Module-4

NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS

(QUALITATIVE):

1. Explain how photovoltaic cells and bionic leaf could be a nature bioinspired material.

The Bionic Leaf is a biomimetic system that gathers solar energy via photovoltaic cells that can be stored or
used in several different functions. Bionic leaves can be composed of both synthetic (metals, ceramics,
polymers, etc.) and organic materials (bacteria), or solely made of synthetic materials. The Bionic Leaf has
the potential to be implemented in communities, such as urbanized areas to provide clean air as well as
providing needed clean energy.
Mechanics:
Natural Photosynthesis vs. The Bionic Leaf at its simplest form.
In natural photosynthesis, photosynthetic organisms produce energy-rich organic molecules from water
and carbon dioxide by using solar radiation. Therefore, the process of photosynthesis removes carbon
dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from the air. Artificial photosynthesis, as performed by the Bionic Leaf, is
approximately 10 times more efficient than natural photosynthesis. Using a catalyst, the Bionic Leaf
can remove excess carbon dioxide in the air and convert that to use alcohol fuels, like isopropanol and
isobutanol.
The efficiency of the Bionic Leaf's artificial photosynthesis is the result of bypassing obstacles in natural
photosynthesis through its artificiality. In natural systems, numerous energy conversion bottlenecks limit
the overall efficiency of photosynthesis. As a result, most plants do not exceed 1% efficiency and even
microalgae grown in bioreactors do not exceed 3%. Existing artificial photosynthetic solar-to-fuels cycles
may exceed natural efficiencies but cannot complete the cycle via carbon fixation. When the catalysts of
the Bionic Leaf are coupled with the bacterium Ralstonia eutropha, this results in a hybrid system capable
of carbon dioxide fixation. This system can store more than half of its input energy as products of carbon
dioxide fixation. Overall, the hybrid design allows for artificial photosynthesis with efficiencies rivaling
that of natural photosynthesis.
Applications:
• Agriculture
• Atmosphere
• Bionic Facades
2. Write a note on GPS technology inspired by bird flying.

GPS:
GPS is a system. It’s made up of three parts: satellites, ground stations, and receivers. Satellites act like
stars in constellations—we know where they are supposed to be at any given time. The ground stations
 use radar to make sure they are actually where we think they are. A receiver, as you might find in your
phone or your car, is constantly listening for a signal from these satellites. The receiver figures out how
far away they are from some of them.
Once the receiver calculates its distance from four or more satellites, it knows exactly where you are.
Presto! From miles up in space your location on the ground can be determined with incredible precision!
They can usually determine where you are within a few yards of your actual location. More high-tech
receivers, though, can figure out where you are within a few inches!
GPS AND BIRD FLIGHT:
Scientists have long known that birds navigate using the earth’s magnetic field. Now, a new study has
found subtle mechanics in the brain of pigeons that allow them to find their way.
A team at Baylor College of Medicine in the U.S. identified a group of 53 cells in a pigeon’s brain that
record detailed information on the Earth’s magnetic field, a kind of internal global positioning system
(GPS).
3. Explain Velcro technology inspired by Plant burrs.
PLANT BURRS:
A bur (also spelled burr) is a seed or dry fruit or infructescence that has hooks or teeth. The main function
of the bur is to spread the seeds of the bur plant, often through epizoochory. The hooks of the bur are used
to catch on to for example fur or fabric, so that the bur, which contains seeds, then can be transported along
with the thing it attached itself to. Another use for the spines and hooks is physical protection against
herbivores. Their ability to stick to animals and fabrics has shaped their reputation as bothersome.
Some other forms of diaspores, such as the stems of certain species of cactus also are covered with thorns
and may function as burs. Bur-bearing plants such as Xanthium species are often single-stemmed when
growing in dense groups, but branch and spread when growing singly. The number of burs per fruit along
with the size and shape can vary largely between different bur plants.

