PRINCIPLES OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ATEXT BOOK Inorganic Sterlite’*suoHiny “auyoojom sow 2q pine ne) eu 0 WeweROsdy 1 suonseBBne fuy axe sieuoea our pue suepmis uy Aq panies AEM 2q wn Yo08 ota jo Vonpe peraxdus pUE pasMo1 uasaid ow Ye adoy KoveOU Sloue au ‘wa aw JP woworoxdus oyun 4) wstoquo pue suoysoGEns elqenea ney sn pues 0, sued yoo ou {9,009 Hoje, pue swepn OW eo SHER ecu so ssexSte 4 fyuoddo su xe] enh, jwayo ojueBiom wopoUt po yl “Asweyo quedioU Ul sod Wepow syL ‘6nY6it @q veo ‘esojsieuy ‘uonBoyqnd owe s19A09 Agjenbope mou ¥009 UL, “fueoneweyrew paysyqeise wounean enteinuend oi Beso de> nou 18149 st ue ueeg ose eAoy séna Kieunuts Wevoduy 2) see e}8REUD "1y6y pesuejod eueid Gusn enoeds uoNdosqe uoJDei@ jo Apmys ay) Pue AujowuiAs Bulpuedsep JO sowou 041 ons suonsuea auotoee 0 cor voIpaes po WHER Busco Koon dos jo soja veuspe eon Koo dna soappR a, seuKed quebioy pu spradca 24 dnoi6 Buenos sieydeyo ul epeui uaeq arey suoppe weyoduy BWOS ewe voReUEA lure SLOE}EUORELEA“sNRUO}S AAREOEOa aN Cuan SND U) @PEW Uaeq areYy sUONIPPE jeqUasse as) “pompdh pu pasta from weg se vata a4, “Ans WON 3qu:0U Jo seu voted seo.d 484 0 Lope fa SuREe UH nsead ye sour OL NOOR 1SHIj ALWIH] 3HL OL 3OVIaUd, (won tron /Ser OO-9gTE 2 (2195 590299 00-019 1 na ota ose | soa ag pst fase na go. ao opus ot ou oo do ‘SuOLNaniisid ¥ SyAHstiana ANOLSAIIW 2 po! CONTENTS hep, Description —— “L page 1. WAVE ECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF The Sars Applets of Satarsrles 49)? 4. Evaluation ofitoal (106) Blectonc sagan sim 48 2 Exleston of aloe ad fedon strc vapors Serersbojod dreamt, 8, Eatablsting stato of symmetry by te meted ot ‘ues 2y,24poUP O} [O49] ABtou9 o40 wy sum Bu Youuno voueye wo fo ious oul Powe ome “toto ‘re ng aay, H0 MNOQUE re es poyloosse s uo.}99]9 a se $uo| 6y 349) ABsouo Se wou ose az 0): ‘huous ayufep v yp parezosso woysue0 suppucd woop uo fo KB.210 2p puras Buraonss sucanou pus suo} splopuiny pouray ‘worv 94030 PpOW 5.480 29 9G wo Susu 8 BUNLONLUS OWOLY 40 S1A30NOD "WoRNYHOAN BAVA uynouy, wozme auoeizovoyd a4 doy 0 panos od Busoddo oq uspuy Aq pauuLaap oiam jose smote oj 8onS pong 0 SKIN Neu wR ESE hy o (sue ome, » & awl + Sy oy sl “Biou2 ppoysais 30 vopiounf 10H umody oF | "UagDa ap J0-Giods Seypg awe ax w ema + om - 19 panos oo umuenb Buse i 7 = Asa ag2UD UHM paraosse 29 smn pnw LORIE paats a x30; oy ubnsao pies aun 0 pone q ue ABioue Saurewas ox poe eeu thoy wanDap [anbo st yay) sau9 5) Jo aus ‘es rau 8 SxEAS 1) By 249 30 Kouenbay ap asoddns MON, “uaNI— ‘ap Jo Coveney 24 “uas72979 auo oof ued vod jo wojoyd © way" dpe AB 30 Spur Jo sis Wi aooN SN OL io Ase ue spioye uc mai Ee er _popsup poy ‘Kowonboyy mnuyuyar eee & aca pasos st a1 WE ey fIuO ‘Soe!NE [eL ‘wey suanroye yo wogfo snes oy ag 9 04 Ns Aouanbay Au 30 3} oy Epo seo ys papofo ave suonneo suo ie UNIS" 1 39 Joust 9 AY OB ny 9 A ZY ib Bua qiosge 0 yuo Ue Apoa ® ty ay = 3°94 ou qu ofOUN {uo AUD QE 9059814 Joye ous sq, uysHo> young se unou weno jywowapuny 8 y aay ay 3 40 4209 HEED Jo (4) Kovanbay, 2 of Puowwodond } yaya 7 A@sGuD Jo winowe ap e yA paloosse sy anjuen) yo -Z rom pa ou Jo saqpung aon onancnp earn ee a ya BHP = aoa So} Bup0209 Saopeypes jo Kooy) winyuend ap ge uncer 0a paregrao sy quay we YOUHIA EW ‘KPOq 32H © KG pe ib Jo WuNqUST Rapods 4 WEE Op "Moe 30 400, MHEEN) s SUE ‘auntonius omowy 40 $1430N00 "WoHMHOAN anak z2212 = mtr Heres, B= Bin mur = n (2 which eds tothe expresion ‘Te total energy £ of elector ‘Vme?) and the potential energy ( B= mer, From Eg. 6, m2 = Z8ir, Substituting the above value of? in Eg. 14, we have Substuting the value ofr, om Eq 11 in Eq, 16, we get - 222, Aiton 25 he ‘Thus, the energy ofeheston in the nth orbit, which we may designate as, is given by According to Bohr’s postulate, the angular momentum, mor, is an integral multiple of h/2x, = hae o = mPa @ “tom Eq 6and8, we ve Zein = 2b) o) o, 22 = eK) 410) ‘According tog 10, the radius ofthe ni i ie by ‘ay 2 ignated as tht Bohr’s radius, ap 03) the sura ofthe kinetic energy 4) 19) co) 08) WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE. 5 JaSloystem, Eas. 11 and 18 take the forms: 097 08) ‘Thefictor 4p isknowms the permitivity factor, 1s numerical valve is 1 ‘We may now caleulte some important quantities. Bohr's Radius, According to Eq. 19, Bohr’s radius of hydrogen atom (2) is given by (éney)i2 _ (-1126810-% C2 = 10 Nae ; wy =n= =052910-"m = 0579.4 Velocity of Electron. According to Bq, 7, the velocity of electron, sy, in the frst orbit of hydrogen Wving in higher orbits ofthe vided the radio ofthe particular obit Ter nd th Org of yop Spectra, ydoge so cx xy on ect. bus smsnonseonum conan srg