AWS G1.10M: 2016 An American National Standard Guide for the Evaluation of Thermoplastic Welds < ee AeAWS G1.10M: 2016 An American National Standard Approved by ‘American National Standards Institute April 21,2016 Guide for the Evaluation of Thermoplastic Welds 2nd Edition Supersedes AWS G1.10M:2016 Prepared by the American Welding Society (AWS) G1 Committee on Joining of Plastics and Composites, Under the Direction of the AWS Technical Activities Committee Approved by AWS Board of Directors Abstract ‘This standard lists and deseribes flaws and defects in hot gas, hot gas extrusion, heated tool butt fusion, socket fusion, lectrofusion, and flow fusion welded joints in thermoplastics. Its intent iso make possible a generally valid evaluation «ving consideration to graded quality requirements, This standard encompasses the classification, requirements, testing, evaluation, and acceptance of the welds. Details in recording engineering data are described, Tables illustrating cracks, voids, solid inclusions, lack of fusion, flaws and defects of shape, and other flaws and defects in thermoplastic welds are ineluded. Flaw and defect features with descriptions and illustrations are compiled into tables to aid in the evaluation of welds, American Welding Society®‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 ISBN: 978-0-87171-884-6 (©2016 by American Welding Society All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Photocopy Rights, No portion ofthis standard may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or ‘educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet: -,AWS G1.10M: 2016 ‘Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standards [AI] standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American ‘Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules ofthe American National Standards Tastitute (ANSD. When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. 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Users ofthis standard accept any all Hiabilities for infringememt of any pa AWS disc! lity forthe infringement of any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so, Official interpretations of any ofthe technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writin to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Attention: ‘Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL. 33166 (see Annex M), With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users ofthis standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS, In addition, oral ‘opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation, ‘This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS GI Committee on Joining of Plastics andl Composites. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS G1 Committee on Joining ‘of Plastics and Composites and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee's response to the comments. Guests are invited to atend all meetings of the AWS G1 Committee on Joining of Plastics and Composites to express their ‘comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules ‘of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 “This page is intentionally blankAWS G1.10M: 2016 Personnel G1 Committee on Joining of Plastics and Composites LT. Hutton, Chair D. Ziegler, Ist Viee Chair S.P. Heairick, Secretary LF B.E. Gourley G. Hopkins W.E. Kenney W, McMaster HLL. Mikeworth Advisors to the AWS ‘A. Benatar D. Grewell FHe D.L. Pochardt A. Savitski E.S. Stumpek Cy.Wa AWS GIA Subcommittee on Hot Gas Welding and Extrus J.Leary, Chair R. Basile, Viee Chair S.P Hedrick, Secretary K. Argasinski S.M Gardiner €.Goad G. Hopkins LT Hutton J. Johnston A. Rickert G. Sample K.C. Thomas M.J. Troughton D.Ziegler P.Zitkus ARKEMA Incorporated Wegener Welding LLC American Welding Society Branson Ultrasonics Comp. Sonics & Materials, Ine Plastek Werks Consuliant BASF Corp, LH. Mikeworth and Associates 1 Committee on Joining of Plastics and Composites ‘The Ohio State University Towa State Univeristy Eastman Kodak Company SL-Smart Interface, LLC Eastman Kodak Company Dukane Corp. Visteon Corp. 3M Company Baxter Healthcare Consuliant Varroe Lighting Systems Welding Wides LLC AB Plastics American Welding Society Solvay Specialty Polymers IPS Corporation Goad Company Plastek Werks ARKEMA Incorporated McElroy Manufacturing Incorporated Quadrant Georg Fischer Quadrant EPP ™1 Wegener Welding LLC Wegener Welding LLC Advisors to the AWS G1A Subcommittee on Hot Gas Welding and Extrusion Welding S.Chandler J.J. Fluckiger I. Hessel P.E Martin Engiplast Incoporated Idaho National Laboratory Hessel Ingenieurtechnik GmbE United Association‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 “This page is intentionally blankAWS G1.10M: 2016 Foreword ‘This foreword is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only. ‘The purpose of plastics welding inspection is to determine ifa plastics weldment meets the acceptance criteria ofa spe code, other standard, or other document. The plastics welding inspector must be thoroughly familiar with plastics welding processes, plastics welding procedures, plastics welder qualifications, materials, the limitation of plastics weld testing, be able (o read drawings, prepare and keep records, prepare and make reports and make responsible judgments. For plastics ‘welding inspectors to be effective, the activities performed should be consistent with the requirements, and technical and ethical principles, ‘The AWS GI Commitice on Joining Plasties and Composites was formed in 1989 by industry and academic experts interested in providing process information and test standards forrating the weldability of plastic and composite materials, ‘The GIA Subcommitiee on Hot Gas Welding and Extrusion Welding was formed in 1993 to ereate standards for the qualification of hot gas and heated tool plastic welding personnel, DVS 2202-1, Imperfections in thermoplastic welding joints; features, descriptions, evaluation, was used extensively inthe creation of this standard ‘This is the second edition of this specification. The title of the document was changed and editorial changes were made to the Scope (Clause 1}, Weld flaws and defects for socket fusion, electrofusion, and flow fusion are new to this edition SUGGESTIONS ‘Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, G1 Committee on Joining of Plastics and Composites, American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 Street #130, Miami, FL33166,‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 “This page is intentionally blankTable of Contents Personnel Foreword. 