DR.HITESH DoDIVA [Evaporation] Pharmaceutical Engineering DR. HITESH DODIYAEvaporation Definition Erayratin meas sin vpraton mh srs i This, no bol acer an the at of waporation depends onthe difsion of "apo hgh the boundary ayers above the gud tn practice, however, this would be too slow, so tha the Hid sole, asin vapor toe berated nthe form of bubbles fom the lk ofthe guid. Tha a practi deinton ef ezporation she removal of ig from a solution by bog the lquor ma sutabl vessel and withdraw the ‘apo, avinga concentrated iid resid Factor Affecting Evaporation ‘TENPERATURE Apart irom the sigan of temperatures fico tht aot the Fate ‘feraporation sete on rug eonstients of reat mparance Many #ycosées and llalods are decompose a empertares below 100 Cand some otiers, for example hormones enayes and anos requ specal Ueatment if decompostion is 10 be aveided during ‘TEMPERATURE AND TIME OF EVAPORATION Expasure toa relavely high temperatre fora short peri oftime may be less destracive of active principles than a Tower temperate with xpos fora lange pei ‘TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CONTENT Sone crug constituents decompose more readily in the presence of mosture, especlly aa sed temperature Tiss understandable since mary breakdown reactions are examples of hydelyss and oters require water asa medium inwhich ac, ‘This explains why evaporation to a concentrated condition may be carned out ata ow enrolled temperature in some casts, although the final dying can be performed at higher temperatures wien lle ‘moire remains Beladomsa Dry Bera isan example of histype "TYPE oF pROBUCTREQUIRED ‘The type of product required wil ofen decide wbich method and apparatus shouldbe enplayed fr evaporation, Bvaporaing pa ost wilprodace quid dry products bum evaporators wilyekdoniy igus producis ence, f= dey producti require 3 choice must be made between a methods that wl fra able product rectly Aste iqur becames concn ated th increasing proportion of aids results in elevation ofthe bling point ofthe solution This leeds toa reste risk damage to thermolibe onstients anda reiton of ‘he temperate races tics he ng force for eat transfer hil Boundary layers, and many wl depos sods that ay bul up onthe heating sree and reduce beat transfer Evaporators ‘The enuipment asad in evaporation may he classed convnientiy secoding tthe form ofthe ravement as thievery inponant in beat ‘ranse, and can be divided into three main groups 1+ Natur creation evaporstons 4 Forced eelation evaporators Fun evaporatorsNatural Circulation Evaporators Evaporatorsin thiscatagoryar thes iyrich he movement theta resus fom convection cutens se upy the heating process EVAPORATING PAN “The simplest rmof natural circulation evaporator ithe evaporating pan [showin Fig 1, theapparstusconlt ofa henleperal or salwer an, contracted oma stable materia rir a copper or stainless ‘ed surouned byasteum jacket The hemispherical shape este bet furfce ote ratio or eats and the largest are for dlsengagerent vapor. stam, et ‘The pan may have a mounting permiting it tobe tied to remove the Proaicy but the sbalow form makes ths arrangement sone Ststable, and an outlet a te bottom, as shown inthe stration, Advantages ‘+ tssmpieanteneapw construct + Tis easyt use clean and mala Disadvantages twansfor wil be poor and sobs are tly to depot on the rfc, lading to decomposition of the prodit ana farther feteriortionsn beat ane, + hie, many prodicte give rte to foaming when boiled under ‘onde of natural convection + Alte igure atedall he te, whichimay be uneltctory vith thermolbile materials +The eating sfc nied and decreases proportional at ‘he ofthe pan inreates Furtermor, the hesting re Wl ‘The pan opens that vapor passes tothe amosphere whlch canbe tosturation ofthe stmorpher slowing evaporation ae wells casing Aiscomfort.Furtermore, i limit th evaporating pan to uke with aqueous Uguieony, The evaporating pa can therefore, be used only forthe concentration of aqueous and thermostable qos, for example, strat oftiqvrie, ‘This type of exaportor is known commonly af stil, ince ® ir ssentally a vessel sinilar tothe evaporating pan, with a cover that connects ito condenser 0 thatthe qa dtl off Typist ‘consricion eshownin Fig 2, 4+ ke me evapratingpanitisgu ‘ocean and nti, + The vapour is condensed whlch speeds evaporation, reduces Inconvenionceandallowstheequipnenttobe used or sokents sterthan water for example, thane spl to constructandeasy‘+ Areceivr and vacuum pum canbe ited tthe condenser Tower temperatures Disndvantages Natural convection ony + allthe quoi eatedall the time + Thebeating surace ited, -As the advantages shot, the stil can be sed for evaporating iqursin {ener th aqueous rather solvents. Thermoable materia can be ‘raporated under reduced pressure: while the es) removably a the Stl head makes convenient for evaporating extracts to dryness As the se of evaporators increases, esting by mons ofan external ‘me ples uses stent eatnd tubes non of surrounding the veal ‘yasteam jakot Genera consrtion and operation are illustrated in Fi 3, where itis ‘with the liquor inside and the team outside. These tubes ae from 1 to This parc the evaporators known as clandrl.