mabe ins Chak be mphed teen A pes — wen at binge cama troy en case of eros of or of ead linn, ep See et ct sue hon ees rose mile fcc mas of ee eaten anes mite ston tee Suhel ens ievc epenig upon ‘energy absorbed by the atoms. Some open woms, for example, may absorb sufficient energy to ee oe esate(ota) * opsandaa 64 wd ase won SST po eanaady WOH A) MATT OIA Jo (8) HERA 9 isa, : 1 gy aaa Kes pas 20m) pam ¢z bog pasa sour sonn jo sm yond oo (sagan aw) 0ono4 aq, penta to os pu ¢z ‘bg w “2109 'G p= pow ¢ = i Bugrysqns eq poutagD 29 He su nsads 20m Jo sopovanbou a, Taxa Bion pny 2g) Ao] KBoua na “ODS “EL UNOS xp wo sem yuma ap oy ayeuuo saps uayare gd a oa us pu 2199'S “pm Eu pow Z = I Bags 29 seo aabasplg fo cuns0Gs uo “ BUnLOMAS OINOIY 40 S1630N00 WornvHORN BAY noua jo sorereadde ogy = BESSLS6OT Sqaenb 24, T3001 a ‘9 poe ramon 519m "yw ono fo se NguOROD uo a> “EL ‘9p poner 09 Kem ow BU one J OORH a f oqume oneal om Pq "A BIA fe Be) 2c (amy) 9 Cz (f-#) 8 satres 5 ge wonphy a 30y pen sy uEHeD BaqpCH POR 5 a Hat (22H) «w- area ao enact 0 doeanbag 285A 3h ones pay 29 go foubay a sy» tq pon 3867p 90 wads uae sy, poy aken yous Sua pe ay Supads Jo woes Jo sy a0 Pan 3 y= ay Afioos wy =oUalgp 28), 2px ‘soes os asa saSioua ayy, +5 sano vay in san 2 a age, ef se BHA Hause andes wnpodesSanp jo uo ou 7 HF baits “ail anon agpods Jo aay pur Kousobay aytpeds jo wonmpes yo uy agp 1 smade yoru possess ious ‘worsen yor Baung 31 ut poop are (suopysuen scx [BUNLOMMAS OWOLY 40 SLAONOO "WORMYHORH AVM ° rosin], a saois ulanounove “UYU i : sxovarve lll, i suveareanununxouvawt “UYU | # = ie “area aWAVE MECHANICAL CONCEFTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE 9 equeney of spect ln i the ease of yop tom when the eis en oy eng (1 (5 +o a 4.2) ftand be in ageement wih the vale alltel fom Ba Somme thon. = ‘erage Explanation fo the Emsion of Mtipletine Spectrum of Hydrogen. The enon of soup ofeasey spaced spec lines nthe spscram of hydrogen canbe exlined more eel 6 "aking into consideration the of angular momentum of the eleeton, 2 below. (9) Wave length of the Spectral Line. Wa « _ 3010 2 za6adF ST tho the ep line would be ven by sto? = 1216s "they af yrogenafom enabled calculation of inthe hydrogen stom The caleulated valbes were valves. Bohr’ theory could also explain sucessfilly Ste pand © subse Tegated and s0 on. subshells in a given major energy shell, accounts forthe appearance of roups of closely spaced lines inthe spectrum of hydrogen observed using spectroscopes of high rescving, power since the electronic transitions tke place not only between the major energy shells but also ‘between the vasious energy subshel ‘According to Sommerfea, an eeeon reveling around a cental positively charge ‘aflvenced by the nuclear charge rmotion in elliptical orbits with te (Fig. 3). Thus, wh electrons move in clectronic motion has been dispensed with. In its place, we exclusively make use ofthe term energy level or energy shel. This is Because the velocity of he electron can be measured with certainty but not iis 1d Wave Character (Dusl Character) of Electron. Einstein had suggested in 1905 that character xs wave an alsa "particle. de Broglie proposed that mater also has a dal character: as wave and also as parle. and they bocome equal when tbe orbit becomes circular, 28 shown in Fig, 3. the circular orbits ony 2 special cave of elitcal In Bar's hon loro i teed spre. Bu, accor de Bog Cay electron moving in an elliptice @ dual character, both 48 a mavetiah panicle and % a wave. He derived (see belox ee Se et a eae cling be nave lng kaso wth he noon of parse of mas mov veg tke gum they mst so be uid and ts can ve oly a ie mec of ro wilch = Bmw : 2 where kis an integer known athe aimahal quantum number. can tote that, tbe principal quar suber wed by Bob and k the azimuthal quantn number ion forthe wave-partcle duality of * hip, vie, Em me?, Equating this ily derived by using Einstein's mass-energy rela energy withthe energy of photon, we have 7 al v= ma 03) aes o =o ieahof norms en * “Thus for any given vale of except) can ave mote than ingle val. When k=, he bic w oa 29 aa ee ers k team sane they come eli wih geared gear ect ee \Roethcs we stad sented at camo be 20 Yea fa at ae noes Replacing cb he velocity wf the parce, we have would be 2ero which would imply ‘As canbe seen on reference notion ofthe electron passing trough the mls. : b= Aim= Mp % ° ste unease les af kis equa othe pip ‘where isthe momentum ofthe particle, Eq. 28s known as de Brogi's equation,poe ema “7 HS {= amagumn (~) rassnokvsT90 “Symp "Y Wpusy aan Jo: > ag etn oot n> ay Jo dana oo os fy) ae erento ate 2 J Muyapisa “¢ “8 uy wore 3824 pom wren aaba pomelooese ag, “sMo[ae paware qo mH ae : event et ‘ety Baracus uoNDdFO VE ZaprsuOD "wIMIUaKOUt sEARdee yo WopyEsyUEAD PUE V0J}29}9 JO 31NFPU AAA ‘vonmbn ang. 