1. Scope, Purpose, and Range of Application. Referenced Documents Definitions. Evaluation Groups Requirements for Welded Joints Details in Engineering Data ‘Testing and Evaluation. 8, Acceptance. Annex A (Normative) —Cracks Annex B (Normative)—Voids ‘Annex C (Normative}Solid Inclusions Annex D (Normative) —Luck of Fusion ‘Annex E (Normative) —Flaws of Shape Annex F (Normative) Other Flaws Annex G (Normative) —Aeceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Hot Gas Fan and Speed Welds Annex H (Normative) Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Hot Gas Extrusion Welds Annex (Normative) Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Heated Tool Butt Fusion Welds Annex (Normative) Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Heated Tool Socket Welds Annex K (Normative) —Aeceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Electrofusion Welds Annex L (Normative) ~Aceeptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Flow Fusion Welds ‘Annex M (Informative)—Requesting an Oficial In AWS G1.10M: 2016 Page No. 4 4 3 3‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 “This page is intentionally blankAWS 61.109: 2016 Guide for the Evaluation of Thermoplastic Welds 1. Scope, Purpose, and Range of Application 1.1 These guidelines list and describe defects and flaws in welded joints in thermoplastic materials, The objective is to make possible a generally valid evaluation giving consideration to graded quality requirements. This guide is meant to aid those responsible for the evaluation of thermoplastic welds. The final determination of what is an acceptable weld should be the responsibility ofthe engineer, awner or user, 1.2 By classification imo one of the evaluation groups in 4.1, specific flaws may be excluded or kept within imits when welded joims are produced, 1.3°The application ofthese guidelines and the measures through which they can be met should be included in contractual specification or form par of the generally recognized specifications 1.4 Welding Processes. Defects and flaws produced by the following welding processes are addresseu. This guide applies to the following processes Abbreviation Annex Hot Gas Welding qicwy Fan Welding (HE) G Speed Welding (HS) G Extrusion Welding (EX) H ‘Heated Tool Butt Fusion Welding ap I ‘Socket Fusion Welding (SFW) J Electrofusion Welding (EFW) K Flow Fusion Welding. (FFW) L 1.5 Materials. These guidelines apply to welded joints on components and systems made from the engineering thermoplastics listed below Table 1.1 Base Materials ‘Abbreviation Name pvc Polyvinyl Chloride ceve Chlorinated Polyvinylehloride pp Polypropylene PE. Polyethylene PVDF Polyvinylidene Fluoride ECTFE Ethylene Chlorotifluoroethylene ETFE ihylene Tetrafluoroethylene FEP Perfluoro (ethylene propylene) PEA Perfluoroalkoxy ABs Acrylonitile Butadiene-Styrene‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 1.6 The use ofthese guidelines for welding other thermople the fabricator. ic materials should be agreed upon between the customer and 1.7 This standard makes use of the International System of Units (SD), 1.8 Safety and health issues and concems are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not addressed herein. ‘Safety and health information is available from the following sources: American Welding Society: (1) ANSIZ49.1, Safety in Welding, Cuating, and Allied Processes (2) AWS Satety and Health Fact Sheets, (3) Other safety and health information on the AWS website ‘Material or Equipment Manufacturers: (1) Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers (2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturers ‘Applicable Regulatory Agencies ‘Work performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous, and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address all safety and health risks that may be encountered, The user of this standard should establish an appropriate safety program to address such risks as well as (0 meet applicable regulatory requirements, ANSI 249.1 should be considered when developing the safety program. 2. Referenced Documents Reference should be made tothe lates edition ofthe following documents: ASTM C904, Standard Terminology Relating to Chemical-Resistant Nonmetallic Materials! ASTM D 5162 Test Method B, Standard Practice for Discontouiiy (Holiday) Testing of Nonconductve Protective Coating on Metallic Substrates! AWS A3 0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions? AWS B2.4, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification for Thermoplasties? ANSI 749.1, Safery in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes 3. Definitions ‘The terms used in this specification are defined in ASTM C904, Terminology Relating to Chemical-Resistant Nonmetallic, Materials, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions. Exceptions, within the context of this standard, are listed below with their definitions back welding. An addition of a secondary external hot gas or ex! welded joint, or solvent cement welded joint. usion weld on a socket fusion welded joint, electrofusion beadless welding. See flow fusion welding. bead-start/stop crack. A crack occurring at the starvstop of a weld due fo the thermal characteristies of an overstressed ‘weld rod. Thermoplastic materials exhibit thermal characteristics that contribute (o this condition, defect. A flaw ofa size or configuration exceeding the limitations ofthe applicable acceptance