‘The liquors maintained at evel sigh above the tp of he tubes, te space above ths being let fr the dsengagement of pour from the boing ios tn aeration the quo in the tubes thet hy the steam and gins oi when the mitre of gud ad vapour wil shot up the tube fa similar manner to that oa gua sallawed to bal oo agro ina terete ‘hisses up declation wit bol quar sing up the smaller tubes of ‘heclondnia an string down the ager central down ‘+ Useofatabular conde ineeases te heating area possibly bya ‘aor of 10 oF 15 compared wih hat ofan exeral jacket “+ The vigorous creulation reduces boundary iyers and Keeps Solids in suspension, so neeasing te rate of eat transfer A result overall eoefcents of heat transer are from 310 Stimes restr thn hore foun in eeaporating pans + Lee sl. condenser andrew an be atached giving the ‘edactagesreferredta user the evaporating sl Disadvantages Stee the eraportor is filed to point above the level of te ‘ond, considerable amour of the ligor eat fo lang ‘The plans mich more compleated making t eensve 10 constrict and ineresing the eifelty of cleaning and ‘+The bead of lquor increases pressure atthe hottom of the ese and inane evaporators where the havor depth mae sfthearder af 2a dismay give ise a pressure ofabout 0.25 tar, ecg tn etesation ofthe boing point hy 5 or 6°. Ths reduces the effective eeperaur raienand may aethest- sensitive mater This ype of equipment wil be most useful for the produets manufactured oa lage scale where proces can be dpersted ‘continuously on ane ype of materia. ‘The method canbe used for example, or extracts manufctredin age quanti suchas easera, or fer more general prods such Sug Salt or caste soda. It must be enplaszed tht the shoretabe evaporator des no die fundamentall fom evapratngstil ioe ‘slanger vessel wih calandra instead facet to we improved hes ‘nanfer ate, Forced Circulation Evaporator In general forced ciation evaporators are natural ciclation craporators with sme added for of mechanical agian Simplest form of san evaporating pan in which the contents ae agitated by a sterng rod or pole could be deserted ax 3 forced reson fraporstor. Ateratvely, mechalealy operated propeller or paddle ‘sgtator can be introduced into sn evaporating pan ort Special form of freed eration evaporator canbe asd. A typi ctampelsshownln ig The lquer created by means ofthe pump Sida tinder pressure inthe tubes the boing points eevated and ‘obliges pace Asthelqiorleavesthetubes and enterthe hoy athe evaporator theresa drop in preasure and vapor hashes of om ‘hesuperected quaeAdvantages cous liquids or materials that depot sls foam redly +The forced dulatin overcomes the eet of greater isco of liquids when evaporated under reduced pressure ‘+ Rapid evaporation rate makes ths) method sutble fr ‘ermolbie material, eg. It is used in practice for the ‘The equipment i pariclarly suable for operation under reduced pressure, asthe freed circulation overcomes the fect ofthe gest together withthe apd evaporation rat, makes the method suitable for the thermolable materials: for example, I 1s used In practice forthe ‘concenrstion ofinslin ad ver extras Film Evaporator raportrs discussed above are operated by boing the liquor in 2 ‘ese the vapour escaping as bubbles fom the bulk f thelr Fle ‘rapoatos asthe name implies, spread the materia lm over the heated surface andi important fo realize that this basi dierence etseenthetwo group rely influences the rateofhest ale (and 0 of evaporation) and the suitability ofthe method for patcular purposes. As With conventional evaporators, te fim may be formed ‘otra by mechanical means LoNc-TUE EVAPORATORS In this typeof eraprator, the heating uit consists of steam acted ‘raporator may hve cubes SO mm in ameter nd about? min length Inthe commonest for illustrated in Fig the liquor tobe evaporates walls and ses up the tube, ence the Ute clmbing fm eraporatr. AE the upper end, the maureof vapour and concentrated liquor enters ‘The fac thatthe of iguldimbsup te tube through a distance ot the explanation isa follows, The various stages from start-up are Musteated m Fg 146, which represents apart of tho tube about one ‘+ Cold or pre-heated liquors inroduced into the ube () 1 Heatis