Sustainable Development Goal 8

Philippine Normal University
The National Center for Teacher Education

Taft Avenue, Corner Ayala Boulevard, Ermita, Manila
Leaving No One Behind : Sustainable

Development Goal 8 to Ensure Equal
Opportunities for Everyone
A Target Plan Adhering to the UNESCO Sustainable Development Goal 8 - Decent Work
and Economic Growth
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Science, Technology and Society
Submitted by:
Celi, Kwayne Phil S.
Pangan, Krystal Heart C.
Submitted to:
Josephine E. Tondo, Ph.D.
Science, Technology and Society
Adviser
2024
I. Introduction
Over the past decades, sustainability attracted worldwide attention and has
been discussed by experts (Halkos & Gkampoura, 2021). In 2015, the Sustainable
Development Goal was introduced consisting seventeen (17) developmental goals
for the year 2030. Following the MDGs or Millenium Development Goals to
commit and truly achieve a sustained development for the next fifteen (15) years
(Matte et. al, 2015). The new goals cover three (3) significant elements to
achieve sustainable development. This includes the economy to achieve a high
quality of life, equitably shared success and support throughout the community,
and a sustainable environment to secure planetary boundaries (Costanza et. al,
2014).
The Sustainable Development Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic

Growth) is about promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
employment and decent work for all. The SDG 8 aims to provide opportunities for
everyone, including women, person with disabilities, and overseas Filipino
workers, as well as prohibiting child labour. Additionally, the goal of having
decent work includes the idea of productive work, fair income, safe environment,
and social security (UN, 2023). However, many challenges were faced from the
past years of implementing the SDG 8. Last 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic
declined the global economy and is having a slow trajectory. This led to the fall of
SDG 8 progress to low income countries with 52.5 average score. As well as
low-middle income countries with 61.6 average score (Saschs et. al, 2021).
This paper outlines and analyzes SGD 8. It also aims to educate and raise
awareness to the current and next generation by promoting inclusivity and
canceling inequality in terms of employment will lead us to a large economic
growth for the benefit of everyone. Providing knowledgeable and comprehensive

study about SDG 8 will help us further understand the relevance of offering
decent work opportunities and its correlation to the economic growth of one’s
country.
II. Discussion
The United Nations outlined 12 targets for Sustainable Development Goal
8. The targets specified the main goals of the SDG while the indicators are metrics
on whether these certain targets are achieved (Our World in Data, 2023).
Target 8.1 focuses on the sustainable economic growth per capita for at
least seven percent (7%) GDP growth. Target 8.2 aims to achieve economic
development through diversity, technological upgrading, and innovation. Target
8.3 promotes policies to support entrepreneurs and decent job creation. Target 8.4
improves global resource efficiency in consumption and production. Target 8.5
productive and decent jobs for men and women, persons with disabilities, and
equal pay. Target 8.6 reduces the numbers of youth not in employment, education,
nor training. Target 8.7 immediate and effective course of action to abolish forced
labor, slavery, and end any form of child labor. Target 8.8 protects labor rights
including a safe environment for all workers and migrant workers particularly
women. Target 8.9 promotes sustainable tourism to promote culture and create
new jobs. Target 8.10 aims to encourage and expand the access to banking and
financial services. Target 8.A increase aid for trade support for developing
countries. Lastly, Target 8.B to implement the Global Jobs Pact of the
International Labour Organization, as well as developing a global strategy for
youth employment (UN, 2020).
Across the world, labor productivity has increased while the

unemployment rate has decreased. In 2022, the global unemployment rate fell to
5.4%, a total of 192 million compared to the 6.6% in 2020 because countries are
recovering from the global impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, young
people aged between 15 to 24 years old continue to suffer in finding decent
employment as well as not in education nor training. Because of that, more
progress is still needed to increase the employment rate through wider
opportunities for young people and reduce informal employment (UN, 2023).
A study in 2020 highlighted the negative impacts of COVID-19 pandemic