criteria, "Published by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428: Phone 610-832-9500 (website: wwwvastm.ong) * Published by the American Welding Society, $669 NW 36 Stet #130, Miami, FL. 33166; Phone 800-143-9353; website: www anis.or).AWS G1.10M: 2016 electrofusion welding (EFW). A thermoplastic welding process where the heat for welding is provided by energizing an electrically resistive coil in the weld zone. extrusion welding (EX).A joining process in which molten thermoplastic material is foreed against preheated workpieces to produce the weld fan welding (HE). A hot gas welding method where the weld rod is fed into the joint without the aid of a welding nozzle: the pressure is applied directly to the welding rod by the welder, flaw, An interruption of the typical structure of characteristics. A flaw is not necessarily a defect. material, such as lick of homogeneity in its structure or physical flow fusion welding, A variety of beadless welding techniques in which resultant joints are free from internal and external beads and crevices. The primary method of beadless welding involves careful diffusion of heat through the external surfaces while maintaining internal support of material asit becomes molten, The Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) specifies the heating temperature and heating eyele during which the molten material readily joins as a single piece, heated tool butt welding (HT). A method for joining the ends of thermoplastic pipe or fittings in which a hot tool is placed between the pipe ends For a predetermined heating time and then the ends are pushed together with a predetermined. ‘amount of force until the joint cools, hot gas welding (HGW). A thermoplastic welding process in which the parts are softened by hot gas and joined together, lack of fusion. In a weld, any area or zone that lacks melting and coalescence (fusion) of a portion of the weld. This may ‘occur between weld passes or between weld and base materials, seraping, The process of removing a thin layer of polymer from the surface 10 be welded in order to eliminate surface contamination and oxidation, shrinkage groove. Insufficiency of material on the lateral edges of the weld due to the high thermal shrinkage or expansion characteristics of thermoplastics; this resembles an undercut or underil wel. socket fusion welding (SFW). A heated tool welding process variation in which the tool is configured to heat the outside ‘of one workpiece and the inside of the other. speed welding (HS). A hot gas welding process variation in which the welding tip is used to feed and heat the welding filler rod while heating the workpieces and forcing the plasticized filler into the Fusion zone. void. An unfilled space within a weld, 4. Evaluation Groups 4.1 Classification, Specitic requirements are established for the intended service of a component, particularly regarding the quality of the welded joints. The following classification is used as a basis, so that the fabricator and inspector know the extent ofthe measures required for quality control with regard to welding. Evaluation Group, Requirement Level I High requirements for reliability and/or intended serviee. ‘Medium requirements for reliability and/or intended service. ™ Low requirements for reliability and/or intended service. ‘The requirements to be established for the welded joints on a component should in each case be restricted to those ‘which are necessary and appropriate for the application,‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 4.2 Criteria for! be taken into.ace tablishment. Inthe establishment of the eval on groups, the following factors, among others, should (1) level and type of stress (e.g. stati, dynamic) {@) thermoplastic material -., ductile, brite) @) operating conditions (e.g. stationary, mobile, environmental) (A) production conditions (e.g. workshop, construction site) (3) potential hazards (e g., hazardous gases and/or hazardous fluids) 5. Requirements for Welded Joints 5.1 Quality Features for Classification of the Weld (Annexes G through L). The requirements for classifying a welded joint within a particular quality grade are established inthe evaluation groups In the majority of cases, requirements are established for the joint listing specific features, and describing them with reference tthe intemal and external sate ofthe joint. By using Annexes G through L, its posible to specify requirements for the quality of welding. Using individual features, i. through the type and extent of the laws, an evaluation of welded joints can then be undertaken (for example, as pat of the acceptance procedure fr the component 5.1.1 Requirements for Characteristics. This covers additional data such as: (1) deformation resistance (e.g, welding factor) 2) duct y (e.g. bending angle to cracking) 3) resistance to chemical attack (e-., resistance factor) 5.1.2 Requirements for Post Weld Treatment. In certain cases, it is necessary to process the weld joint for the following reasons: 1) dynamic stress (eg, notch-fee transitions) @) to smooth weld surfaces (e.g. ining) @) toimprove flow behavior (eg. intemal beads) 4) Kortechnical inspection nis advisable to test and/or evaluate the weld both before and after machining, 6. Details in Engineering Data Requirements for welded joints should be specified in the contract documentation that is binding for fabrication (for example, working drawing, welding diagram), with reference to this standard. ‘As ara itis sufficient to identify a weld in accordance with the following example: WZ-VV-II where w: ‘= abbreviation for the welding process V_ =welding symbol and measurements, I evaluation group code ‘Should all the welded joints on a component come under the same evaluation group, then it ean be entered in a space provided for this purpose on the drawing, Example: All welded joints as per evaluation group HI (see 4.1). Additional requirements for specification of the characteristics of welded joints and for machining are also to be noted in the engineering data,AWS G1.10M: 2016 7. Testing and Evaluation Visual inspection, measurements and, where necessary, suitable non-destructive or destructive testing procedures should be used to verify that the acceptance eriteria for the individual welding groups have been met. Testing can be cartied out ‘on the welded joints ofthe component. Specific characteristics can also be verified on test pieces that are fabricated under comparable conditions. The nature and extent of the tests, together with their timing, should be agreed upon between the customer and the fabricator. The test results should be documented. 