Burs are best known as sources of irritation, injury to livestock, damage to clothing, punctures to tires, and
clogging equipment such as agricultural harvesting machinery. Furthermore, because of their ability to
compete with crops over moisture and nutrition, bur plants can be labeled as weeds and therefore also be
subject to removal. Methods of controlling the spread of bur plants include the use of herbicides, slashing,
and cultivation among others.
Some have however been used for such purposes as fabric fulling, for which the fuller's teasel is a
traditional resource. The bur of burdock was the inspiration for the hook and loop fastener, also known as
Velcro.
VELCRO:
Mr. de Mestral examined the burr under a microscope and realized the small hooks of the burr and loops of
the fur/fabric allowed the burr to adhere exceedingly well. This sparked his idea to mimic the structure as a
potential fastener.
Originally VELCRO is envisioned as a fastener for clothing, today, Velcro is used across a wide array of
industries and applications; including healthcare, the military, land vehicles, aircraft, and even spacecraft.
4. Define Echolocation. Explain ultrasonography
In nature’s sonar system, echolocation occurs when an animal emits a sound wave that bounces off an
object, returning an echo that provides information about the object’s distance and size. Over a thousand
species echolocate, including most bats, all-toothed whales, and small mammals.
Human echolocation is the ability of humans to detect objects in their environment by sensing echoes from
those objects, and by actively creating sounds: for example, by tapping their canes, lightly stomping their
feet, snapping their fingers, or making clicking noises with their mouths. People trained to orient by
echolocation can interpret the sound waves reflected by nearby objects, accurately identifying their location
and size.
Many blind individuals passively use natural environmental echoes to sense details about their
environment; however, others actively produce mouth clicks and can gauge information about their
environment using the echoes from those clicks. Both passive and active echolocation help blind
individuals sense their environments
Ultrasound:
Ultrasound refers to sound above the human audible limit of 20 kHz. Ultrasound of frequencies up to 10
MHz and beyond is used in medical diagnosis, therapy, and surgery. In investigative
applications, an ultrasound source (transmitter) directs pulses into the body.
When the pulse encounters a boundary between organs or between two tissue regions of different densities,
reflections of sound occur. By scanning the body with Ultrasound and detecting echoes generated by
various organs, a sonogram of the internal structure(s) can be generated. The method is called diagnostic
imaging by echolocation.
Diagnostic ultrasound, also called sonography or diagnostic medical sonography, is an imaging method that
uses sound waves to produce images of structures within your body. The images can provide valuable
information for diagnosing and directing treatment for a variety of diseases and conditions.
5. Write a note on Sonars.
Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound
propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, measure distances (ranging),
communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.
"Sonar" can refer to one of two types of technology:
• passive sonar means listening for the sound made by vessels;
• active sonar means emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes.
Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets"
in the water. Acoustic location in the air was used before the introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used for
robot navigation, and SODAR (an upward-looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term
sonar is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in
sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is
known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics.

6. Explain the lotus leaf effect.

LOTUS LEAF EFFECT:
The lotus leaf is well-known for having a highly water-repellent, or superhydrophobic, surface, thus giving
the name to the lotus effect. Water repellency has received much attention in the development of self-
cleaning materials, and it has been studied in both natural and artificial systems.
SUPERHYDROPHOBIC AND SELF-CLEANING SURFACES:
The self-cleaning function of superhydrophobic surfaces is conventionally attributed to the removal of
contaminating particles by impacting or rolling water droplets, which implies the action of external forces
such as gravity. Here, we demonstrate a unique self-cleaning mechanism whereby the contaminated
superhydrophobic surface is exposed to condensing water vapor, and the contaminants are autonomously
removed by the self-propelled jumping motion of the resulting liquid condensate, which partially covers or
fully encloses the contaminating particles. The jumping motion of the superhydrophobic surface is powered
by the surface energy released upon the coalescence of the condensed water phase around the
contaminants. The jumping-condensate mechanism is shown to spontaneously clean superhydrophobic
cicada wings, where the contaminating particles cannot be removed by gravity, wing vibration, or wind
flow. Our findings offer insights into the development of self-cleaning materials.
Mechanism:
An autonomous mechanism to achieve self-cleaning on superhydrophobic surfaces, where the contaminants
are removed by self-propelled jumping condensate powered by surface energy. When exposed to
condensing water vapor, the contaminating particles are either fully enclosed or partially covered with the
resulting liquid condensate. Building upon our previous publications showing self-propelled jumping upon
drop coalescence (5, 6), we show particle removal by the merged condensate drop with a size comparable
to or larger than that of the contaminating particle(s). Further, we report a distinct jumping mechanism
upon particle aggregation, without a condensate drop of comparable size to that of the particles, where a
group of particles exposed to water condensate clusters together by capillarity and self-propels away from
the superhydrophobic surface.
 Module-5