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"This decease in energy Jengih of Xray afer sane ro the sure of an obec is known as Compton By applying the law of eomservation of energy suming Aevays-rconsis of “paticles’ (photoes), derived he allowing equation ate an eect vat ta 32, Compton shift shouldbe independ wave length ofthe incident to be soexpesimentally. Further, Compton shift, as obtainedpay aT] ad 29 toy pouro a +7 soredo a 4 ‘tapuoteauesy pig wee‘ y > Yonge Magma a i) je tua ONL, ang Hs “o ayoauadia am 9/9 aqoupsqo out jo woworseaw ‘spon s9q0 uo onjeauofia lM Jo vonounjuafs ue 1 'A pue Gon yest qpesneqn nf soy etn ag. Y any uoHonba Seppe wr ru EE TE or ‘Wo = "ay “ ° soenbe soya aun ut 10 ‘senyenusio omy ase aygeasasg we Jo onyea panolte ays, =yepm0g yuna nae #20 wore UP “ur oe se wos apps aya 1797 esi mse ag jo Sons ey 9 Suaney wy'af = 3p soupion fun ang says um 29 ot 9, Yaad wy omado uoqguay © ponsscxdas 99 una fypbEN agBASG0 AyENSKYS Y “PPNOd Bay nm a4) aut /A pu a ay Ger wer 94 porgeuson (9) A uoouny anea 949 “omy FJ Sone yey pony a}us pur anu srOnuUD9 ae HOA) Age us 29/3 x) Ag Seateai9p puoaos pue ysiy $y pu (1's) A uorlouy 24em ay “aoymsoy PHOS (7) A wou anes ang, Gq paqunsap sau 8 UENSES wo o¥m ssh aug MONEE HA ‘o}oq PA a sjuguoas-F aps ‘uysUaUN 240 w ZNAou EAs #2 WHY -seyeymeod say uot ea ume yo mans ayy yo Wau enuRyeUt 24 a nj SAAN aA ssqueypautwumanb o voneymuig 2, “3UDYIAY 94844 1 SUEHDOYY WINER Jo SFO MHL 2 -sipean sures ay pp ot pu Soqueyzour wueuenb pue souaysouteopse> “sofas wMUENb ponoxs KUEN, ny povou 9 AU 9] nbo anew sofutpontog ou) 129 a 8 wonenbo axoge og s¥ wnouy ‘wopenba jenuasay J9pso-puoses uaptndep-2 “ajo 2 yo das 4 pue Seu anys Dy ere nrnven 2 elm F Run nownin (BS, SEE : quan 5 A Jo apuadop-oa ‘9 Suieno8 women ap orsts aynued-u ue sg “nT opaque yo sopugpuooa ayy ae 2 TC te aye it BUnLONWS OMIOLY 20 S1A30NOO WOINYHOIN 3A¥M, agp = 8 eter seu 298 phn esa 26) 590 OR, poyed-ony 220) gL (um HH AUD TE “i wosrouny *A8s 7° pou ne sss IE 2 JO HOON Nee ISHN ” ed 20 oats uyuet o Pop eae ea Sa TT a ago sangeet 30,588 Se SHC aged oe i 32102 of 018 : an ye a4} UO ine 9000) OF oy SuaquestaHr ERNE UNE sogoused 29 30 #012001 yt 200 sos 858 21 2 usp RISE kp sZ6l ot UPL ated gue SHES dpONDS UL Pes ars ae oS rag pres 28% YON JO fir rogues a OA Fag 18 0 £8 Te fog tS ta rn sesso am doa 6, pK 5 nd se ups soppn SvHO 3AVA\ YO SOAVHOGN WAIN aes ee = 0 yisiag = yartDoxe = AE ng os {== 980036 FHT appa suns "277081 = 8 AD wonoaup et 004 ‘72,00 HO «200 = (ereare0ycatser8) Sn Oe9099 ¥ cy -togenpes weapon 99 1 15089 saut= -ungoypespaonos at "77 pape apis sepa UME se ups PLES 9 ‘en my wy 0 21098 VD cg so ga won EM 8 TTS an eT LE . + parapesu -pounysqns 9 JO. gx a JOE que yh" X TE suns pw Av spsden nt OX We ag tn 2 ath EM aye a (2) = free -th Pg on (950 of ~\ ‘ yng out (5) worn won) sgn spin cme a worEOD symp 0 aes wo sno 01 28 jaoja4 20u24 Put) as ce ow na =e Se orp — ‘ ee ane aynuonens OWOLY 40 ‘$1430NOO TVOINVHOSN aNWAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOANC STRUCTURE 1 16 wave mechattcat CONGEPTS OF ATOMIC ae a Vis known as Laplacian mathematical operator. A mathematical operator suchas or J” the average abe of eet ta wt eso on acon wi 37 TS He appar slong athens qu € fontin up which operates. Thain By 7 So ee he ct Yen . tnuhatal Oar an 2 he mathe uty on which topes. Sin, in te power > of pdr fat) 2 is a mathematical operator operating upon the qui A mathematical operator with eo friv an accompanying quaityor Rincon bas no meg. ecyonting tte sbcbles a company such Psat, The unt meen oS ries and enveing he exp 1 by wong th easel expresso in fm It may be noted that Voy 6 0 ors shown nab 2 ‘operator V2 operates upon the mathema ae? ° inthe sith postulate. Here we shall briefly ‘operators sod f is a fneton upon whieh they sing = ips ie yi (45) ond ah ie = as-is ro) Watipaon b= Taking Seine with repost Thus, we can generate new operators A+B ond A-B by adding and subtracting 4 and 8. Also * * z Ash a bed an) ® i 7 and d-be-bed (8) F 1 | motrin “he mulipicaon of operators can be cated out by ding ssesive operons wth vo or more ‘ i 1a | tama wsoret®! pence ice I'd sal fate pny nf be ep, a ween on e ee | acing by ot aoantiy 4 fas fotos We intoprte on fth 8 wo obi f Teton ya soliion of i tie dependent natin - Seventh Poste. THe wave va i oe fivnn= 0? { Fc pny A ha ce fi eth anion oer oe SE po tis evident from the aa ‘tne electrons behave 388 wave, the ge as gue 2 wave ea rn Seodingrwve model