7.1 Evaluation. The test results form the basis forthe classification of welded joints into one of the three evaluation groups bby welding process, in accordance with Annexes G through L. Annexes A through F define imperfections in weld joints, ‘and should be used in the evaluation and documentation process, The test reports should be used to determine points ‘where the results do not correspond with the acceptance criteria, Should the component, or individual welded joints, not correspond to the evaluation group specified (4.1), then itor they should be reworked or replaced. 7.2 Reworking Defective Welded Joints. When allowed under the contract and insofar as possible, defective welded joints should be reworked or replaced, The purpose of reworking operations i to obtain the welded joint quality established by the acceptance criteria. If necessary, the results should be determined by additional testing. 7.3 Overlapping Flaws. Should two or more types of flaw arise simultaneously on welded joints, the cumulative effect of the individual flaw can result in more than the sum of the individual flaws. Tests should then be carried out to ascer- tain whether the welded joint still meets the acceptance criteria established or whether restrictions have to be imposed as regards safety and quality standards because of the accumulation of flaws. 8. Acceptance Insofar as tests on the welded component confirm that it meets the acceptance criteria established in the technical documentation, the welded component should be considered as being accepted and documented, Should the acceptance criteria not be met, and should reworking not be possible, then the fabricator and the end user should reach an agreement on the disposition ofthe welded component,‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 “This page is intentionally blankAWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex A (Normative) Cracks ‘This annex is part ofthis standard and includes mandatory elements for use with this standard. No. Designation Notes ustrations 100 Crack Break n continuity which may occur ‘uring cooling or through the ation of stress inthe solid state 1001 Microcrack ‘Crack having microscopic dimensions 101 Longitudinal ‘Crack whose main dreetion is close crack tothat of the axis ofthe wel. Itcan be 1011 ton situate 1012 + inthe weld 1019 1013 + in the fasion zone (weld junction) ara lou + inthe heavaffected zone en + inthe base material 102 ‘Transyersecrack | Crack whose direction i more or lest perpendicular tothe axis the weld. It 021 on 1o2t ‘can be situated i022 + inthe weld 1023 + intheheataffected zone + inthe ase material 1022 103, Radiatingerack | Grovp of cracks issuing from a single Point and sited 4002 1031 + inthe weld net 1032 + intheheataffeted zone 1033 + inthe base material 1038, 108 ‘Crack occuring at the bead-starstop = which ean be a lost + parallel ios + perpendicular 041 1042 1048; 1083 + radiating‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex A—Cracks (Continued) No, Designation Notes Mlustrations 105 Group of Set of grouped cracks of any orientation, disconnected ‘which may be situated tos lost cracks, + inthe weld 1032, + inthe heatatfected zone 1053 1033) + inthe base material 1052 106, Branching crack | Setof interconnected crac inthe form of| branching nd distinguishable from the network of disconnected cracks (105) and from radiating cracks (103). They may be 1061 1061 situated 1062 1062, + inthe weld 1063 1063 + inthe heat affected zone + inthe hase materilAnnex B (Normative) Voids AWS G1.10M: 2016 ‘This annex is part ofthis standard and includes mandatory elements for use with this standard. No. | Designation Notes Iestratons 201 | Gasvoid | Woidformed by gases) 2011 | Spheroidal gas | More ores spherical gas void ra 2012 | Uniformiy | spheroidal gas voids regularly distributed in the disiibued | weld. Tbe singished fom linear ois vols 2014, 2013 | Locatizad | Group ot gas voids (cloned) soi 2014 | Linearvoids | Gas voids dstibtedalonga ine parallel othe axis ofthe weld 2015 | Elongated void | Large non spheroidal eas void whose main dimension is parafel tothe axis ofthe weld generally situated close to the root Q ——— 2016 2018 2016 | Wormhole | Gasvoidinthe form ofa worm galery nthe weld, aa relig Grothe advance th ga. Soecnes 2018 inetrighone pater Some wens can open y cutomt the surface. 2016 Ea fase Sass (Continued)‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex B—Voids (Continued) =AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex C (Normative) Solid Inclusions ‘This annex is part ofthis standard and includes mandatory elements for use with this standard. No. Designation Notes 300 Solid inclusion | Foreign solid body tapped inthe weld 303 Oxides inclusion ‘Oxides or burns trapped in the weld 304 Sundry inclusion Particle of foreign body tapped i weld‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 “This page is intentionally blankAnnex D (Normative) Lack of Fusion AWS G1.10M: 2016 ‘This annex is part ofthis standard and includes mandatory elements for use with this standard. No | Desai Notes Tsao {or | tackottaion | Lack fson two deposed and bse (Geonple | racial erberneen we aden jer of aon | fio) Aeposied material, One mu ditingeish fon ree i ‘ons 2 e ck of ater ison + the lack of fusion between weld passes: aon + he lek fiona the rot of i weld OA oo | tackora Parl uacocrofRainof be