Module-5 (5 Hours) TRENDS IN BIOENGINEERING (QUALITATIVE):

Bio printing techniques and materials, 3D printing of ear, bone and skin. 3D printed
foods. Electrical tongue and electrical nose in food science, DNA origami and
Biocomputing, Bioimaging and Artificial Intelligence for disease diagnosis.
Selfhealing Bioconcrete (based on bacillus spores, calcium lactate nutrients and
biomineralization processes) and Bioremediation and Biomining via microbial surface
adsorption (removal of heavy metals like Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic)

Module-5 (5 Hours) TRENDS IN BIOENGINEERING (QUALITATIVE):

3D printing of ear, bone and skin

What is 3D Bioprinting?
3D Bioprinting is the method of printing biomedical structures with the use of viable
cells, biological molecules, and biomaterials.

 In simple words, 3D bioprinting is the deposition of biological material in a layer-

by-layer fashion to create 3D structures like tissues and organs.
 Bioprinting is considered a part of additive manufacturing that involves the
formation of materials necessary in industrial applications.
 3D bioprinting begins with a suitable microarchitecture which is further stabilized
by scaffolds of cells and tissues while considering the effect of manufacturing on
cell viability.

 The most important motivation behind the development of 3D bioprinting is

the limited availability of biological structures that are required for the
rehabilitation of lost organs and tissues.
 The ultimate aim of the process is to provide an appropriate alternative to tissue
implants and animal testing procedures during research on diseases and the
development of treatments.
 Currently, the use of 3D bioprinting is limited to the formation of organs and tissues
to estimate the efficiency of drugs, but 3D bioprinting has great scope in its use for
replacing lost and failed organs in patients.
 3D bioprinting is trickier than 3D printing as the cells are more sensitive and
require special attention to allow the cells to grow and divide and prevent the
cytotoxic activity of solvents used during the process.
 The research on 3D bioprinting is focused on the development of approaches that
 allow the fabrication of 3D functional living structures of biological and mechanical
importance in order to restore the functions oftissues and organs.

Bioinks are biological materials used in the manufacture of engineered live tissues by
the process of 3D bioprinting.

 The term bioink doesn’t only indicate the cells used in manufacturing, but also carrier
molecules that provide support to the growing cells.
 Common carrier materials used with cells during bioprinting are biopolymer
gels that act as a 3D molecular scaffold so that cells can attach, grow, and
increase.
 The biopolymers used in bioink are essential as they retain water which provides
mechanical stability to the engineered tissues.
The selection of bioink for a particular process is an important step as the selected bioinks should
have desired physicochemical properties that include mechanical, chemical, biological, and rheological
characteristics.
Figure: Distinction between a bioink (left side) and a biomaterial ink (right side). In a
bioink, cells are a mandatory component of the printing formulation in the form of
single cells, coated cells or cell aggregates (of one or several cell types), or also in
combination with materials (for example seeded onto microcarriers, embedded in
microgels, formulated in a physical hydrogel, or formulated with hydrogel precursors).
In the case of

biomaterial ink, in principle any biomaterial can be used for printing and cell-
seeding occurs post-fabrication. Image.
The bioinks used in the bioprinting process should have the following properties:
1. The bioinks used should be able to provide adequate mechanical strength
and robustness while maintaining the tissue-matching mechanics in the
resulting tissue constructs.

2. The bioink molecules should have adjustable gelation and stabilization to result in
high shape fidelity during bioprinting.

3. The bioinks should be biocompatible and can undergo biodegradability

according to the natural microenvironment of thetissue.

