNs 50 impertant™| © Fema © mv/tep/t * PeFt= Ns [#50 important™*] [ELEN eee © The product of F and tis called force, represented by J Je Ft Ns / so important™ © Rate of change of momentum is called Impulse © The product of force and duration of impact is called Impulse * J= Px At myy- mvif*¥s0 important™] © Fx At= mv;- my, when we know initial and final velocity and time, then we can find the force. fo important*™ mpulse of MCQs FOR ET! © Newton's laws are applicable inyInertial frames only * Iftwo objects are moving with the same velocity, it’s difficult to stop the Massive of the two * Acceleration of bodies of different masses are ‘The same under the force of gravity. © The laws of motion show the relation between aandF * Inertial mass and gravitational mass are Identical * Aframe of reference stationed onrearth is called Inertial frame © ASkg mass is falling freely, the force acting on, itwill be Zero * Dimension of momentum is similar to that of Impulse * The vertical height and horizontal range will be equal, if angle of projection is 76° © Ifthe line ofaction of force F passes through the origin. The torque is Zero © Inrotational motion the analogue of force is Torque 6 MDCAT At Your Fingertips Me © fnoexternal forces acts on body,we called it isolated system. © Foran isolated system change of momentum is zero © For an isolated system initial and final collisions remain contants. enn Let Massa ttle — Mass ottttle = 6 Heture Firing Intial Velocity of buket % 0 Anital Yetoctty orrine v's 0 SSS = Initial Momentum p; — my (bullet) + 16v rite -o19— Aner Fumg Lot Final Velocity oftullet 6p v inal Velovity at ite ¥ —¥! ad Momentum pe Oy + oy SM =m CONSERVATION GF MOMENTUM -~BEFORE SHOT. .Rile + Bullet + Propellant Gases = Q) oa AFTER SHOT Bile, + Bullet + Propellant Gases = Q | teetet er reer ser ow mint ower rw ec etre ec ot eid eae ema E 1. When rocket is fired, it moves in forward direction by expelling burning gases through the engine at the rear. The rocket gains the momentum equal to the momentum of gas According To PMC Syllabu 2022.{BOM 7 MDCAT At Your Fingertips expelled from the engine but in opposite momentum. i Roemer Peat) Alter collision, the velocity of two body will be, ma: ama, = ves mis + Gaeta sand vs 2m ma-mt, P=y2mKE [so important] Garsm)™* Grasma)™2 © Iftwo bodies of different masses have same momentum, body witha greater mass shall have lesser kinetic energy. ‘+ Iftwo bodies of different mass have same Kinetic energy, body with a greater mass shall have greater momentum, * For two bodies having same mass, the body having greater momentum shall have greater kinetic energy. ERR © Inan elastic collision both kinetic energy and momentum is Conserved * Inan inelastic collision momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not Conserved © The type of collision in which before and after collision appear on singe line Head-on ‘When both the colliding bodies are of the collision same mass, i2., m; = m2 =m, then, * The relative speed of approach is equal to " pea relative speed of separating for two Bodies wis Grima) ta + opm Juzand ve colliding elastically 2h Nia pus nes Gem) * Grama! * Asystem in which no external agency exerts Eitan vecames: any force is called Isolated system ure Co © Acollision in which both KE and momentum Z mem? is conserved is called Elastic collision =0+ C2 yu * acollision in which momentum is conserved vis tzand but KE is not, isealled Inelastic collision «22h # The relation between range and maximum gen Sm range R=Rosin20 te =u +0 * Newtonian physics does not hold true in case vas uy [* important*™ of Atomic particles ‘Thus, ifthe balls of same masses collides each & ‘The conservation of linéai'inomientum holds other, they will interchange their velocities after true in case of Atomic physics collision. * The ballistics missiles are used only for Short range ‘© The collisions between atomic particles, nuclear particles and fundamental particles are Truly elastic collision According To PMC Syllabu 2022.Q ™, 7, After collision When the body B of mass mz is initially at rest and m1=m2, ie, u2= 0, then, mina ‘ama ee 1+ Goreme U Cesy)* * Gere)? the equation becomes v= u ut C2) O= 0 te vo= Gu + S30) =u ve ‘Thus, the ball of mass my , after collision, will come to stop and will takes of the velocity of Gase3) yy yw: =0 e mnt m, Before collision vie ey, v,=0 @ m, m, After collision When a light body collides with the massive body at rest. MDCAT At Your Fingertips In this case initial velocity vz = 0. and mz >> m,, under these conditions m; can be neglected as compared to m: i.e, mi = 0 After collision, the velocity of two body will os miznay,, (22 = Gan Girema M2 sain) * Grama)? the equation becomes: vi 2m2 9 = -v, = Garema) * Goreme