of A. i Ths, we fave dips 4) Ue should be remembered thatthe order of application of operas is abvays rom sight to let as hey are writen, Appliation of the seme operator several times in succession is writen with a power. Thus, we ela b mathoatal oeions v WHE have Hetero dis eer in wave equation fora leon ware OPIALNE | __ Theses of peor lb disinguise om eager of ofinary numbers. fa and mae = ase terri ne LOW ay , fut, Hm e-ny=0 a | ae meas as oO ete __, However if and fare two operator, then tet prodict 48 may or may not be egal to BA. if Ae fa 48 = 4 ten he wo operator ae sd o commute wth eae oter ors tobe commutsbe. vy EE E-nye 0 The mathematical fuetion.y isa function ofthe space coordinates or variables x,y, x and should be ‘expressed a5. y (,», 2). For the sake of brevity, however, itis writen as v ony. Areal mathematicalwy ta-ala : (@- 4. a any Suunoq pu wou ‘Avriossno 5111 “9¢6) wy wy Aq pasodosd nojenbo o4su soBujposyas uncut foe 5189 bg ae. »” er . Oar "We 7 ee ter Cox0tea = on hE (9) A o-ag ee wy AU-3) x. fe ye 1 = Pg Hw, we ng” Heo a ap ws ange 8am 19 bq yo ona oge ay Sumang or Wh A-D2 = gt ys sr" Ceres OF = AER = al G9 = yw * corsage amy Aes ) Axgw Te = 3g Seu syeurooo ot odsar yn pu¥ au or oodsu ys £5 BRO i ae ‘sry, 4 “ious yuo ) (Bows goa ity sue cp npant apg enon hea eae) me i nethea (s)- at. wu Ag * Ap a oy, at, Bw, wn ag tae ie 20 Sods usp 2m 9b 24 Cumeano gue Soy vo ond qm (226A ampencanyep nop 2 pu ae Suess wotuce = pue x Budsoy Avo oy rads um (2) A Jo wonemuayp aiqnop st Pe uty suo x1 te wn 659 wag anop «#°8 mo Se opeia ae ee ; +SEE fa ro 9 0 10 19 a mom ras Csi yo wna sp) 9A eran po nen Yb SN NG Ao Sa nate edd Seasons Pumanp-n ej wentnbe Ig ba Xa core = Yar” “Bee 158.065 bam UL Kg Suan tm “oy em Gone ool aut 9 ya y= gona ge Buntonuus owOLY 30 s1sB0NG0 WoRMOan anv Teucsusinp-oomg v uy 272 soai3 ag oy ods que pg ba Jo UogoquosayP 9jqood “ext axp Jo apraydure wre ow S| Y pu VORA yo Aouonboy oxy 814 a.04% Os oz )us y = (8 uoyseido ay pouoseader (98 wong 24 sounm seuo}S 104 er O80) = sr stun uo at sido 2 ao spladp ya woaury ax) "2 fuo 7 uo Jay am ue (2) uppouy guy eREwoKjou Oxy Jo onpoud ese oj 29 MED JE 4 300 Gr ss pone 2 yo atm ns 9) nb 7 areupoco soy ud kn oem Sf spdn ao. "women pode fot an ‘tons apo) ues pt yo eq i fg ponpadfnan 77 sno toy 2 ‘mpon ope sen von a pour ups “eopenog san teeing eeopemauna + Aaagonts “hun = pu uo «p00 nds Ajo PGR an am ES pup AOE EP - ae ae Awe onze eh qa pointy ASneo repenod asoneys-ow 1) 4 pUE ABRD® J90 aa {tate op Jo ew ap 5 Sep ls a € No nt a a ‘woyounf ache un po st ue eAth voz xn sous A wogoury au, “Goeds euysep-2anp) ands usu) w pano|d 2g un «Jo uo ‘BuNLOMS OICUY 20 S1420NO9 WORDEN an’ aa WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE o [Ee vy =Ey i) is hide ist lacian of lefined as V2 = |G tata stnsinien Witetnhinaanatate -(EorBor) “the complete mathematical operator of yin Eq, 69s the Hanitonan operator 17 - Ths, rw) ro) -=—¥ | and the fy) appropriate y which satisfies the wave equation “The Schrodinger wave eqution, beng second order ferential equation as innumerable solutions, many of them having no significance at all. Out ofthese, only those solutions are significant which give Coan definite and acceptable values ofthe ttl energy £. The acceptable value of total energy E given Jaton is called eigenvalue and te corresponding funtion Whi igenvalue ofthe energy, aed cgeafuncton, Thus, every function i nt an eigen (o acceptable) function, ms tobe stifled by an eigen (or acceptable) wavefunction. An accepable solution ofthe rave equation ean eigen wave faction, must satisfy the following conditions + The funetion should be fit. 2, Itshould be sngle-valued (e, it should not have more than one value at a pont in space) 3 the fiction if plotted in space should not show a break. 4. Pyidx!, yi}, et, shoud also be continuous. shouldbe continuo 5. Te io somali, [pi =1 Probability Density. and Significance of y. According to yw the exact probability function, Such a probebi the epion in space in want find the probability exiveze ofthe electron, IF p (x, y,2) is sucha probability anction ten the probability tat the electro willbe found inthe smal evbic volume element of dimension drdyda, is even by the product of pls.y.2)and the volume of the small limeit, Le, BY ‘te poi Pte) Fig, Repretentton of small ole ements dd (or) soroun energy past (V). The soltion of Schrodingés wave equation implies finding oot "WAVE MECHARUCAL CONCEPTS OF ATOM STRUCTURE 2 ls,y,2) daa. The small volume element, represented bya cabe of dimemsions dx, 4) de and surounding the pont P (x,y, 2 is shown in Fig. 6, The small volume element die around