4. The bioinks should be suitable for chemical modifications to form specific

tissues.
Basic Principle of 3D Bioprinting
  The principle of 3D printing is based on the precise placement of biological
components, biochemicals, and living cells in a layer-by-layer fashion with the
spatial control of the placement of functional constituents onto the fabricated
3D structure.
 The process of 3D bioprinting is based on three distinct approaches;
biomimicry or biomimetics, autonomous self-assembly, and mini-tissue
building blocks.

Figure: Schematic illustration of the 3D bioprinting process and optical images of the
printing set up and printing constructs. Image
1. Biomimicry
 Biomimicry is the manufacture of identical reproductions of cellular and
extracellular components of tissues and organs after a detailed examination of nature
itself.
 In order to achieve biomimicry, specific cellular functional components of
tissues are to be precisely reproduced.

 Since the materials used in the process have a significant influence on cell
attachment, cell size, and morphology, the control of proliferation and
differentiation of cells is present in the scaffold.
 A detailed understanding of the microenvironment, including the arrangement of cell
types, composition of the extracellular matrix, a gradient of soluble and insoluble
factors, and the nature of biological forces is required.
2. Autonomous self-assembly
 Autonomous self-assembly is the approach of replicating biological tissue by using
the mechanism of embryonic tissue and organ development as a guide.
 The cellular component of a developing tissue produces its own extracellular matrix
and cell signals that allow autonomous organization and patterning to form the
desired microarchitecture.
 During the process, a scaffold-free version is formed using self-assembling
 cellular spheroids that undergo differentiation and organization to form the
desired tissue.
 This approach relies on the cell as the primary driver of tissue formation, which
directs the localization, functioning, and structure of the resulting tissue.
 The use of this approach requires detailed knowledge of the developmental
mechanism of embryonic tissues and organogenesis.
3. Mini tissues building blocks
 Mini tissue building blocks approach utilizes the method of both of the
previous strategies.
 In this method of bioprinting, small functional units of tissues and organs, called
mini-tissues, are formed.
 The mini tissues represent the smallest structural and functional unit of the
organs, like the kidney neuron.
 These mini-tissues can then be fabricated either via autonomous self-assembly or
biomimicry.
 The bioprinting begins with the assembly of mini-tissues into macro-tissues based
on biologically inspired organization, which is then followed by the reproduction
of tissue units that can self-assemble to form functional structures.
Basic Steps of 3D Bioprinting (process)
The overall process of 3D bioprinting can be achieved via three distinct steps; pre-
bioprinting, bioprinting, and post-bioprinting.
1. Prebioprinting
 The first step of prebioprinting is the formation of a model that is used by the printer
and the choosing of materials to be used during the process.
 It begins with the extraction of biopsy of a tissue which provides a biological model
that is to be recreated by the 3D bioprinting method.
 Technologies like computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) scans are used in this step.
 The images obtained through these methods are tomographically
reconstructed to obtain 2D images.
 Cells necessary for the process are then selected and multiplied. The cell mass
thus formed is mixed with oxygen and other nutrients to keep themviable.
 2. Bioprinting
 The second step is the actual printing process where the bioink is placed in the printer
to form a 3D structure.
 The mixture of cells, nutrients, and matrix, together forming bioink, is then placed
onto the printer cartridge, which then deposits the material based on the digital model
prepared.
 The formation of biological constructs involves the deposition of bioink onto the
scaffold in a layer-by-layer approach to generate a 3D tissue structure.
 This step of the bioprinting process is a complex process as it requires the
formation of different cell types based on the type of tissues and organs to be
formed.
3. Postbioprinting
 Postbioprinting is the last step of the bioprinting process, which is important to
provide stability to the printed structure.
 In order to maintain the structure and function of the biological matter,
physical and chemical stimulations are required.
  These stimulations provide signals to the cells to reorganize and maintain the growth of
tissues.
 In the absence of this step, the mechanical structure of the material might be disrupted,
which then affects the functioning of the material.

What is 3D Food Printing?