cigeswbe fone ‘eld allowing anansed ara torenia on a | Smet penetration rai‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 “This page is intentionally blankAWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex E (Normative) Flaws of Shape ‘This annex is part ofthis standard and includes mandatory elements for use with this standard. No. Designation Notes Mlustrations soo Imperfect shape External surface displays lack of geometric conformity relative to comet profile soit Continuous undereut | Lack of material inform of a groove extending along acerain length of the edges ofthe weld, between beads lorbetween fash sor Undereut Local lack of material situated on the eadges ofthe weld sors Shrinkage groove | Insulfiieney of material on the lateral edges ofthe root 502 Excessive Excess of deposited reinforcement excessive fash 503 Excessive convexity crerized Fault nan angle weld by an exaggerated comex profile (Continued) 15‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex E—Flaws of Shape (Continued) Ne | Destaton notes Tatras 50: | Escesvemltoegh| Exes of mt rh ot fora | Badrinfaccmen | Dita ore he om pees Kod irvenciea bebo itu ofthc tse ee “itt ten isan an _| timc istiganca | Nevatovanof wesc been weld ces Th st peal exessdy snore els {05 | Angurmisignmon | Nowhere of opsedange iveen wool ses sn Uae Toc cna iis ld iadny tated pte eich Sc eae tec pti sa convict | » Nyame ah A yee + Non-symmetrical angle weld 5 » te S 53 [ tesa wtin | Esse vain we with 514 |Iregaarsriae | Enos mourns ll oes rato an Pore Loci rte sir sin loci ofa ea | sin sm inte emi ps + inthe bottom pass 16AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex F (Normative) Other Flaws ‘This annex is part ofthis standard and includes mandatory elements for use with this standard. No. Designation Notes: 600 Other flaws Flaws not included in Annexes A, B,C, D and E 01 “Thermal heat damage ‘Superficial alteration resulting from the acidental ction of heat, It ean aft oul + the weld 012 + the heat-ffected zone 013 + the base material 603 ‘Mechanical damage Local damage to the base material 6031 Local damage due to an incorrect grinding or milling 6032 [Local damage due w an incartect serpin 608 Leg length flaw Dimensional deviation of the specified leg lengths of the weld os ‘Surface preparation Lack of evidence of surface preparation for ht gas welding extrusion Welding, solvent ‘cement welding and electrofusion welding 6051 Gaining for surface preparation 052 Back welding‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 “This page is intentionally blankAnnex G (Normative) AWS 61.109: 2016 Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Hot Gas Fan and Speed Welds ‘This annex is part ofthis standard and includes mandatory clements for use with this standard, No. Feature Description 1 1 m1 Extera state of surface of V-welds an double welds 1 Grack Inolatedcracks orgroups | Not Not Not cks with permissible | permissible | permissible ZY IR WY weld. They + inthe weld the base material + inthe heat-affeted zone 2 Welding depressions Marked deepening, which | Not Locally Locally eso] cambescenand tlt slong | permissible | permissible | permissible i L cocbetween individ itk>o ko a si wekding rods, caused hy for example: 7 + faults on die * poor welding rod uidance 3 Undereut inbase material | Not Locally As caused by for | permissible permissible it L Tt ending fat INNS + penetration of dic edge Aseo.ts,tut | As0 irk>0 example: = * fault in welding shoe + fault in welding unit guidance 3 Undercut Notches in base material | Locally permissible | Continuously | Continuously along weld caused by, for | ifending Natand | permissibleit | permissible it [et | amet As<01s,but_ | ending fatand | ending fat and 4 "prcraonofweldshoe| maxim | avedintn| secon “WREST lhe recede | ma=3iom ca + processing of edge zone 4 Inadequate edge zone welding Inadequatecoveringot | Notpermissile | Locally Continuously welding groove edge on permissible | permissible apf ® one or both sides Nominal with aotch-fie | with aote-ree dimension: Ab> 3 mm transition and | transition and a>2mm — | Ab>tmm (Continued) a‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex H—Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Hot Gas Extrusion Welds (Continued) No. Feature Deseription Evaluation groups 1 1 mm 5 Tncomplewe joint penetration Notches caused by Not permissible Permissible i LTA | Samo iar Ibe Tv P| join tes 4 reparation Timited numbers T TT “WIS 2» (ZAKS « 4 welding shoe but max. 0. ° thicknesses are nat £,>02s,but_ | €,>0.25s, but compensated max =2.mm max=4mm | max=Scim 12 Angular misalignment(defostsof | Length, L, of shorter side | Permissible upto | Permissible up | Permissible upto form) (Diagram) is decisive for permissible | e< 1 mm wect2mm | e0250 Permissible if 20258 Permissible if b20.250‘This annex is pat ofthis standard and includes mandatory elemen Annex | (Normative) Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Heated Tool Butt Fusion Welds AWS G1.10M: 2016 for use with this standard Evaluation Groups No. Feature Description 1 w ™m Extemal State of Joint 1 Cracks CCrucks running lengthwise | Notpermissible | Not permissible | Not permissible ZS ‘orcxosswise to weld. They may be located + inweld + in base material + in heatafTected zone 2 Weld undercut CContinwous oriecal notches | Not permissible | Not perm Norpermissble Tenth-wis to weld with 0 | root of the notch below the tua of he ese mater FT| Caused, for enample: + infin joint press eee tetas shot + cooling ime to short 3 Nothes und ates Notchesinedgeofbase | Locally Leclly Locally materia, lsgiaseor | pemissbteit | peonssbiit | permissibeit L _£°° | crosswiseto weld. Caused | ending iatand | endingrtatand | ending fatand LARS ty, for example: s07, Permissible if b>06b, Permissible if b>03b, 8 Thermal damage High-gloss welding lash face with voids or nodules, usually associated with Faulty welding Nash ‘ormation and marked bead notches Not permissible Not permissible Not permissible 9 Lackoffusion ZAKS