the point x,y, 2 alo le whole space is divided 8 ofthe type pede or pa. Since the electron has to be be equal to unity. Thus, [lee = (Tpteaye mt oy “The concept of probability accounts for the fundamen law of natue that our knowledge of the ‘Consider the dual nature of eletromagnetic radiation. According to the wave theory, the ites . ation. According tothe wave theory, the intensity of ratiaion is measured by the square ofthe amplitude of the wave, 2 quantity obtained by solving the relevant wave equation. The photon theory relates intensity of ration with the mamber of photon in a Since photons ae smal particles, photon density willbe related to the 2m ofthe sume wave equation, This means we ex ake Win Eq, 74 so that Bq, 74 takes the form plana) = eV!) = vlan) 05) Erode = [ytd 21 (fod vietem 769wieke = rye "99 por og sta way Og TRORURPSOO Wy UNA wy wORRMbD SBUNpERS Jo WONT a 5H, wr sun 1g bg yo suonnyos panoqe si ‘oosyy guy wutuen jdtouad aps (pg Zt =) way (oa one 1p oF au = by 10 9= Dy US 10 = Dy US gS8IEY‘D= xT pe) = TIED A DUS (er se vn Apopewsg 3 Ue a ey" . (Ag = (xh Joo + (22) via se au 592 open 2Bupons 2 = (2) ange x09 apn Busou ue 80g -sumouoo ar pu 7 at oy sys @ sy 907 = A ty 2 jo uous sey yu gene jap 9pe-pusesAepo ws 1b @ SunLONULS OmoLY 40 S1EEONOD WORNDIN 3AVIA 2 wepadapuyymsuo © (yyaer =) 27 wP a0 ar ZI Onhat ap a4), (osy ° “lah + Rp se vam 09 ew 62 ‘ba “AywomHONRE - Jag = (22 \Me_ ace (3) ‘wope waBospGy 0g owoqsuouIp-20uy), 9 Wf apuDy YOR fouopsuewtp-aUe) 0 m 2-1 “t sua ns Bury 20 2 PH sp 3 ‘unap st uonsofe Jo uogtsod 9 Sua 1 UL, untonus OWOLY 40 $1e530NOO WOWHOBH AYIA z24 WAVE MEGHAMGAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE. epend on. only,» only aad x only, respectively, we have vienz) “XG) By OK PY gO Oe yy PE ees gear! ae ar ‘Substituting the above values in Eq, 91 and dividing throughout by 2m) XYZ, we have Blase, 127, 122) mx oF YF Te If eagery Eis writen as the sum of three contibutions EE, and E, a coordinates then Eq. 93 can be separated into the following thee equations : Z, for motion along xis, (Es independent ofy and) ELEN <5 tension lng pass (5 is inependent of = 202) malig?) "5 2 £6) ~ 6, Scion sag. ase. (independent of 2nd) ple 7. An electron Is conned Ins one-dimensional hor of Kngh 1 A. Calelate its ground state ny sing athe wae fon ys yo of ate pas Xp Yo and hic spt 192) 63) ated with she shee WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE 2 cen that Ea. 9 (whic canbe rewriten as ~ OK py, ‘ amar mila to Bg, 74nd, hence on, 1234s ‘xpression for the energy of particle in a three-dimenslonat cubical box, Schrodinger Wave Equation for Hydrogen and Hydrugen-lik Systems are is + Ze and charge onthe elecuon is —¢, : ton, F = ~ Ze 29" Fortis syst, cero, the Sch 1065, onienient to solve this equation if we substitute pol coordinates r, @ and ¢ in place of Cartesian ‘wo types of coordinates ‘The conversion of Cartesian coordinates into por coordinates is given belo, = OM=reost and OK=AM = rsind Y SON= KL=OK sin§™rsin sin) F =OL= OK cos b= sin cop“Py Jo anyon 299 Jo 2218 991 san UonsuTy 948% jogpe a4 ange PoUOMMUaA BY So 5 9 px equa cya 5 7 ‘pes 5a} 89 ‘sg 24 ‘2 od Buypuadap a rope 62 w waasep J0 p20 ) 12 4x tony Sa apes stead wee zp entre y (ea 67 ak uoRsip Jo se-3) (3) Ue ty say Cay wpe ase] wet OD a )uct manta hig 4 vous (® ‘otouy nn pen oe oo Bape “Axayns o aso any My se das 20 4) se wan Kye. ‘a9 ‘5 woyoury anen pips ay, fannvedsat'g pur Z| “9 = 1 205 f poe p ‘d's “A “uoneufisap (toads 1404 fo soquans wnixonb oxpmurts O40 dopans yun urged oy. “Coaysayog fo gum wnpuond songea equ avey ued Joquny weve a7 ew sgunu wrguond vy spe sus I-42802pK Pe UxBosPKy 15 yo] “PJ woRNOs 2 aopeumg 205 PELL“ “symap aus ur wo499 Poo wang ansy sradse amu, sjiquo ay fo sdoys ay) S248 “9}p pue (@)@ J0 tonpoxd aN 1 YY “wogounyanen ane oy pu sPgup 94 fo a pun Bua ay sau ()y wong 248 (RL a, ‘ ° > cu T=opMo%o| moetaroustoMlof SrmpuMy lyf SIL Es * ‘ _ ° ° ° ot 1=¢p%o%o[ orous¥o* lol ly 'tyl ® wee pos poeqeuson 5 sopouy anes ja, (cor ta) (4 (ey se wan wg (9°) A von aa a, xy (u" ww =O + Phy S2n8 “voysos uo ‘put tuo ¢ so wonumy w st vonenbo sey oot" 0= Gout ee © Woe ‘0--"(@— eI = 7 on eb ea anu ug (Ay) asa ay fe tou pu tuo 70 enbo oq uo wun uaUENb pSonpanuy Kau ap Jone snjosge unuse ogy ‘Z ‘BunULONKLS OINOLY 40 E1430NOO WORNWHORN BAY en (6 05 vossanda am to so14g NAT pe pamosse an (OH) ot HN wile wor 0”) J tame) oe oy0.my mere nog a pe Wome DH me 9 J Hoan Heo HAL OM (02 yg BOE ® — 0-088 Be at (er “et tw) sun po wanda anoge 9 0 SLND yeas fe op (1H) nb 2s ho i worse nage of ES He ey ges so poe Hy 3 SHAE a ny Has ya i vy pon) = days cma aq a pw wsoqunu ayy, TeRuoUsjod