1. 3D printing mostly focused on the production of products made of plastic, it became

quite handy in food manufacturing. Believe it or not, NASA has been looking into the
technology to limit food waste and to make food that is designed to fit an astronaut’s
dietary needs.
2. Additive manufacturing of food is being performed by depositing food, layer by
layer, into three-dimensional objects. The most common way of doing that is by
using food-grade syringes to hold the printing material, which is then deposited
through a food-grade nozzle layer by layer.
3. This is not too unusual from other food production methods, which today already
often can produce in a 3D shape. The main novelty with 3D food printing is that is
can be performed in a much more controlled way, leading to products which could
not be produced otherwise (such as
plant-based fish fillets).

This method offers endless possibilities in terms of texture and flavor, which can come in
handy when developing meat and fish substitutes. Since 2020, Revo Foods has been using
this technology to develop high-quality seafood alternatives, such as smoked salmon slices
made of peas and algae extracts!
The Benefits of 3D Printing Food

o Unlimited design freedom

o Texture variety
o Food waste reduction
o Time-saving
o Personalized nutrition (in the future)
o Less inventory
 Electrical tongue and electrical nose in food science

1. The electronic nose (e-nose) is designed to crudely mimic the mammalian nose in that
most contain sensors that non-selectively interact with odor molecules to produce some
sort of signal that is then sent to a computer that uses multivariate statistics to determine
patterns in the data.
2. This pattern recognition is used to determine that one sample is similar or different
from another based on headspace volatiles.
3. There are different types of e-nose sensors including organic polymers, metal oxides,
quartz crystal microbalance and even gas- chromatography (GC) or combined with mass
spectroscopy (MS) can be used in a non-selective manner using chemical mass or
patterns from a short GC column as an e-nose or “Z” nose.
4. The electronic tongue reacts similarly to non-volatile compounds in a liquid. This review
will concentrate on applications of e-nose and e-tongue technology for edible products
and pharmaceutical uses.
5. Biosensors, chemical sensors, multivariate statistics, neural networks, pattern
recognition, gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, sensory,
flavour, shelf life.

DNA origami and Biocomputing

1. DNA origami has no special requirements for the stoichiometric ratio between long
strands and complementary staple strands. In fact, excessive staple chains can reduce the
probability of mismatch, improve the efficiency of self-assembly, and finally enable the
synthesis of high-quality DNA self- assembly structures.
2. In other words, sufficient staple chains can provide many templates and carriers for
the continuous and efficient reassembly of other functional nanoparticles after a series
of reactions.
3. DNA origami also has some disadvantages. Due to the limitation of the length of the
long DNA strand, the size of the two-dimensional nanostructure assembled by DNA
origami is only about 100 nm, making it impossible to assemble a larger structure;

4. DNA origami structure is potentially unstable due to the influence of environmental

conditions, such as pH values, chemical properties, and temperature .Later, by combining
DNA origami with traditional self-assembly methods, scientists used origami structure as
the basic self-assembled structuralunit to gain a larger hierarchical structure.
5. DNA origami, which then grew to a large two-dimensional structure in both directions
through the hierarchical assembly.
6. Zhao et al. proposed a new assembly method-super origami (i.e., Origami of Origami).
They first synthesized two-dimensional origami structural units with the basic DNA origami
module, then reassembled nanostructure units through bridge strand, and finally obtained
larger DNA origami structures.
7. Subsequently, Yang et al. adopted a more extensive double-stranded DNA as an origami
template and constructed a larger DNA nanostructure by adjusting the assembly conditions.
The successful assembly of larger-sized DNA origami structures has a significant impact on
the field of DNA self-assembly and nanodevice research.

A Carrier for Nanoparticle Assembly

1. DNA origami structure can be used as a carrier to accurately arrange nanoparticles by

adjusting the coupling effect of nanoparticles, DNA origami structure serves as a substrate
to construct semiconductor Nano crystals with special optical and electronic properties.
2. In general, the local field effect is significantly enhanced when the spacing of gold
nanoparticles is less than 10 nm
3. According to the spatial positioning of DNA origami, Ding et al. accurately assembled
gold nanoparticles with different sizes onto the surface of origami structure and precisely
controlled the spacing within 10 nm
4. According to Shen's work, the DNA nanotube carrier was gradually combined with the
gold nanoparticles embedded in DNA sequence to obtain the optically active DNA tubular
structure
5. It is worth mentioning that this tubular structure has an obvious circular dichroic
signal at the plasmon resonance wavelength of nanogold, which has been successfully
adopted by optical waveguides, detectors, etc.
Bio imaging and Artificial Intelligence for disease diagnosis.