No sion orincomplete fusion on joint faces, over Part or whole of weld ross section, Caused by, for example + contaminated joint faces + oxidized joint faces + excessive reversal time + heated Wool temperature too low [Not permissible Not permissible Not permissible 10 Blowhole LAS Hollow space in joint planes. Caused by, for example * insufficient joint pressure + inslicient cooling time Not permissible Not perm Not permissible Continued) a4AWS 61.109: 2016 Annex I—Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Heated Tool Butt Fusion Welds (Continued) Evaluation Groups No. Feature Description 1 w im IT Pores caused by inclusions of | Numerous, dispersed, Pores and rons of | Pores and mows of foreign matter isolated or oe pores permissible | pores peemissibl i - re ifAs<0.105 as <0.155 t as &3< 0053 SRR ‘Ctasitcaton retin under sniny by DVS,‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 “This page is intentionally blank 36AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex J (Normative) Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Heated Tool Socket Welds ‘This annex is part ofthis standard and includes mandatory clements for use with this standard, Evaluation Groups No. Feature Description 1 u uu External condition of the joint 1 Faulty weld dash formation’ Varying fash shapes (b) | not not ot ‘or fash missing on one permissible | permissible | permissible * b ‘or both sides (a) either in parts or around the entire circumference) due to + tool temperature too ‘normally occursin conjunction with intemal | + unacceptable tolerances Imperfections -fxatioa tine too short. (aandb) + heated oot not hot enough (a) + eating time to short (a) + clamping force of prismatic clamping devices wast high Under normal conditions, heated tool socket welding leads to circumferential flash formation atthe edge ‘of the sleeve or socket. Tis flash san intial indicator fora correctly made weld. ‘One-sided fash formation | not not not ductor permissible | permissible | permissible e + heat-up de too short + ated tool net hot enough + unseceptable tolerances + oly one ofthe items being joined was heated (Continued) 7‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex J—Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Heated Tool Socket Welds (Continued) valation Groups No, Feature Desription 1 0 fm 3 Large upstvotmeseg, | not net wot ae permisste | permissible | penisibie = | peta to bat + eos movement parts tein joined = deo eerie + amacepabltlences 4 Angularmisaignmenttinpereestape) | Ppeweldedinooneor | permissibie | permisanie | perniibe pothsiesofthesockeratan | fezinm | tes2mm | Hee4nm angle hr wou slight stew applied og, dusto 4 rch ol ul + ootsecup fan \<—3 woh 5) Lackot fusion duo deformation Defomtionorowlsiape | penmissibte | pemistie | permisile ipipeendorsecketdto | iterence | erence | tieence loca welingpressre | fomtte | fromene | fromthe eee (|e eerie tical | enteral | extra "atorentarcumature | meer of | dametrof | Gimeterot arto low srepine | tepine | shepipe sincorectsorageofihe | 13butm | 2 buna | 3stut oo Pineubeandor iting greterthan | greater than_| geaterthan {Sm [2mm | 2mm & Laskotfwsiondveoincompieeimerion | e.g, dne permissite | permissible | pemisibi otvive *'eatingzuptinetoo ston | ithe weld | upto opie fincendsnoccuott |isstghty | xso1a | xsora sae shonerttan | and tod + headwolnochotenoush | thespcited | xs018 | xs02 {vakmoversnt tile | weldenaty | socket doth | socket, join wa coating’ haven nh ceinerupted " ineolarinsetion peed | notchve Rashofep 0 xs030 and 0.1 socket sept Continued) 38AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex J—Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Heated Tool Socket Welds (Continued) Evaluation Groups No. Feature Deseription 1 1 m Internal condition of joint 77 _Lack of fusion due to poor fi Localized, extensive axial or | not not ot circularchannel formation, | permissible | permissible | permissible a eg. due 0: * notches in the pipe surface + pipe or socket dimensions / out of tolerance + wrong mechanieal preparation + pipe not corecly aligned with socket 8 Lackof fusion due to poor material bonding | Localized orextensive not not not incomplete welding with Separation in the joint plane eg duet: + pipe inserted 100 far ‘thermal damage + contaminated joint faces incorrect matehing of materials residuecon the heated tool permissible permissible permissible 9 Constrcted pipe cross-section Pipe inserted too farduring | not ot not heating joining, duet | permissible | permissible | permissible + welding of pipes with too- ‘hin walls into sockets* + eating time-up too long + axial movement while joint ‘was cooling + heated wal 100 or 10 Pores caused by foreign matterinclusions | Numerousisolated pores | small isolated | poresandrows] poresand “ed andor inclusions distributed | pores ‘ofporesare | rowsof <— throughout weld or occurring | permissible if | permissibleit | pores are inlocal concentrations, Axso% | Axsolx | permissible eg. duet: ifAx<015x + evaporation during welding (water, solvents) + dirty heated oo! + foreign maiter (Continued) 39AWS @1.10: 2016 Annex J—Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Heated Tool Socket Welds (Continued) Evaluation Groups No, Feature Deseription 1 1 m 1 Surface preparation Grinding Not Not Not permissible | permissible | permissible 12 Weld repair Back welding Not Not Permissible permissible | permissible * Nove ch imperfection sn be permissible under eran contons in hin-walled pipeAWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex K (Normative) Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Electrofusion Welds ‘This annex is part ofthis standard and includes mandatory elements for use with this standard, Evaluation Groups No. Feature Description 1 1 m1 External condition of weld of straight pipe sections, branches or tapping tees and fittings | Molten material exuding between Localized exuding not not not sleeve and pipe ‘of melted material, permissible | permissible | permissible