ane pase a (0) z ‘cour biel Pes ; asaya ying wosanne Buoy a 7K “eas Bop Aso + JO Ua x5 oI AL 4 cant - oi oneal + hia Ong 2 suogmbo sda mg {osm saan oo eo adn e320 PD (VO Cy (89) sn yo (oo somaya npn mp ™ os [pur 4 yo ywopuadar vo opts noun = (0 pu 9p Hep Pe ne edo Jo AP ‘got (i OW =(94)4 wun 95) vay aq A vou dv 505106191) A jo uoneneno 97 Zot ba woRNo® AL ol aot (2) A Jo pros (904) A wa an <2 poe £0 pes pug sgeuEA Jo vonauT ¥ oa MON THN A EH BANAT A, o_o, Gre Jinan * Weng” 1 e_yeone (aasewe)e nt suse Snepio00 sod jo sia “RUnLonkL1S QWOAY 40 SLdSONGO WONYHOSH 3A¥H4 oe2 [WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE 2. The Angular Wave Fu ‘The angular wave fe in tems of spherical harmon whichis the product of ©(0) and O(4) 5 already mentioned, i expresed Fhe point d(x, 9.2) oF Fig 9. These re We = Onn Mm, an [on + fete vere Cam, = EDIE (cs 8) a m2 beaded) fut 1 ‘anc o,, = . 7 x a) Inthe above equations, 3 asocnted Legendre polyno fenton and both Oy and ©, ae noaalized, ‘The general fom of associated Lepenre polynomial (3). prey = Gere Be) ‘ i ee Legendre polyoma which is given by tay ae a ?,0) = spherical harmonies we do not assign any specific meaning 0 evident fom Eg 113 that the maximum valve of| mean bem. In only. In the general expression ( and m. These ae simply aumbs. oer words, || can have vals =+ 1, £ (0-1), (9-2) In order to evaluate the spherical harmonics of pot for different ses of mand | my, we need the values oft), and 19% (2). The pression (116) for Ps yields the flowing results Fut) = Folcor) ~ 3 rane 1 Py (cos 8) = cos 8 Pa) = 302-1) P,(c088) = (0089-1) Pye = Hse) 1 Pyle 8) = 1 G508 8 e080) Palsy = PRS 308 +3) A, (e050) = L19Scos40— 3020878 +3) Sina te exes (115 for nis the flowing resus: Foy = Fiteos = 1 Hay =e Hear) = os \ ac ne oe ONCE oF OG eT 29 Hay.te, ‘ AECos8) = sin Boy = tae» AMteos8) = I (Sc0s8@- 1) PB) = a(R BE(os8) = 30088 sin F3P(os0) = 3k PB (e080) = $2088 Scos? 0-3) = dsn0scato-1 * PSP(e0s0) = 15c0s0 inte PEP(cost) = 15h PE (e088) C088 30co5? + 3) “BGs, ~ $sin0 on 0(re0 0-3) PP (089) ~ 1 se? (7e0e6— 1) = PB(c0s0) = 105 sin?6 cos = 108 2(1-272 = d-2F 10s Peso) With he help ofthe results reported above and making use te long a pce eet wees. 1111, cn sy neat 1 Oe 4 ee Soa = fF sao wis Pano Z ow exe Foe f= Poarsn ge fis Guat Vigo vp + so pare G0 = fFs0 c0t0-2) : f= toy el d Wf + foo Seat pe Bi nas = sino Scot mt 5g 80 (Seos?0-1) Wt + ano sete) -pe ae ~ |i 1 ME = faut 0 cose eae p= Bsmo asin Ws. 32 aez z “of id wage se ansndss topo pe a pow uo anny eg AC pu SEI =pON Ip OD se eu} ag,‘adeysyeapnyds ws 27 amin 0} suooup fe Boop yok aauaut NGO am ‘unin por g (88 ap J0feapuodopy east st uopomy exon oidz09 ap aS ape x @ Lore De se uous age‘ vorcuny aan a0 ag sug sade sou puESTEHO $20} wopSUT ass ope) 9 2npap pur Hoo Jo Ds aaj soa ane yd AIK sur] (our ou mgt = dk ani 24 Bipsoooy y11—2H Sha aagpodsas Yu pu uo om wp) oa oma *soquoaog youz4ds jo sua} ut suas ospdy jo suoroary ase ran Byssadha a, neo ow Teh = th oom Sh a he sett puoo enh - omogm teh = a6) weto-osevems - a (eee Does 5h - #6 ne he-owe domonr gt = i ¢-oreaormom Eh « me Bevosmor-onoso Gp = eogmoe-oes0 If = 09 ‘unLOnMS OMOLY 40 SLA3ONOD WOUAHOSM anv, %2 WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE in terms pf Catesan coordinates yl Bq. 129, Thus, A = Ryle) TE sind sind ‘Thus, the p wave function in this case varies with ¥ on therefor, called p, wave funeti ‘A plot of wave function in tree-dimersonal space gives @ urbe shaped Curve along the axis, as shown in Fig. 13. “The complete wave functions of 2p, 3p. 4p ofitals would sive ris to dural shaped curves excep forthe the 4p obial would 2 ital and. 3p 0 focupy more space ‘would occupy more, sgace than 2p bia Allo, the 4p 1 bave two radial nodes, the 3p orbital would hav sbi would have no radial node (he numberof radial nodes is given by “The shapes of 2, 3pr an AP orbitals with aia noes are shown in z z z° 7 7 7 * yw no : 7 2m ss M , a 4 2 2 7 Fig. 14, The stays of 2p, a4 A, obi Complete wave function ford orbital andthe shapes. Fo cia = 2 sotbtm= 8.7 1° 2, = 1,52, The compete wavefunction for the d orbitals maybe writen 3s Follows = Ral Reale) Yy = RaaCeW4i57ER (in 0 cos 8)e% = RO Yet =k, (2) = Re 2l0) ¥— = Ry alr oiS72R (in?) = ofthe above five wave funetions, aly one wave funtion given by Ea, fintions-sontoit-she i real orbital wavornetions bythe procedure similar to the one we adopted for obtain ve fonctions obtained frdm linear combina and (i) hed 2), ies | WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE » From these wave function, the five real orbital wave funetons obtained ae as follows: Real wavefunction (0) = Ry 