to the progress of SDG 8. High impacts are recorded in the SDG 8, this includes
economic crisis, trade disruption, mass unemployment, bankrupted businesses,
declined tourism activities, and huge public deficits (Sachs et. al, 2020). In 2019,
the real GDP increased by 4.8% and is expected to decrease by 0.3% in 2020 due
to the impacts of COVID-19. Meanwhile, the real GDP growth in 2021 and 2022
is expected to increase again by 4.0% and 5.0%. However, in 2023 it is expected
to remain below the 7% target of the Sustainable Development Goal.
Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a colossal amount of job losses,
specifically among youth and women. About 8.7% of youth and women suffered
with employment losses compared to 3.7% and 3.9% for adults and men (UN,
2021). Despite the losses, the global economy began to recover by the end of
2021. However, recovery patterns vary across the countries as least developed
countries struggle to cope up with the weak economic growth and labor market
compared to developed economies. The global economy remains to recover
slowly and unevenly, also because of the current Ukraine war. Before the crisis in
Ukraine, the global real GDP per capita was expected to increase by 3.0% in
2022, and 2.5% in 2023. (UN, 2022). By 2023, the global economy is
experiencing inflation and heightened uncertainties. Because of that, the global
economy continues to recover slowly. Additionally, due to the COVID-19

pandemic, around 2 billion workers are forced into informal employment without
social protection. Aside from all the negative impacts of COVID-19, it led to the
adoption of digital solutions and opening of bank accounts. About 76% of adults
worldwide opened their first bank account for online payment and receiving their
wages due to the fact that technology has been a crucial and significant part of the
COVID-19 pandemic (UN, 2023).
In the Philippines, the GDP expands by 5.6% with financial and insurance
activities as main contributors. Also, Agriculture, forestry, and fishing (AFF)
including Industry and Services showed consistent growths in 2023 with 1.2%,
3.6%, and 7.2% (Mapa, 2024).
Furthermore, the SDG 8 not only focuses on the overall economic growth
and employment for youth and women. The SDG 8 also aims to significantly
include persons with disabilities into having a decent job and equal opportunities
as well as both men and women. Persons with disabilities not only experience
exclusion in education but also in employment and to the whole society that
hinders them to have the same opportunities. Compared to the unemployment rate
of both men and women, persons with disabilities have a significantly low rate
and huge wage gaps as they receive below minimum wage (UN, 2020). Because
of this, the SDG 8 aims to consider persons with disabilities to be a part of the
labor law to eradicate discrimination and maintain accommodation. Additionally,
employees should also be aware of this change to stop any stereotypes as we
transform into an inclusive society.
Providing both genders, youths, and persons with disabilities the best and
equal opportunities to get a decent job also requires a quality education.
Governments should also focus on creating sustainable, innovative,

people-centered and decent work for all (UN, 2020).
III. List of Related Literatures
This section presents the list of related literature from both local and
foreign literature sources.
Local Literature
The Sustainable Development Goal 8 was incorporated into national
frameworks, particularly Ambisyon Natin 2040 (Our Ambisyon). Ambisyon 2040
outlines the long-term plan of the government for the Filipino people. The
framework aims to achieve a well-off life by 2040 where no one is poor nor left
behind. It highlights the Filipino’s kind of life to live in. A kind of life wherein
Filipinos are matatag (strongly rooted), maginhawa (comfortable), and panatag
(secured). Additionally, the Executive Order No.27 requires local government
units to implement the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) and Public Investment
Program (PIP). The Philippine Development Plan serves as the implementation to
ensure the achievement of 17 Sustainable Development Goals. While the Public
Investment Program accompanies the PDP which contains a list of priority
programs and projects stated in the plan. Furthermore, micro, small, and medium
enterprises or MSMEs play a vital role in employment opportunities. Because of
this, the Go Negosyo Act was legislated to establish business centers in provinces,
cities, and municipalities. Meanwhile, Republic Act 11261 or First Time Job
Seekers Assistance Act supports first time job seekers, particularly the youth. In
line with this, many labor laws were passed to protect and ensure the safety of
women, such as Expanded Maternity Leave (RA 11261), Act Strengthening the
Prohibition on Discrimination Against Women (RA 6725), and Magna Carta for
Women (VNR, 2019).
Labor market policies expanded even more. The minimum wage is