a 3 yy, 4 ea Wa = (peal t Gag) = 0 ‘Thus, the body of mass m; will bounce back with the same velocity while m. will remain stationary, [case-4] vy vy, = @ m, m, Before collision vev, v= 2y, = @ m, m, After collision When a massive body colloides with the light stationary body. In this case initial velocity v2=0 and m >>mz. Under these conditions mz can be neglected as compared tomui.e,mz* 0. vis (SM )us + (7 Juz and ve= ame * cnet v= Gea) * Gas XO * ves SO GeO = 2a ‘Thus, there will be no change in the velocity of massive body, and the lighter body will move in forward direction with twice the velocity of cident body. (1): find the acceleration produced in engine force of 3500 n in car of mass 600 kg and truck of mass 2400 kg? Solution] Fore: According To PMC Syllabu 2022.Acceleration produced in car = ac = Acceleration produced in truck = 2: wwe know that, P= mea ace f/'me ac= 3500/600 5.83 m/sec? (b) Now F=m yar aye ff my 500/2400 ay. 1.46 m/s? (2): The weight of an astronaut and his space suite ‘on the moonis only 250N, How much do they weight on earth? What is his mass on the moon? On earth? Take value of ‘g’0n earth = g = 9.8m/ sec? and no moon = gav= 1.667 m/ sect Solution! : weight of astronaut = w = 250N Mass on moon = M Masson earth = Mu =? Weight on earth = we We have W= mg W= Mnf 1 Bm 50/1.667 = 149.97 kg 50 kg ‘As mass Is constant everywhere, so mass of astronaut on earth willbe also 150 kg. Le My = 150 kg ‘Weight of astronaut on earth is given by, We = Mege We. 150x 9.8 = 1470.0 N 1.47«108N 10° The fastest recorded speed for a golf ball hit. by a golfer is 75:8 m/s. It mass of golf ball is 46gm, whats the magnitude of its momentum? Solution} v=75.8m/s, 4ogm 46*102 kg, \Momentum We known that. p =mv 610758 3486.8x10kg/sec 4868 kgm/sec =3.49 kgm/sec P==3.49 kg.m/ sec (4): Calculation the force required tostop a car of mass 1200 kg and loaded truck of mass 900 kg in 2sec if they are moving with same velocity of 10 m/sec? Solution) Initial velocity of car =v, = 10m/s Final velocity of car = v;= 0m/sec, At =25 Initial velocity of truck = vi= 10m/see Final velocity of trucl m/sec Force required to stop car = f =? Force required to stop truck We know that, f= ma vf EE) MDCAT At Your Fingertips 0-10 F= 1200 [**] = -6000N Mass of car = m= 1200kg Mass of truck 00k F=-6000N ‘The negative sign shows that itis retarding force Le it stop a moving car. For stopping truck, we have, 0 ‘The negative sign shows that itis retarding force. Leitstop a moving truck. (5): In carom board game the striker of mass having mass 0.015kg sliding to the right at velocity of 0.04 m/s make héad on collision with a disk having mass 0.005kg that is initially at rest. After the collision striker moves to the right along the direction of disk at 0.20m/s. find the final velocity of the disk. Solution: Mass of striker Initial velocity of strike: Final velocity of striker = vj = Mass of disk= mz = 0.005 kg, Initial velocity of disk = v2 = Om/sec Final velocity of disk = v2 =? By law of conservation of momentum, mi vi+ me v>-mivit Mm V2 m)-0.015kg, v1 =0.40m/sec, .02m/s, ‘me V2=m4vi* mz Ve-m1 V4 vie mintaceomi! — c0isn00%%008%0-0.018x020 vs= (0.006+0-0.003) / 0.005 2v2= ((0.003/0.005) m/sec = 0.6m/sec v= 0.6 m/Sec (6): A200 kg cannon at rest contains a 10 kg, cannon ball. When fired, the cannon ball leaves the cannon with a speed of 90 m/sec. what is the i speed of the cannon? Solution) Mass of cannon ball =m Velocity of cannon ball = vi= 90m/sec, Mass of cannon = m2= 200 kg, Recoil speed of cannon= v: Wehave mivi+m:v:.0 ma v2=-mivr Wi= range is maximumat 90 then Vie (O)/g Time of projectile i sin2(90)/g = Vit sin180/g 0=0 = 2Vi sin 6/g © Rime to reach highest point=T' = T/2= 2Vi sin 6/2g=Visin 6/g © T=Visin e/g [so important] =0 then T= 2Vi sin 0/g= =45 then 2Vi sin 45/g = T= 2Vi (05)/g= Vi/g, Case-3, © if0=90 then 2Vi sin 90/g = T= 2Vi (1)/g = 2Vi/g Peenene) © T=2isin0/g squaring both sides Tes 4Vi sin? 8/g" ng and Deviding right hand side by 2 T2= Havie sin? 8/42) By ay T2 = B(Vi2 sin? @/2g2) 29 Te= Savi in? @/g) Re Wsin2e —— iy ew) Putting values mu) we heave L gine vit sme © T= Mort =—r2/8 Jina? =, Yon No a9 4 ape Pe + met itrton T= So mabe 2 A : a 20m GB eosB Vel 2 Sin2® eee ad. > air wos © The vertical velocity of projectile at its 2 maximum height is Zero sme 24 * The velocity of projectile at its maximum wes height is Minimum +n © Tofind velocisty if intial velocity and itme are e given W=Vi tat We Vi -gt & According To PMC Syllabu 2022.BOM serie: + Aball is thrown from window of moving train, Ithit the ground by Parabolic path Aman throws aball vertically in accelerated train, he ball will fall in Hishand * Ajetdrops a bomb when itis above the target bbut it miss it due to