267) VSTTGR (cos? 8-1) Real d wave funetion 1/ J21'}+ CAML = Ry, 20°) 1S74R sin 0 cos 0 08 § Real d wave fasion 1/3 (C+) —(D] * Re 200). VESTER sin 0 0s sin § 497, Real d wave fnston 1/2 = B20) SIBTIGR si 8 052 08) Real d wave function 1/3 = R20) VISTIGR sin? 8 sin 2g 4039) xpresing the aoe wave functions in it wens te oo functions in tenms of Cartesian co-ordinates with the help of Fig. 9, o =F, 210) VESTER (300s? 0-1) = R20) STIR (322 =P yx? ll 140) [Ascan'be seen the above d wave funtion yaries as 22. Hence, ledd? wave function. @ = Ry 2(0) VESTAR sin@ cos cost, = Ry 20) VISIR oaehr™ cls, Since the d wavefunction varies asx, iis call d wave function. (io ABI) —AY) = Rex) VESTA sind 0050 sing = Raat) SISTA ye? (9) Since the wave fanction vere as led dg wave faction. o YB 162)+€2)) =F WISTI6E sin® 8 cos2 = Ry a(OMSTIB an? ene 4 sin?) = Ra, (ON TSTIGR (sin? cos? sin? sin? 4) = By, 2(0) VESTIGR (3? ~ Pir? A143) = Raat) ASTIBRsi? 2sind cosbinf 29 jo wondussopv sani “s3qun umuenb wneauous zyedue 2 afer of wo Aen soay sia uouDojoo¥y 'asBaloU uw Jo anfeh 3 Sy Seen (29) 498 4a poumgo sauna Ayre Sp bay pay a‘p Wann Cu H/C a) wp an egw SHO Mea oe Go set (ag ree - 2 suis 4980440 uo nas Aiea 40) ep ‘PPK sys mem 34 papules Drm aidpe ee 2196p ssp funn ong Oop Oy “ey (0) uo ‘asoge oj SquoUeY patouds 34) so(oq wan se90 fy suoReU ane {09 Jo ay, SQL Jo Sdeys op ou RD 22109 sun i, eo ps sow eon treme mene open oc cS % BUMLONAS OWOLY 20 $130N0O wOWYHOSH 3A¥IN - pou ies oi Bnsy pI LeuqHO pi pte uO Ban fynaw engH Pv Zonya ITO [BNQHO PE YL aq 2 2) ons 1022p 10 Ig 2 py odes w mS 59 POM TWO ee pg “BeNIODaY ORI aA oepisues oj Burm putege ai seal p30 Sdoyr 0x9 Out (SANeBO0 29 SKE YI {wo Soo] 24 Jo sus ay Seay sod ym Ge Synuenb a edeys qa ofqnop © sey SP ego a4 ihr seamed saodou kanye sj aznbs sy ‘nmeBau 30 angio 'z Jo Ws say nano ois ied pads yoq-aqtunp ayy “2URd LY Sue Buyney ‘sxe a noge suits axe padoys(6q-qunp sey fp yeyQIo 24) steno ps sadeysst Mk ” Ce . of - BY. we. ©. " OAS aS J+ 6+ ef =) 4 wo souopendep sous ases0g ovoruounp soap 210 350 “93 ssn pyos ao abqiowa oq feu 3 “S| ‘ig us uxDys se soxim pak sons ouoysexanp-s0uy ws Pano UOK suopoury ane aay, p pus e pp pp axe grain p jo suonouy 240% yea! aay 2p LL, "worbuny anti 9p pate Gav sunt wooing one p am os my tie wy sip OPH = doopus argu erisit ()N= UMLONAIS OINOAY 40 S1A3ONOD WONHORM BAI,WAVE MECHANICAL CONOEPTE OF ATOMIC STAUCTURE 96 WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATONIG STRUCTURE ‘momentum ofthe electron and the existence of energy subsells which accounts forthe appearance of nd there are 21+ 1) components of arbi angiler momentum vector slong ah sroups of closely spaced lies in he specrum of hydrogen. The quant numbers mand Ue elated as orn ong any Tne Magnetic Quantum Numer, m. The mation of an clecton in an obit may be kere othe Dow of electricity in a coil of wire. Such a flow produces magnetic Onl (clectomagnei effec). The magnitude mato oa compen aon te Fant vies maple St An the abs fF any extemal r nthe ae of yea apne el eo (ud ans of he mp Bell nea ae ey Potly tome bt i orientation in space. ‘The number ofthese orienta value of m ranges from I through 220 ty, dus paticular orbital whic is defined asthe space in wh ‘eeton. caer, Liew Siren vaso m i fecal magus fel Let us consider the example of ad orbital whose obits ang PATI. thas energies of ifferent, ranging between the two angular momenta having senoned aoe, ia de presence and pe ternal magn obit of an atom willbe spit up ita five esgnsted 25 doy dy doy de? and 2 Similan, itean be shown that ae subshell wil ave seven orbitals. Eectran Spa ‘and Magnet Spin Quantum Numbers (fm) In ore expan he matrof | stomie spectra, G. Unlenback and S. Gouldsitpostilated that an electron spins abou its own axis and ular momentum which is vector quantity and is in of the electron, The magnitude of the spn angus ron is given by f(s 1) h/2s where sis known asthe spla quantum number ofthe elect. Zeomponent equal 10 ‘Zeomponents +1/2 and-1/2 (excluding the nit Wx.) are known as magnetic spin quantum numbers, ‘The pin angular omentum ofthe negatively charged electron ako generates ‘magnetic moment which is eoliear with the spin angular momenta. Theres, the allowed oreniatons of angular momentum and of the magnetic moment, both of which ave generated due tthe spit oF te eleston, are the same. tom, any two eletons mayb bw ferent. This principe is very ws con cer romyguantan proupe Por keel {ido (x, ar ca also have only one value (i, 0) i ‘hc ambitions he cut ante ea ‘momentum ofa econ, is shows tha in the K shel, ther is only one su <*SAppose spins cane seommdatd. "O° 0 and inthis