Medical imaging types with their respective descriptions

Medical imaging
Description
types

Radiographic imaging is utilized in the ionizing of

Radiographic
electromagnetic radiation, for example, X-beams to see
imaging →
objects

It creates ongoing pictures of the body’s interior structures

that consistently contribute X-beams at a lower portion rate
Fluoroscopy →
to give moving projection radiographs of lower quality

Angiography is utilized to discover aneurysms, releases,

Angiography → blockages, new vessel development, and arrangement of
catheters and stents

It is likewise called Dual X-beam Absorptiometry or bone

DEXA → densitometry which is utilized for osteoporosis tests

Computed tomography examination utilizes an immense

Computed tomography
measure of ionizing radiation related to a PC to make pictures
(CT)→
of delicate and hard tissues

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) filtering is a clinical

Magnetic resonance
examination that utilizes an excellent magnet and
imaging →
radiofrequency waves to create a body picture
 Medical imaging
Description
types

It utilizes high recurrence broadband sound waves in the

Ultrasound imaging
megahertz range that are reflected by tissue to differing
→
degrees to deliver 3D pictures

It is an imaging procedure that utilizes a radioactive compound

Bone scan → to distinguish the regions of mending within the bone

Electron microscopy Electron microscopy is a magnifying instrument that can

→ amplify tiny subtleties with high settling power

Nuclear medication on an entire incorporates both the finding and

Nuclear medicine→ treatment of infections utilizing atomic properties

Magnetic resonance angiography represents an attractive

Magnetic resonance
reverberation angiogram that gives exceptionally itemized
angiography scans
pictures of the veins in thebody
→

Symptoms of diseases and challenges to diagnostics

The disease may be severe, persistent, cruel, or benign. Of these terms, persistent and severe
have to do with the interval of a disease, lethal and begin with the potential for causing death.
Additionally, different manifestations that may be irrelevant could post the warnings for
more restorative severe illness or situation. The followings are a couple of diseases with their
sign and indicationsfor events:
 Heart assault signs incorporate hurt, nervousness, crushing, or feeling of breadth in the focal
point of the chest that endures more than a couple of moments; agony or anxiety in different
territories of the chest area; succinctness of breath; cold perspiration; heaving; or unsteadiness
 Stroke signs incorporate facial listing, arm shortcoming, the intricacy with discourse,
quickly creating happiness or equalization, unexpected absence of sensation or weak
point, loss of vision, puzzlement, or agonizing torment.
 Reproductive wellbeing manages the signs that develop the issues such as blood misfortune
or spotting between periods; tingling, copying, disturbance at genital region; agony or
disquiet during intercourse; genuine or sore feminine dying; extreme pelvic/stomach torment;
strange vaginal release; the sentiment of totality in the lower mid-region; and customary pee
or urinary weight.
 Breast issue side effects include areola release, abnormal bosom delicacy or torment, bosom
or areola skin changes, knot or thickening in or close to bosomor in the underarm zone.
 Lung issue side effects include hacking of blood, succinctness of breath, difficult
breathing, consistent hack, rehashed episodes of bronchitis or pneumonia, and
puffing.
 Stomach or stomach-related issue manifestations incorporate rectal dying, blood in the stool
or dark stools, changes in gut properties or not having the option to control guts, stoppage,
loose bowels, indigestion or heartburn, or spewing blood.
 Bladder issue manifestations include confounded or excruciating pee, incessant pee, loss of
bladder control, blood in pee, waking routinely to pee around evening time to pee or wetting
the bed around evening time, or spilling pee.
 Skin issue indications remember changes for skin moles, repetitive flushing and redness of
face and neck, jaundice, skin sores that do not disappear or re- establish to wellbeing, new
development or moles on the skin, and thick, red skin with bright patches. Emotional issues
include nervousness, sadness, weariness, feeling tense, flashbacks and bad dreams, lack of
engagement in daily exercises, self-destructive musings, mind flights, and fancies.
 Headache issues indications (excluding ordinary strain cerebral pains) incorporate
migraines that please unexpectedly, “the most noticeably awful migraine of your life”,
and cerebral pain connected with extreme energy, queasiness, heaving, and
powerlessness to walk.
 Above, we have described the variety of illness signals and their symptoms. In contrast,
illness recognition errors in medication are reasonably regular, can have a stringent
penalty, and are only now the foundation to materialize outstandingly in patient safety.
Here we have critical issues for various diagnostic types while detecting the particular
diseases.
 Analysis that is accidentally deferred wrong, or on the other hand, missed as decided
from a definitive delight of more amazing data.
 Any fault or malfunction in the analytical course which is essential to a missed finding or a
conceded conclusion comprises a breakdown in occasional admittance to mind; elicitation
or comprehension of side effects, images,
research facility result; detailing and weighing of difference investigation; and ideal
development and strength arrangement or appraisal.