Horizontal component of the velocity of bomber © To jump long, ajumper should jump at 45° * The rate of change of momentum is equal to Force acting on body + kinetic energy of body is increased by 300%, the increase in momentum is 100% © Two equal, anti paralleand non concurrent forces that produce only angular acceleration MDCAT At Your Fingertips © The minimum number of equal forces that keep the body in equilibrium are 2 The minimum number of unequal forces that keep the body in equilibrium are 2 © Aball ofmass 5 kg is dropped from a height of 78.4m the time taken by the ball to hit the ground is 4 sec © When bullet is fired by the gun, the gun moves backward with velocity Less than bullet © The three equations of motion are useful for Linear motion are Couple 2,Workand energy i. Work iv. Potential energy vi. Power ii, Energy v. Gravitational potential iii, Kinetic energy energy the work is maximum. © Work is done when force produces motion its own direction. + WrFdeos 6 © If6.<90"then work done will be Positive © If 6=90°then work done will be Zero [Fso important*™** ‘© If >90° then work done will be Negative [So important™** ‘+ AREa under force displacement curve express work done, Een eee Systems of Units Joule = 1 Newton x 1 m= 105 dyne 102 em. 107 erg watt = 1 Joule/ sec 1 kwh = 10! watt “1 hr = 103 watt x 3600 see = 3.6x 108 Joule THP = 746 watt A MW= 106 watt. Ical= 1 calorie= 42 Joule JeV = "e" Joule = 1.6x 10° Joule (e = magnitude of charge on the electron in coulombs) Case: © When = ), then W= Fd cos 0 = Fd (1) = Fd, © When = 90, then W= Fd cos (90) = Fa (0) =0, the work is zero. Kase: © When 0=180, then W=Fd cos 180 = Fd (-1) =- Fd, the work is minimum. Ifapplied force F is nota constant force, then work done by this force in moving the body from position A to B will be, 2 wa[ha a Here ds is the small displacement. © Units: The unit of work done in SI is joule ()) and in C.GS systemis erg, J=1Nm, Lerg= 1dyn.cm The space around the earth in which it exerts force of attractin on another bodies is known, as gravitational field, According To PMC Syllabu 2022.EMM series © The gravitational force per unit mass on body is known as gravitational field strength. + gravitational field strength= gravitational force/mass = N/kg © ifwe carry a body in closed path in such fields, theat the total work done will be zero, such field is known as conservative. ‘©The total work done ina closed path in gravitational field is zero. (1): During a tug of war, team ‘A’ pulls on team 'B’ by applyinga force of 1100 N_— tothe rope b/w them. The rope remains parallel to the ground. How much work does ream ‘A’ do ifthey pull team ‘B’ towards them a distance of 2m? Solution: Force= F= 1100 N, Distance= d= 2m Work dong = w=? We know that, work done > W-=1100%2J =2200.0) We= 2.2109 (2):A bullet of mass 30 gm travels ata speed of 400 m/sec. calculates its kinetic energy? Solution: Mass = m= 30 gin = 0,030 kg, Speed We know that, KE= 5 mv? 1 KE=2 x 0.030 x (400)? = 2400] KE =2400J (3): An object of mass 10 kgis lifted vertically through a height of 5 m at a constant speed. What is the gravitational P.E gained by the object? Solution: Mass = m= 10 kg, height= h = Sm, g= 98 m/sec”, potential energy = P.E =? We know that, P.E = mgh PE =10x9.8x5 | =PE= 490] (4): How much energy ts generated when mass of 1 gm is completely converted into energy? Solution: Mass = m= 1gm= 0.001 kg, Speed of light = c = 3*108 m/sec, Energy generated = E = mc: .001 (3x18)? = 0.001%9% 1015] .0099% 1015] = 9.0x10%x1015] =E=9.0xx1009] 5): An electric heater is heated at 250 w. calculate the quantity of heat generated minutes? Solution: Power = p = 250 wall, Time=t= 10 min = 600 sec, Heat generated = E =? MDCAT At Your Fingertips We know that, pE/t t 530x600 =E=150000J 50103 J ‘ilo 50 kilo Joules © Electric force © Electric spring force © Gravitational force © Gravitational field Electrostatic field ¢ Magnetic field ESOT Te TE ‘© Frictional forces © Airresisitance ¢ Tensionin string © Normal forces Propulsion forces of molecule ‘© Propulsion forces of rocket MCQs 1. Calculate the work done in kilo joules in lifting amass of 10 kg (at steady velocity) through a vertical height of 10 m, ayoB} b)120) c)980J d)980 KJ asn: d olution] W = pE B= mgh W =(10X9.8 10) = 980 J 2, When a 50 ke bag of books is lifted through 50 cm, the work done is: a)50) b)245 J 9345) ) non of these Ans: b- jon] W = mgh 50x9.8s 0.50 245 3. When a 50 kg crate is pushed through 2m across the floor with a force of 50 N a)10] )50) c) 100) 150) ans: ¢ lution] W= Fd = W=S0x2= 100] According To PMC Syllabu 2022.OM) SERIES 16 MDCAT At Your Fingertips * The rate at which work is done is called power © Energy is the ability of the body to do some and is defined