Arequently observed at the fiting sockets orthe circumference of one oF both ends of the iting sleeve usually with a shiny or porous surface, eg caused by + too high welding energy applied + excessive welding time + welding process repeated immediately without interim cooling + equipment fault = warping Angular misalignment (imperfect Pipe whieh has been permissible, for | permissible, for | permissible, for shapey* pipes straight | pipes (straight | pipes (straight angle onone or both sides, | lengths): lengths): lengths): eg duet + tool set-up fault e<2mm/oa? | e<3mm/0.6° | ¢<6mm/1.2" S + movement of parts for PE-X: for PE-X: for PE-X: t during welding pemissibleit | permissibleit | pesmissibleit esimm es 2mm s4mm \egon * Angular misalignment isan externary Visible imperfection which may ‘cause an internal imperfection, (Continued) 4l‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex K—Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Electrofusion Welds (Con ued) No. Feature Description Evaluation Groups Internal condition of welds of straight pipe seetions, branches or tapping tees and fitings 3 Warped pipe filament and molten ‘masses due to uneven ‘welding pressures, with oF ‘without separation ofthe Joimeplane, e.g. duet: * pipe ends not aligned correctly + radi of coiled bundles ‘oo small + bending moments applied to sockevsleeve permissible permissible | permissible 4 Lack offusion due to weld preparation faults Pipe join surface: + not prepared mechanically + t00 much material removed by preparation process, leading to insficient form-fit between socket and pipe + too much mater removed in puts by preparation process, With flaened areas + unsuitable clamping device (eg. prismatic clamping equipment) Deformation or oval shape of pipe end or fiting ‘with inadequate welding pressure in places. eg. ducto: * pipes not pressed to ‘comeet circular shape, particularly with coiled bundles + pipes and sleeves or fiwings that were not stored eorretly permissible permissible | permissible (Continued) a2AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex K—Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Electrofusion Welds (Continued) Evaluation Groups Feature Description 1 1 m 5 _Lack of fusion due to incomplete Pipe ends displaced permissible | permissible | permissible inserion of pipe fromeenterofsteeveor | iftheinserted | ifthe inserted | ifthe inserted not pushedagainstone | lengths lengthis length is anotherorazainststopon | slightly,ie. | slighty,ie. | slightly ie. ‘one or both ends (3) upto 10% upto 10% upto 15% * pipesnot inserted far | tessthamthe | lessthan she | less than the - | enoughatboth ends (a) | specified specified specified + unequal lengths of pipe | insertion insertion insertion ~ | inserted by distance distance distance + pipe ends not eu off square o 6 Lackoffusiondue wo poor form sit | Localized, extensive not not not axialoreircularchannel | permissible | permissible | permissible formation, .g. duet: + novetes inthe pipe surface + pipe or socket dimensions out of tolerance + wrong mechanical preparation + pipe ends have shrunk oo much (Continued) a‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 Annex K—Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Electrofusion Welds (Continued) No. Feature Description Evaluation Groups 1 Lack of fusion due to poor material bonding Localized orextensive incomplete welding depending on material, ‘with of without separation in the join plane, + welding energy toolow + heating conductors damaged + damp or wet surfaces + contaminated surfac + mmaerial pairs which donot conform with processing instructions permissible permissible permissible Rata heating col winding lisplacement Excessive heating coil ‘windings displaced relative o welding surface permissible permissible permissible Axial heating coil winding lisplacement ‘Windings closely grouped {nan axial direotion at certain poins eg, dve to + parts to be joined out of tolerance Pipe pushed in at an angle Pine end not cu off square pipe ends toe in permissible permissible permissible Localized, extensive orciteular channel Formation, joint separation ‘orheating cil wire tet: not permissible (Gsolated voidsean be permissible) not permissible (isolated vids an be permissible) not permissible (isolated voids can be permissible) Continued) 44AWS 61.109: 2016 Annex K—Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Electrofusion Welds (Continued) Evaluation Groups No. Feature Description 1 " m LI Lacketfusiondveto poor form | + duetopooraxialnitor | not not not of fine welding surface thesaddte clamponto | permissible | permissible | permissible pie + dueto poor radial Ht 12 Lackoffusionat the tapping point due + due to localized oF not not not 2 extensivechannelor | permissible | permissible | permissible ‘easily Formation dashed 7 neh ee (Continued) 45AWS @1.10: 2016 for Electrofusion Welds (Continued) Annex K—Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups Evaluation Groups No, Feature Description 1 1 m 13 Lack of fusion dve to bent pipe Localized orextensive | not permissible | not permissible | not permissible incomplete welding, cr PSS inthe joint surface, eg, dve to: uneven pressure pplication + clamping devices used ‘omone side only + poorexternal geometry of fitting ‘Surface preparation Lack of evidence of surface preparation not permissible not permissible not permissible Surface preparation G not permissible not permissible not permissible ‘Weld repair Back Welding not permissible not permissible not permissibleAnnex L (Normative) Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Flow Fusion Welds ‘This annex is par ofthis standard and includes mandatory elements for use with this standard, AWS G1.10M: 2016 No. Feature Description Evaluation Groups Acceptable and Unacceptable Weld Profle for Flow Fusion Welds 1 rc Crack orerevice | Notpermissible | Not permissible | Not permissible ‘on inside or ‘outside of weld 2 Pius orporeson | Notpermissible | Not permissible | Not permissible ‘verted