transferred tothe quo trom the lqua rom the wal, and boiling begins (2, ‘+ Inreasing in vigour (3) and (4, ‘+ Bvenuly sufilent vapour has been formed or the smaller bubbles toute age bubble ling the Wich ofthe tube and trapping 2's’ ofiqid above the bubble (5)owe Propo Cbg Fi rapeatr This fe ofa continues to vaporise rapidly, the vapour escaping up the tube and erase of rctonbetreen the vapour an ig the fm ‘seis dragazdup the ore idea of the rae of vaportaalion canbe gened from the fac thatthe quid lo travels p the tube at vlocttes of the ‘order of 60r7 meters/second up the tube and tha educa pressure, for example, docs nt acts ‘mechanism igen. ‘lary he mechanism ofthis process difersgreaty frm the evaporators ving proved heat raster. temperature diferenee is suicient, with less risk of damage to ‘hermolable materia + Thetime ofthe contact between the liguor andthe heating race ts vey hort. ven allowing forthe preheating period the total te agen podon ofthe guar i Inthe evaporator is of the order of 20 soto of which ast one second onl is occpied in reali when this tines compared with the hours of oninuous boiling the quo may recive moter evaporators ‘Despite the shor heating ime the evaporation ate ery Nigh sinc the fim formation gives an extremely large surface area in the mothe espocaly sabi for materia that foam. ‘+ Although the bese very lng they ae not submerged, inthe short te evaporator, otha there sno cleation o boing pont Disadvantages From the operational pant of view the feed rat rita 00 high tho iquor may bo concentrated insuicionty, whores ifthe may form onthe tube wal. Because ofthe rapid evaporation, ‘minimum temperature gradiont and short Heating time, hs ‘method approaches most near the petert, + From the operations point fiw, feat srl. It igh, the liquor may be concentrated insufclety, whereas the aed ‘ates too low, the fl cannot be mantalned andy patches may formon the te al Because ofthe rapd evaporton, minimum temperature rodent efector pharmaceutical appliatonsven thermolabile materials canbe processed In fl evaporators. Thay have been successful used forte solutions suchas insult ver extracts ‘evaporator shown ni vapeur a es ure Sang spear Feed enters through the top. Concentrate and vapour leave frm the Bottom The special advantage that movement of the lds assisted by 1s some cass ling and clining fn ate combined together: Illy gui ieconentrated in elimbing fi ni nd concentrated gud retin down the ling fl unite can sto be wef when plan ete on ‘one flor ony sine the product wl earn to sae evel. IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF EVAPORATION Modifies ofthe normal mathod wl allow eficiency tobe improved ‘The sng effect evaporators describe previously, se steam to supply then ken ff to condenser where thelatents given up othe cooling ‘water, which commonly then goes to wart Recalling tt the latent het vapour iscosierabe (seep. 156 twill be realize that great ealot heat oes, quite lterly ‘down the dal’ | ewe sta] “Sadaonate “hadtnate Pore 7 Matec opr connected together, wth piping arranged so that the colada ofthe frsteet shes by steam: the vapour fom the fire flct swsedtoInorher words the colonia ote second ee Susedasacondensr fr ‘he iste so thatthe latent eat of aporzation used evaporate farher quantity ofthe liquor instead going to wast. The vapor rom the second effect ia then taken to a condenser in the ordinary way. The arrangerentsstown dugrammateally iF 7. ‘Theoret ny mune of evaporators could he connected m thts way ith increasing economy, but a pratie the nunber of fc fortwo reasons: Ihisneessary toh the evaporator operating decreasing temperature Inender to provide the temperature ratents necessary for eat ranser neh ee Thus te rst ffect ght operate at atmosphere Pressure, ro that water il boil 100°C 1 the calor is heated hy steam at 2 bars (witha temperature of appronimately 120°C) the temperate gradient wil be about 20%. The ‘Yapour from the fs ets taken tothe clan ofthe second eet fill at 100 °C. Hence. tht wnt-must operate at a presire below ‘mosphercin onder a awer the bling pt ofthe gud A pressure of Shar willower se boing point of water toabout 80° agun providing temperature adie fab 20°C eal, the result Hon an the number of effects tht can be arranged so that sch basa suitable tenpersture gradient. 2. The mumber of eet al he conrale also by the economies ofthe process athe relative cost of the aiionl ects compared wt the Saving of steam tn geeral fuels expensive or the products cheap the asimmam evopomy is necessary ae more eects wil be use. I el thesp, however rhe product expensing, ewerelferts cab jastfied A> | rele these frtors two oF tte eects are common ne