as, work. P=wy/t © The unit of energy is same as that of work. P=Fs/v Kinetic Energy (K):- P=Fw © [tis defined as, K= % mv? Here sis the distance and vis the speed. Henem's themass of the pody.and vis the © Also defined as; the rate of transfer of energy. speed af thebady: ‘© Instantaneous power in terms of mechanical Potential Energy (P-E):- energy: © Units: The unit of power in S.l system ‘* Potential energy ofa body is defined as, P.E is J/s (watt) and in C.GS system is erg/s mgh ‘© Power is said to be one watt ifone joule work Here, mis the mass of the body, gis the is done by abody on one second, free fall acceleration (acceleration due to © Pew/t—W-Pt gravity) and h is the height. © Kilowatt hour is tnit of work done in one hour by an agent whose power is one kilo MCQs . kilowatt x 1 hour = 1000 watt x 1. if we double the mass the potential 3600000 watt s = 3.6 106J=3.6 energy will mega J aremainsame —_ b,double © Lhp= 746 watts c quadruples dnon of these © Power=work/ time rAnssb ° P=energy/time Solution: P.F = mgh making m = 2m, P.E =2 * P= potential energy/time ngh =2 PE © P=kinetic dnergy/time 2. if we double tha velocity the kinetic energy will a.remainsame —_b. double MCQs cquadruples** non of these © 470kg man runs up along flight of stairs in anse 4.0 s. The vertical height of the stairs is'4.5 m, SaGE? kc ee Caleulate his power output in watts, BADE bE = omy ¢ making v = 2v, KE’ = ¥ m(2v)? a)35 b)75 eee ake 770 @1000 a reameeee ans: 3. making mass double and velocity half the kinetic energy Abecomehalf* —_b. double = 70x9.BX45 /4 ¢ quadruples 4. non of these © Aforce (thrust) of 400Nis required to ‘olution; KE = Yemv? overcome road friction and-air resistance in K.E = ¥4(2m) (av)? propelling an automobile at 80 km/h. What power (kW) must the engine developed? a)5 b)9 © The ratio of output of machine to input of o)12 45000 machine is called efficiency. 450) Solution] F = 400N fmportane™*| bok 22 mis © Efficiency in %= output/ input x 100 FF ycrangse72022: {*so important*** okW © Unitseffeciny has no unit as it has ratio between same quanitiy. © Mechanical officiency= work output/work LT inpar 98888 W According To PMC Syllabu 2022.HOM series 17 © The efficiency of actual machine is laways less than 100, © Mechanical efficiency= actual mechanical advantage ideal mechanical advantage > Tap our pak © Effeciency of ideal machine is always 100% © Electric drier and electric heater have 100% efficiency. Cement © Absolute potential energy = E= W=F. r= = r GMem 2S" Fes important™ As workcis done against gravity so its value is always taken as negative Absolute porterial energy iso. important*** © Graviatation potential : the potential energy per unitmass at that point at distance r from centre,of earti © Gravititaonal potential = PE/ m=W/mas: ‘GM ‘aMe Fr/m =[- S20 ]/m =[-S2"] m= © The initial velocity, which a projectile must have at the earth's surface in order to go out of earth gravitatational field, is known as ‘excape velocity. © Initial kinetic energy= absolte portential Re energy 5 Gite wi ° Ueiw- SS staves 26Me oe = 7 Vese* f2GMe/r = J2gRe*/r = © FRSA ng GMe Rea 9 GMe = gRe? © Escape velocity is directly proportional to the under root of g. © Escape velocity is directly proportional to under root of radius ofearth. © Escape velocity is directly proportional to under root of mass of earth ‘The value of escape velocity from earth is 11.2 x10'ms-1 ‘The value of escape velocity from moon is 2.3 x108m 1 MDCAT At Your Fingertips McQs © In how much time, does the radius of earth increase that escape velocity double. a. no increase b. double c. triple d. quadruples ans: b olution: Wesc"= Zar if r=4r then (2g * _Ifgracity of earth become g/4 then new escape velocity will become Ter = 2Vesc a. half b. double c.same d. non of these Ansia olution’ vex" = /2gr a ifg=g/4 then y/2gr/4 = 1/2[ 2a) = 1/2Vesc © Ifboth gand radius of earth becomes double then new excape velocity will be a half b. double c same d.non of these Ans:b olutionv.*= /2gr = ifg=2g and r=2r then (2x 2gar= /4x2gr=2 /2er= © Lfvalue of gbecomes double and value oft 2Vese becomes half then escape velocity will be a half bedouble. csame d.non of these Ansje Botutiond vac"= /2er = if g=2gand r=r/2 then (2x 2gr7? = (2x gr = /2g Vese enna cnn eer ener According To PMC Syllabu 2022.