governed by Wage Rationalization Act (RA 6727) wherein each region has a
standard minimum wage set by the Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity
Boards. The Department of Labour and Employment’s National Wages
Productivity Commission (DOLE-NWPC) approved an increase in the minimum
wage in NCR, Davao, and Western Visayas in 2018. NCR or National Capital
Region’s minimum wage was five-hundred pesos (Php 500) while BARMM or
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao was two-hundred eighty
pesos (Php 280). Additionally the government includes young people in the
employment opportunities with the Republic Act 95471 or Special Program for
Employment of Students (SPES) to amend and target the financially challenged
young people who are not in school. The SPES considers students who are
currently ignored but are under a certain vacation, such as Christmas vacation.
However, young people aged 18 years old below are not allowed to be employed
in accordance with the child-labor laws (Yap et. al, 2020).
The Gross Domestic Product or GDP presents the total monetary value of
an economy consisting of three approaches including production, expenditure,
and income. GDP also presents the primary incomes by resident producer units
such as wages, rents, interest and profits. Additionally, there is a compensation of
employees either in cash or in kind, or social insurance payable by employers. To
maintain a comprehensive and reliable statistical record, the numerator is the total
compensation of employees, while the denominator is GDP multiplied by 100
which should be the sum of labour share of GDP (Gammarano & Kapsos, 2018).
Foreign Literature
A study in 2020 noted the negative relationship between unemployment
rate and inflation. The economic downturn will cause inflation as well as decrease
for labor demand will increase the unemployment rate. One of the main reasons
for the increase of unemployment rate is the negative perception among the old
age as they may experience discrimination, and exclusion due to the lack of
protection of their human rights. While old age is seen as weak and may cause
delay, they are considered as more valuable because of their long years of
experience, knowledge, and wisdom that may help within the labor market.
Because of this, it aroused interest within policymakers to ensure that older
workers are safe from any discrimination, and are well provided with decent work
opportunities. Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam focus on the well-being of older
workers as well as providing pensions, and prohibition of discrimination. While in
Singapore, employees who turned 62 years old have the choice to continue their
work as long as they meet the standards for re-employment. Along with the
discrimination of age, one of the reasons also are persons with disabilities. It is
really rare for employers to hire people with disabilities. However, the ASEAN
countries made serious efforts to eradicate this discrimination and promote the
rights and employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. The findings of
this study shows that discrimination and stereotype leads to the increase of
unemployment rates among the ASEAN countries (Furuoka et. al, 2020).
The Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work was

launched by the International Labour Conference (ILC) covering groups with
special needs, including unemployed and migrant workers. The fundamental
rights consist of (1) freedom to associate to collective bargaining, (2) elimination
of forced labor, (3) abolition of child labor, and (4) eradicate discrimination in
employment opportunities. Along with equal opportunities for decent work, the
International Labour Organization’s principles include the protection of workers

against sickness, disease, and injury. Because of this, the ILO considered “decent
work as safe work” as this is the key to achieving safe and healthy work. The
other SDGs such as No Poverty (Goal 1), Zero Hunger (Goal 2), and Good Health
and Well-being (Goal 3) cannot be achieved without good health and decent work
in the economy. The latest 2019 ILO report for SDG 8 urges policymakers to
focus on the progress towards the implementation of SDG 8 to adhere to the 2030
Agenda (Rantanen et. al, 2020).
The SDG 8 is recorded to be part of the top five with the most progress
during 2018 to 2019. However, the global economic growth slowed down even
more and the COVID-19 pandemic made it worse. The GDP decreased by 4.6%
in 2020 compared to 2019 which remained below the SDG 8 target of 7%.
Additionally, the continuous increase in the world’s population is concerning for
the use of natural resources and finding a decent job. On the other hand,
technological developments have a great impact on economic growth and
advancement. However, the COVID-19 pandemic still has a massive impact on
businesses, entrepreneurs and job opportunities as they have gone down and went
bankrupt. Therefore, the SDG 8 should be a matter that the government needs to
focus more to help the economy to bounce back and cope up immediately.
Although, it is expected that the economic growth may continue to slowly
increase due to the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic factors (Küfeoğlu, 2022).
IV. Significant People and Agencies in the SDG 8
Significant Agencies
United Nations established the Sustainable Development Goals particularly, SDG
8 which aims for productive employment, inclusive and decent work, and sustainable
economic growth. The UN also helps the Philippine government to develop and
implement economic plans. Additionally, the UN collects and monitors data, and
promotes equal opportunities for all.
International Labour Organization promotes and monitors decent and inclusive

labor legislation. ILO created four core standards that ensure the safety of every
employee including the abolition of child labor and discrimination from their workplace.
United Nations Children’s Fund or UNICEF largely contributes to focus on

inclusive education, promoting youth employment, and eradicating child labor. In order
to implement these, UNICEF collaborates with the Philippine government and other
significant parties to advocate for policies and programs that tackle child labor and
protection of adolescents to acquire decent work and quality education.
Department of Labor and Employment is a major contributor in implementing

and maintaining the SDG 8 in the Philippines. DOLE develops and implements labor
market policies to boost employment, enhance working conditions, and protecting
workers’ rights. Additionally, DOLE guarantees labor standard enforcements regarding
minimum wage, occupational safety and health requirements, and protection of labor
rights.
Philippine Statistics Authority monitors the Gross Domestic Product (GDP),