surfaces 3 Voids Notpermissibleit: | Notpermissiblet | Not permissible i (icrobutes) | (a)any single (a)anysingle | ca)any single inweldarea | voiddiameter | voiddiameter | voidiameter is 10% wall is> 10% wall | i> 10% wall thickness (?) thickness (2) thickness (7) (jorthe (b)orthe (yorthe total forall void | total forall void | total forall void Giametersina | diametersina | diameters ina is> 10% wall is> 10% wall is> 10% wall thickness (?) thickness (*), thickness () ri Misalignment | Notpermissible | Notpermissible | Not permissible it wal offset it wall offs. it wall offset is> 10% wall is> 10% wall | is> 10% wall thickness (9) thickness (7) thickness (7) 5 Tnclusions inthe | Notpeemissible | Nox permissible | No permissible weld zane (Cont nued) a7AWS @1.10: 2016 Annex L—Acceptance Criteria for Evaluation Groups for Flow Fusion Welds (Continued) Evaluation Groups No. Feature Description 1 u um 6 Discolorations | Slight Slight Slight intheweldarea | discoloration discoloration discoloration (Gtraweolor}is | (straweoloe)is | (straw colordis acceptable in acceptable in acceptable in natural material | natural material | natural material Dark color Dark color Dark eolor brownish) isnot | Cheownishy isnot | (brownish) i not permissiblein | permissiblein | permissible in aural material | narueal material | natural material 7 Concavity Notpermissible | Notpermissible | Not permissible i> 105% wall if> 10% wall it> 10% wall thickness (®) thickness (9 thickness (0) 8 Surface preparation Grinding Notpermissible | Notpermissible | Not permissible 48AWS 61.109: 2016 Annex M (Informative) Requesting an Official Interpretation on an AWS Standard ‘This annex is not part ofthis standard but is included for informational purposes only. ML. Introduction ‘The following procedures are here fo assist standard users in submitting successful requests for offical interpret AWS standards. Requests from the general public submitted to AWS staif or committee members that do not follow these rules may be returned to the sender unanswered. AWS reserves the right to decline answering specific requests; if AWS declines a request, AWS will provide the reason tothe individual why the request was declined M2. Limitations ‘The activities of AWS technical committees regarding interpretations are limited strictly to the interpretation of provisions of standards prepared by the committees. Neither AWS staff nor the committees are in a position to offer interpr consulting services on (1) specific engineering problems, (2) requitements of standards applied to fabrications outside the scope of the document, of (3) points not specifically covered by the standard. In such cases, the inquirer should seek assistance from a competent engineer experienced in the particular field of interest M3. General Procedure for all Requests. ‘M3.1 Submission. All requests shall be sent to the Managing Director of AWS Technical Services Division. For efficient hhandling, itis preferred that all requests should be submitted electronically through technical @aws.org. Alternatively, requests may be mailed to: Managing Director ‘Technical Services Division ‘American Welding Society £8669 NW 36 St, # 130 Miami, FL 33166 'M3.2 Contact Information. All inquiries shall contain the name, address, email, phone number, and employer of the inquirer. M333 Seope. Each inquiry shall address one single provision of the standard unless the issue in question involves two or ‘more interrelated provisions. The provision(s) shal be identified in the scope of the request along with the edition of the standard (¢.g., DI.1:2006) that contains the provision(s) the inquirer is addressing M34 Question(s) All requests shall be state in the Form of a question that can be answered ‘yes’ or ‘no’. The request shall be concise, yet complete enough to enable the committe to understand the point ofthe issue in question. When the 49‘AWS G1.10M: 2016 point is not clearly defined, the request will be retumed for clarification. Sketches should be used whenever uppropriate, and all paragraphs, figures, and tables (or annexes) that bear on the issue in question shall be cite. M3.5 Proposed Answer(s). The inquirer shall provide proposed answer(s) to their own question(s) ‘M36 Background, Additional information on the topic may be provided but is not necessary. The question(s) and ‘proposed answer(s) above shall stand on their own without the need for additional background information. M4. AWS Policy on Interpretations ‘The American Welding Society (AWS) Board of Directors has adopted a policy whereby all official interpretations of AWS standards are handled in a formal manner. Under this policy, all official interpretations are approved by the technical ‘committee that is responsible for the standard. Communication concerning an official interpretation is directed through the AWS staff member who works with that technical committee, The policy requires that all requests for an official interpretation be submitted in writing. Such requests will be handled as expeditiously as possible, but due to the procedures that must be followed, some requests for an official interpretation may take considerable time to complet M5. AWS Response to Requests Upon approval by the committee, the interpretation isan official interpretation of the Society, ‘response tothe inquirer, publish itin the Welding Journal, and post it on the AWS website 1d AWS shall transmit the M6. Telephone Inquiries Telephone inquiries to AWS Headquarters conceming AWS standards should be limited t0 questions of a general nature orto maters directly related tothe use ofthe standard, The AWS Board Policy Mana requires that all AWS sat members respond to a telephone request for an official interpretation of any AWS standard withthe information that such an interpretation canbe obtained only through a written request, Headquarters staff cannot provide consalting services However, the staff can refer a caller to any of those consultants whose names ae on ile at AWS Headquarters, 50