© Lawof conservation of energy:- It states that, “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can be converted from one form: to another. The sum oftotal energy, in this universe, is always same”. * The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of an objectis called mechanical energy. $0, E= K+P.E + Inaccordance to law of conservation of energy, the total mechanical energy of the system always remains constant. So, mgh + % mv = constant © Inan isolated system, the total energy Busi of the system is constant. So, E= P.E+K = constant © KE is due to velocity and P-E is due to work done hight from surface of earth. © KE is due to work against friction and P.E is work done against gravity. © Abody at height have only P.E. © Falling downward its P.E is converted in K.E due to motion and work done agains friction. + Near surface P.E iS wholly converted to KE © When subject hit earthand stay at earth its KE is converted to work done on earth. * Lossin potential energy(wh) = gain in KE + work done agians friction(th) Here f is friction al force and his height. © Lossin KE = Gain in KE +fh of air © Lossin K.E = Gain in K. EB wher = presence > vaccum McQs 1. girl dropsa cup from acertain height, which breaks into pieces. What energy changes 18, MDCAT At Your Fingertips are involved? Ans. When the cup was in the hands of girl, ithad gravitational P.E. When the cup is dropped, its P.E is converted into the K.E. On striking the ground, this energy is converted into sound energy, heat energy and work done in breaking the cup into pieces. 2. Aboy uses a catapult to throw a stone which accidentally smashes a green house window. List the possible energy changes. Ans. Initially, the catapult had elastic P-E. when the stone is thrown, its P.E. is converted into KE. On striking the window, this energy is converted into sound energy, heat energy-and work done in breaking the window into pieces. (1): Two forces are applied one force is 25N [ 20° with x-axis ] and the other force is 10N [ 60° with x-axis], find the net resultant force? [Solution:: F, Resultant force= F=? Here we select a suitable scale. Let SN =1cm Then 25N =5cm ‘And 10N = 2cm Now we add ‘F2' with shown in the figure, Finally we combine the tail of Fy’ with head of 1 which given us the resultant force. Thus OB = ‘represents the resultant force. By measuring the length “ OB" by meter rod, we get, OB = F =6cm Now according to given scale, 6cm will be equal to 30N. so the magnitude of the resultant force. B0N, =309 withx-a (2): while tilling your garden, dies of the tiller that has components F, ISN and F, = 13N. The x-axis is horizontal and y-axis points up. What are the magnitude and direction of this force? Solution: F.= 85N, Fy= 13N Magnitude of force: Direction of force: We know that, P=VFx% Fy? ((@5)%*(13)2 V7225 +169 V7394 = 85.99 86N We know that, = tan 12 by head to tail rule as an'( 2) 695 70 (3): 20 Nm torque is required to open a sada bottle. A boy with abottle opener apply a force =870 According To PMC Syllabu 2022.BOMB 19 perpendicular at 0.1 m. what is the magnitude of forcerequired? Solution: torqu Moment arm =r Force = We known that, T= r¥ t/r = [20/0.1]N 200N Assignment (4): With a beam two masses miand maare suspended at distance 0.4 m and 0.5 m respectively from suspension point as shown in, the figure, ignoring the weight of the balance, if m2=1.6 kg, whats the mass m;? Solutions m, = 1.6kg, ¢,= 0.4m, 20N.m 0.1m =0sm = dws = dowe [ my =dam:/ d)= (0.5*1.6)/0.4 = maz 2kg, 4) Two people A and B are pullinga trash cart with two ropes, Person A applies a force 20 N 50° with X axis on one rope. Person B appliesa force 07 15 N 0° with X axis on the other rope. Calculate the magnitude of net force on the trash cart. Force Applied by person A= F,=20A (0° Force applied by person B = Fy= 15 N, 08 Magnitude of net force = F =? Here we select a suitable. Let SN=1¢ Then 20N =4 cmand 15=3.cm We add Fa with head of Fawith thehead of “Fy” by the head to tail rule as shown in the figure. Now for resultant force, we combine the tail of “Fx” with head of "Fs". we measure the length of OB =F by meter and which is about 62 Cm. Now according to given scale, 6.2 cm will be equal 6.2 5N=31N So F = 31 Nand makingan angle of 30° with X- axis. 5: Divia is pulling a box on the floor with a force of 20 N making an angle of 60° with horizontal. Find the horizontal and vertical components of this for 0, B = 60° with X-axis Horizontal component of force = Fe Vertical component of fore: We know that, Fx =F Cos @ Fr = 20% Cos 60° Fx=10N Now Fy = F Sin 8 Fy = 20 » Sin 60° = 20 x 0.866 N Fy=17.3 MDCAT At Your Fingertips {Sources of energy © Coal, oil, natural gas Non-Renewable natural Sources © energy from biomass and waves, electrical energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy, tidal energy, solar energy, wind energy Renewable Energy Sources Tidal energy and wind energy is used to generate Electricity ‘The rate of dong work is known as Power Solar energy reaching the earth surface is 1 Kw/m? © Solar cells.are thin cells made from Silicon One Mega watt hour = 38 x 108] Bio-mass is potential o7| Renlewable sources ‘The consumption of