poverty and income inequality, labor market information, and business and industry
statistics. PSA tracks the continuous progress of the Philippines’ economic growth and
employment and unemployment rate as well as youths who are not in education,
employment and training.
Department of Trade and Industry primarily contributes to sustain

entrepreneurship, economic growth, job creation, and industrial development in the
Philippines. DTI promotes MSMEs or micro, small, and medium enterprises by providing
financial assistance, business services, and building initiatives.
National Economic and Development Authority greatly contributes through the

creation and implementation of development policies, plans, and strategies to fully
support productive employment, decent work for all, and sustainable economic growth.
Additionally, NEDA creates long term development plans such as Philippine
Development Plan (PDP) that offers a road map of advancing inclusive and equal
development.
Significant People
Amina J. Mohammed is the Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations and
Chair of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group. She joined the United
Nations in 2012 and later on led the process of Agenda 2030 for Sustainable
Development and the creation of Sustainable Development Goals that led to the global
agreement.
Gilbert F. Houngbo is the 11th Director-General of the International Labour

Organization in 2022. He emphasizes universal social protection, decent work, and
economic growth. Houngbo also fights for the eradication of child labor, protection of
migrant workers, and gender equality.
Sen. Risa Hontiveros is the main author of the Extended Maternity Leave,
providing a total of 120 days of leave instead of 60 days. This law greatly impacts
womanhood as it includes modern sustainability of SDG 8 and ensuring the safety of
women employees during their pregnancy.
Benigno S. Aquino III signed the Go Negosyo Act that strengthens the support
for micro, small, medium enterprises. Through this law, the job opportunities and job
creation widens and adheres to the SDG 8.
Rodrigo R. Duterte signed the First Time Jobseekers Assistance Act which
supports first time employees through providing free pre-employment documents. This
law also promotes youth employment that follows the target of SDG 8.
V. References
Costanza, R., McGlade J., Lovins, H., & Kubiszewski, I. (2014). An Overarching
Goal for the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Solutions, 5(4), 13-16.
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Department of Trade and Industry. 2022. Launching event: Creative AGE for
SDGs in the Philippines: Accelerating Growth among Creative Micro, Small, and
Medium Enterprises in the Philippines. Department of Trade and Industry.
Retrieved from
https://www.dti.gov.ph/archives/news-archives/launching-event-creative-age-for-s
dgs-in-the-philippines-accelerating-growth-among-creative-micro-small-and-medi
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Furuoka, F., Lim, B., & Pazim, K. H., (2020). Promotion of Human Rights by
Providing Equal Employment Opportunities for the Disadvantaged Workers in
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l-year-2023-gdp-growth-rate-56-percent
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with the Sustainable Development Goals: A Guide for Stakeholders. New York:
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Philippine Normal University

The National Center for Teacher Education

Leaving No One Behind : Sustainable

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

The Sustainable Development Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic

growth for the benefit of everyone. Providing knowledgeable and comprehensive

Across the world, labor productivity has increased while the

A study in 2020 highlighted the negative impacts of COVID-19 pandemic

economy continues to recover slowly. Additionally, due to the COVID-19

Governments should also focus on creating sustainable, innovative,

III. List of Related Literatures

Labor market policies expanded even more. The minimum wage is

The Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work was

International Labour Organization’s principles include the protection of workers

IV. Significant People and Agencies in the SDG 8

International Labour Organization promotes and monitors decent and inclusive

United Nations Children’s Fund or UNICEF largely contributes to focus on

Department of Labor and Employment is a major contributor in implementing

Philippine Statistics Authority monitors the Gross Domestic Product (GDP),

Department of Trade and Industry primarily contributes to sustain

National Economic and Development Authority greatly contributes through the

Gilbert F. Houngbo is the 11th Director-General of the International Labour

Gammarano, R. & Kapsos, S. (2018). Decent work and the Sustainable

Halkos, G., & Gkampoura, E. C. (2021). Where do we stand on the 17

International Labour Organization. (2024). Biography of Gilbert F. Houngbo ,

Küfeoğlu, S. (2022). Emerging technologies: Value creation for sustainable

Montemayor, M. T. (2023). Guidelines for implementing first-time jobseekers law

RECOTVET. (2020). Go Negosyo Act No. 10644 - Negosyo Centers Support

Reganit, J. C. (2018). Senate ratifies Expanded Maternity Leave law. Philippine

United Nations. (2024). Ms. Amina J. Mohammed. United Nations. Retrieved

United Nations. (2019). Philippines Voluntary National Review 2019. Welcome to

United Nations. (2020). Policy Guidelines for Inclusive Sustainable Development

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