Selfhealing Bioconcrete (based on bacillus spores, calcium lactate nutrients and

biomineralization processes)

(a) At present, the commonly used repair materials for concrete cracks mainly include
epoxy systems and acrylic resins, which are all environmentally unfriendly materials,
and the difference in drying shrinkage and thermal expansion often causes
delamination or cracking between the original concrete matrix and the repair
material.
(b) This study aimed to explore the feasibility of using microbial techniques to repair
concrete cracks. The bacteria used were environmentally friendly Bacillus
pasteurii. In particular, the use of lightweight aggregates as bacterial carriers in
concretecan increase the chance of bacterial survival.
(c) Once the external environment meets the growth conditions of the bacteria, the
vitality of the strain can be restored. Such a system can greatly improve the
feasibility and success rate of bacterial mineralization in concrete.
(d) The test project included the microscopic testing of concrete crack repair, mainly to
understand the crack repair effect of lightweight aggregate concrete with implanted
bacterial strains, and an XRD test to confirm that the repair material was produced
by the bacteria.
(e) The results show that the implanted bacterial strains can undergo Microbiologically
Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) and can effectively fill the
cracks causedby external concrete forces by calcium carbonate deposition.
(f) According to the results on the crack profile and crack thickness, the calcium
carbonate precipitate produced by the action of Bacillus pasteurii is formed by the
interface between the aggregate and the cement paste, and it spreads over the entire
fracture surface and then accumulates to a certain thickness to form a crack
repairing effect.
(g) The analysis results of the XRD test also clearly confirm that the white crystal
formed in the concrete crack is calcium carbonate. From the above test results, it
is indeed feasible touse Bacillus pasteurii in the self-healing of concrete cracks.
 Biomining via microbial surface adsorption (removal of heavy metals
like Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic)

(a) The ability of heavy metals bioaccumulation to cause toxicity in

biological systems—human, animals, microorganisms and plants—is
an important issue for environmental health and safety.
(b) Recent biotechnological approaches for bioremediation include
biomineralization (mineral synthesis by living organisms or
biomaterials), biosorption (dead microbial and renewable agricultural
biomass), phytostabilization (immobilization in plant roots),
hyperaccumulation (exceptional metal concentration in plant shoots),
dendroremediation (growing trees in polluted soils), biostimulation
(stimulating living microbial population), rhizoremediation (plant and
microbe), mycoremediation (stimulating living fungi/mycelial
ultrafiltration), cyanoremediation (stimulating algal mass for
remediation) and genoremediation (stimulating gene for remediation
process).
(c) The adequate restoration of the environment requires cooperation,
integration and assimilation of such biotechnological advances along
with traditional and ethical wisdom to unravel the mystery of nature in
the emerging field of bioremediation.
(d) This review highlights better understanding of the problems associated
with the toxicity of heavy metals to the contaminated ecosystems and
their viable, sustainable and eco-friendly bioremediation technologies,
especially the mechanisms of phytoremediation of heavy metals along
with some case studies in India and abroad.
(e) However, the challenges (biosafety assessment and genetic pollution)
involved in adopting the new initiatives for cleaning-up the heavy
metals-contaminated ecosystems from both ecological and greener
point of view must not be ignored.