energy by 60 watt bull in 2secis 12) (P=w/t) Energy released during fission of oneatom of uraniumis 1.8 x 10'8j © The center of the earth is approximately 4000°C * The electricity provided to the world by nuclear energy is 16% © The softest coal(50% carbon) which has lowest energy output is called Lignite © Crude oil is also called Liquid petroleum Qs ©The gravitational force per unit mass(on the body is known as Gravitational field constant © Inclosed path when work done is zero then it is called Conservative ©The space around the earth in which it exerts a force of attraction on bodies Gravitational field © The work done is independent to the path followed bya body in Close path Frictional force is Non-conservative Amount of work done by a body in one second Power ©, The product of force and velocity(Fx v) is called Power The unit of power is called Watt (1 watt=[s-1) kwh = 1000 watts x 3600 sec= 3.6 mega joule hp = 746 watts ‘The ratio of output and input of machine is called Efficiency © Ideal machine is that of which Output = Input + Kis the work done against Frictional force P.E is the work done against Gravity The velocity of light(c) is 3x 108 m 5-1 According To PMC Syllabu 2022.aM) SERIE: © Gravitational, Electric and Magnetic fields are Conservative + One hollow and one solid cylinder of same radius are rolling down on inclined plane, which one will reach first to plane? Solid dise * A 2kg objectis moving with 3m/s. A force of 10N is applied on itand removed when body moved by Sm. The work done is 50] © Inorder to change momentum of an objective there must be Force applied * Acydistmoves 4km toward east and then 3km towards north, how he far from initial point 5km * Ifwork is done at rate of 240watt in minute, its power is 4 watt * The work done by an electron revolving with 50m/sec is Zera © Acar of mass 1000kg first travel on 25ms and then on Smswthe change in K.E is 300k) © Train apply brakes from 1 km far from where it stops if its maximum deceleration is 0.2m/s its safe speed now 20m/s © Abody of mass Ikgis suspended in elevator which is accelerating downward.With an acceleration of 4ms2,, reading of the balance will be 5.8N ‘The property of moving object by virtue of which it exerts force on the objects that tries to stop itis Inertia of the body * Lvelocity of body becomes half, the KE of body becomes One fourth © Atwo metertank is fll of water, a hole in its middle is made, the speed of effect is 4.42ms * Abody has mass 72kg on earth, its mass on moons. 72kg ‘* The momient arm of force of 0.6 Nto produce ‘maximum torque of 0.48 Nm is 0.8 m © Bodies which fall freely under an action of gravity is an example of Uniform acceleration © The dimension of torque are [ML2 T-2] + Centripetal force cannot do Work © thp = 746 watts * The dot product of force and velocityis called Power 20 MDCAT At Your Fingertips force of an object becomes equal to its real ‘weight then the object wil fall With terminal velocity When a body moves against force of friction on plane the work done is Negative Newton 2nd law of motion establishes lationship between Force and acceleration ‘The dimension of gravitational constant is [ M-113 T-2] Work is often thought in terms of Physical effort Work Is Scalar quantity ‘Work done by constant force is W= (F cos 0)d Work done by moving electron in revolving around the circle is Zero (40) ‘Work done by aman pushing the wall is Zero St unit of power is Watt 1 Kwh is equal to 3.6 MJ Basic form of energy are 2 Work on the body is equal to change in PE and KE ‘When the body is taken out ofthe earth's gravitational field, it’s P.E is 0 (U=-GMm/r) A 1kg mass has K.E of 1 joule when it's speed is 14m/s 1Lb= 445N 1ft= 0.3048 m the body falls from heighth, it’s height decreases and P.E Decreases ‘When body falls freely, its total mechanical energy remains Constant Work done against the force due to gravity is stored as Potential energy ‘Work done by the force due to gravity is gained as Kinetic energy Work done is closed path is Zéro Iftwo bodies having same momentum have mass x:y then their velocity are Y:x ‘The relation between the escape velocity and the orbital velocityis Vese=J2.v0 Power has No direi 3. Rotational and circular motion i, Angular displacement ii, Revolution angular variables iii, Degree vii Relation between linear iv. Radian and angular v. Angular velocity vi. Relation between linear and placements viii, Relation between linear and angular velocities ix, Relation between linear and angular accelerations x, Centripetal force ‘orces causing centripetal acceleration According To PMC Syllabu 2022.Degree: unit of plance angle define as the angle occupied by arc of 1/360 of circumference. [so important™ MDCAT At Your Fingertips © R=-(mo%)? “The force opposite to centripetal fores is centrifugal force: mv2/r McQs ‘degree = 60 minute 1 minute = 60 seconds O= s/r r= the circumference of the circle devided by the diameter of the same circle ireumfrence _ 2m diameter 2r One circle = 360° = 2x radian 7200 n seconds 3600= 2x radian = 1 radian >360/2n= 57.30. ‘The tim rate of angular displacement of a body is called angular velocity. Unit of angular velocity is rad/s. angular velocity :<@ > =< ‘The time arate ofangular velocity is called angular acceleration, a 120m minute = angular acceleration Unit of angular acceleration is rads, ‘The direction of angular acceleration is along the axis of rotation. v= ro sin@ where a is angular velocity and v is linear velocity and ris the radius, a= F@ sin0 where aislinearacceleration and alpha is angular acceleration. ‘The direction_of linear acceleration will be along thumb using right hand rule when ra and «are multiplied. TT See Centripetal force is also called Seeking force ‘The force which compels the body to move in circular path ts called centre seeking force or centripetal force. ‘The change in velocity of the body produces acceleration directling towards the centre of circle ‘The centripetal acceleration is always directed towards the cenre of circle. Centripetal acceleratio: Vectorally; = (v2/1) P= (v2/12) 7 Putting v=ro in @ = (v2/r2) F we get ((PoF/r) f= (P@z/r? )F = (2) F Centripetal force: Fe= mv'/r ro ye acs vifr > In vector form © A100 kg car travelling with a speed of 144 km/h round the curve of radius 100 m. Find the necessary centripetal force in N. a. 4000 ». 8000 16000 d.non of these ‘Ans:c Solution! m = 1000 kh V= 144 km/h = 40 m/s mv?/r = 1000 x40x40/100 6000N © A 1000 kg car is turning roundia corner at 10 m/s as it travels along an arc of the circle. If the radius of the circular path is 19 m, how large a force must be exerted by the pavement on the tyres to hold the car in the circular path? a)L00N b)1000N 10000 a)10N ANS:C olution|M = 1000 kg 000% 10x10/ 10 0,000N © Weig ht on earth will ifthe mass of the earth doubled, but its radius stayed the same? a.double b) triple ©) quadruples 4) remains the same olution! We know that, w=mg_(1) We also know that, g-GMe/R2__(2) Putting eq (2) in eq (1), we get Now when mass of earth is doubled, then we put Me = 2Me in eq (3), 50 we get, W= mG(2Me/R2) According To PMC Syllabu 2022.22 PN SERIES W= 2(mGMe/R-2)___ (4) Putting eq (3) in eq (4),.we get W=2w 5) Eq (5) shows that weight of the body will becomes two time if the mass of the earth is doubled. © The value of g of earth is___ of mass? a) dependent b) independent ©) both of these Ans: we know that the value of'g'is given by, g=GMe/ fo) Eq (1) shows that the values of'g' do not depend upon the mass ‘mt’ of the body. So if we ignore objects will fall down at the same rate towards the earth, So lighter and heavier objects fall at the same rate towards the earth? Bending of road: it : © The torque is the cross product of positi vector and force acting on body. ° t= FxF lasot = rx k= txma prnenin nertia or rotational inertia of a body, its vaue remain: constant during rotatory motion. © Putting mr? = I we get ¢ = mr’ =la ‘© The product of moment of inertia and angular acceleration of body gives the magnitude of the torque acting on it rn nen) © Angular moment © Putting p= my we get = rmv © Ptting vere we get L = rmro = mr'e = lo Ap AL/At= rAp/At = AL/At tthe rate of change of angular is equal to the torque. * Inthe absence of any external toque, angular momentum of s system remains constant AL/At= 0. MDCAT At Your Fingertips © Ifangular momentum is constant then [L= lo= mr?o] ifr decrease then will increase because mass cant change ir © Linear kinetic en gy =mv?/2 ‘© Rotational kinetic energy = leo? / 2 MCQs © Whya diver does changes its body posit before and after diving in the pool? ‘Ans; When the diver jumps from the diving board, his legs and arm are fully extended. The diver has large moment of inertia f2 but the angular velocity c; is small. When the diver curls his body, the moment of inertia reduces to I2 In order to conserve the angular momentum, the value to angular velocity increases too -L=1201=122 =constant In this way, the diver‘can make more somersaults before entering the water © Astudent holds two dumb-bells with stretched arms while sitting ona turn table. He is given a push until he is rotating at certain angular velocity. The student then pulll the dumb bells towards his chest. What will be the effect on rate of rotation? ‘Ans, Initially, the arms of the students are fully extended, so he has large moment of inertia lz but angular velocity ex is small. ‘When the student curls his body, the moment of inertia reduces to Iz . In order to conserve the angular momentum, the value of angular velocity increases to 2 L=ho1=lze2 =constant ‘Thus the Fate of rotation will increase. (1): The mass of earth is 6*10#kgand that of the moon is 7.4*10"kg if the distance b/w the earth and moon is 3.84%105 km, calculate the force exerted by the earth on moom? joni} Mass of earth = 6% 102*kg, Mass of the moon= Mn=7.4%10"7kg, Distance b/w earth and moon 84x105 3.84%105%10510) sm =3.84«10%m Force exerted by earth on moon=F =? We know that, P= Gmim2/r? According To PMC Syllabu 2022.EGMIsERIES 23 6.67x1011x6%1024%7-421022 GM RBS Gaaei0ye F= 20,08%10-x102«1022«1016 = 20,08%10 271 046 20,08*10N = 2,008%102°N 2.0%102N the radius of the moon is 1.74*10°m and (2): have an acceleration due to gravity on its surface as 1.6 m/sec. Calculate the mess of moon? Solution) Radius of moon = Ry = 1.74x10%m, ‘We know that, ¢= GM/R# = Bm =GMn/Roz = = My = 1.6x (1.74%109)*/ 6673x101 7259x102 T.259%102 kg Ma= 7.3102? kg (3): An astronaut of mass 65.0 kg (weight 637N on carth) is walking on the surface of the moon, which has a mean radius of 1.74x10° m and a mass of 7.351022 kg. What is the weight of the astronaut on moon? What is the free - fall acceleration at the surface of the moon. Mass of astronaut 5 kg, Mn= 7.35x102*kg, Radius of moon = Ra = 1.74%106m, Gm =? (b) Weight of astronaut = w =? We know that, gm = GM/Ré {67310 "x7.35%102/(1.74410°)2 162x101 m/sec? 62 m/sec? = 65%1.62= 105N (4): Calculate the value oF gat 100 km and 35900 ‘km above the earth surface? (Solution, (i) Height = hi= 1000 km= 1000x1000 m =hi= 106m. (ii) Height = hy = 85900 km = 35900103 m =3.59x10%m, Radius of earth R.= 64%10° m, G= 6,673+10-1N.M2/kg?, Me = 61024 (i) Value of gi’ at “hi (ii) Value of ‘giz’ at ‘he'=? (i) We know that, = GMe/(Re+h)? = gyi= GMe/(Re+h:)? o> 6.67341 0°96 10%, (6.4% 1054109)? = gyi= 40x108/ (6.441)2x102 = ghi= 401015%10-2 / (7.492 = ghi= 7.3 m/sec? For ‘h:', we have, GMe/(Reth.)? 6.673% 108x6x1024/ (6.4%105435.9% 10°)? 40x 10110 / 1789 = 0.02210! m/sec? = gh2= 0.22m/sec = 0.73*10! m/sec# MDCAT At Your Fingertips (5): Ifa satelite orbits the earth at 2000 km above sea level, how fast must the orbiting satellite travel to maintain a circular orbit? Solution! Height of satellite = h= 2000 km }000%1000 m= 2x10°m, 6.673%10""! N.m2/ kg2, Me = 610" kg, Re =6.410¢m Orbiting speed of satellite = v =? We know that, v= VGMe/(Re + h) aT [40 x 10/84 x106 VET6 X10? VET6X10 6 890x103 m/sec? v= 6.890 m/sec v= VE76x 105 (6)If earth somehow expanded to a larger radius, with no change in mass, how would your weight be affected? How would it be affected if earth instead shrunk? Ans; we know that, w=mg @ ‘The value of ’ is given by, g=GMem/ R2 2) Putting eq(2) ineq (1), we get, W=mGMem/R2?___(3) Here ‘m’,G' ‘Me’ are constant, so we have, w = constant / R? 1 wes @ Relation (4) shows that weight ofa bodyis, inversely proportional to the radius of the earth So when earth expands, its radius will increase and thus our weight will decrease and vice versa () When the earth shrank it contracts and its radius will decrease and thus our weight will increase. .E =Gain in K.Brvar gain in K Erion! mvt Hot © for disc @ mgh=£mv2+2 2 mR 0? @mgh=! mveed mv 13 © mgh=(2+)mve © eh=G/NV «ve fone 13am 2 hie vel picid asa ie depends on height. According To PMC Syllabu 2022.For hoop: When it rolls down Lossin p.£ = Gain in KE = K-Elear + gai 1 K.Erotaiona in in For solid sphere: When itrolls dows Lossin p= Gain in KE = K.Bjeas + gain in Koc f+ deo? mys El in in mgh= for hoop I= mR? 2 gh + (7/10) v2 iz th = (142 gh tthe velocity of sphere > disc > hoop The sphere will reach first then solid dise and the joop will reach at the last: VgR = V9.8 x 64x 10° this is minimum velocity MDCAT At Your Fingertips to put dsatellite into orbit and is called critical velocity. The higher the satellite, the slower wil be ‘equired speed and longer will be time to complete one revolution, Close satellite is about 400 km, ‘The centripetal force is provided by gravitational force; /eM7r val /rovat/vr E ae © Asatellite that takes exactly 24 hours for one revolution is called geostationay satellite. v= /GM/r ves/T=2nr/T for earthr = 42340 km ‘Weight is the force of gravity. ‘When the floor or the ground or a seat pushes up on us, that is the force we feel. We may call that the apparent weight. © I there is an/acceleration; this apparent weight may be different from our normal weight. In "free fall” our apparent weights zero. Atrest; Tew © Elevator moving upward; T>wor T =w+ma * Elevatormoving downward; — T vis sound speed and vw is wind speed. Ifwind is indirection opposite to sound wave, then speed of sound will decrease. © v-vw- vis sound speed and vy is wind speed According To PMC Syllabu 2022.