only wo electrons of ‘The Zeeman Effet. Zecran, in 1896, found tat when a song magnetic fed is applied oa system. whose spectrum is being recorded, each spectral line gets split up into a mumber of separate lines. This. ; “ens 2 2990 es 8 fn 0s 29 una 2p 2884 a a na ea HP) us urs uss ap} sugary asm ston ag YONDER 24g Suyany suoss20y9 on ays J! *0%A yo sues HURLED ayp HOH} LMOYS.2q MEOH IBADMOA > saonoay 2m 30 sons wids © pue 2 1 Bxpuodauo> sudgauny onea uids op ‘Aannoatso ‘a gf wonwapy sioqumu snywonb of ay 6 daby Tieeaara lates 3 ono wo Hf suaazae on ou ym yd won 241 2404 of Jonguo auc 94g wf suouse2 Om 24s 202 ‘on way avou agopounuac2o oy sao} 2g4sodu tN UOISMOSp aNOQe 24) WOH} IPN;UDD 2 “ypturs poi soma. 20m) og ‘esojatauy, ORI Aue SuUUMOD O43 aMy~STUDUNINATRP DHT BOKQE BI JO SEE UL porn anya fo "4's ps igo +43 id atm ats vossseans sy sno oven Trango aso! ay Yanoove ou wey 289 ou anny sows ow my yo sys A Ba VAs A uae 4-0] funy aso fg oe a x ‘Suna op 580 ‘opyndas uonoojrea mn 388048] (2) PEP (I) suoHo9p9 ona BoeRN® VA YORI w =ASUED yondyrequnysoW 24K ~2FdouLg VOITEXG SME won pay a joaosuny ane usm [ge™4 vee ‘aoeees) " r] ot owen mn |r « a z ‘ees ’ T nmap x ¢ Bu¥oo} a9 Sam 9 VRS ans ayy wou asm a 30 dean ono) | ovens uogsuy anna nds 9 uw » sudbury ana dee stds nado " Suny 0099p on a a ent : : : : Gemma | GewPO a aero ¢ tue a ’ i t area) . ° ‘ =) 9 ons) ‘ ° z a oo | z x c 4 Gi ® mina | a smo swans a8 SUD pe SoU Sp 8 HORDE ne 209 SL, seen —Sghay 8" AP a spel soso spd im saoeans pee ePNS aus sng wf tenders 0 won puny axea idle iu 34 epsue9 sn] D SSW «sawn ps (1) 4039 4 samupiooe og suryoo 26 way WO Layout Wah ah JO «ge w vous az (snp) ssqegns Sousa ay PaMeAREP SE STRYE @mua (edouud snag Yu ofp Uf PowepowiwoaDe oq ued Yep SuONDOTP Jo Logs wnuyrOW 94 590s z = 121 01 PR HEGRE A) pus t= fa Ig ane ed [S/o EH UNOS 9 UES RTS ‘Vopsuny 248m 22}8t00 2m ound wonox9: 9 IEHUEou AU oy SuPIODDY 5 5) yous 9 = 1 9 us ‘suas ARPOUIIONDY wD IST SL, fy uogund una 3} 2 Jo SUO]Eu} GED 1YR> Fat 049 ue OL" pet su a : Sur yo ayes Yous 27/1 ~ pub 21 + 2 asso ony > pe | +8 ut 2g we “ud Hg a pu DS POTTS on po 012) a 900 0 ny UR (| Pug PEO ee ‘BURLOMWAS OMOLY 40 S14BONOO TWONVHORN SAY, ‘BunLOMMIS MOLY 40 S1Az0NOO TWORTHOSN Shh weo [WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE is only one possible erento ‘whatever be the value ofthe prin Subse ean have three possible orien incipal quantum nurmber en = 2), mbas five values, i. there ae five ipa quantum number 7. when {= 3) m bas seven The fved orbitals are designated a values, ie, thre are seven possible whatever be te vale ofthe pri the discussion of which s beyond the scope ofthe book. "To sum up: There can be only ones orbital thre p orbitals five d orbitals and seven f orbitals whatever be the major energy shel. ‘Example 8 What abshlls are pose In n= 4 energy level? How mas is have complicated desir ae posible for its 0,12 4nd 3. The conesponting spade forks Therefore, the wal amber of etal for a= 4 is nent UD ad = 12 foreach ey Leet Digan ofa Matern ‘Atom, The energy values of | iceipal energy Tevel hs Wales, This is because the energies ofthese ARBITRARY ENEROY SCALE. lower than that of 3d ough the former belongs tothe higher ig: 19, Energy level diagram of rales toms, WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE “1 ne orbitals Belonging to any particular pr have the same energy. For example, she 2s andthe three 2p orbitals of second energy ‘energy. Similarly, the 35, the three 3p and the five 3d orbitals ofthe thitd energy level have the sime wm mumber and (1) ‘Since in hydrogen is determined bythe prinsipal quantum number ool am of eleons. Some of he, oe oying lowe ee ow a een the leon pret in deren pe of er pdr re cena fret eg clferent exents by the nucleus. a nd he reduced charge fll by the electron i lnonm ea the affective nuclear charge. The 7 screen the electrons present in the peripherals, 9, d or foritals of even the same here Sis the sereening c hich the eletron is serecn ‘The screening constant is evaluated bythe following empi 1 The varios bias ae grouped follows and writen nthe rd ofthe nucleus: 2p) (3539) GA) Ge4p) (ed) (HN (Se 5p) 6 2, Foran clestom ina roopofrepelecrnsthevalr ofthe seer const Sthe ofthe "following contbuions * (9 No contrbton from any eleton_ present in groups of orbit ying onthe rig “group in which the electron (for which Ss to be determined is present. ide ofthe be calculated belongs to Is obit./ ot aN ou 26 5889 we | ‘Konbosier “ot Joos ogy dy um le en yo seo au tt Foam tf an ane ap on ja, U0; en 2p 5 te pun 5 ote jo aed aE ass oy ey $89=(5805¢ + xSC.0)~ {1 = oreo Uonsna wt om Kg Pz (o=(1%2+ S804 +0x6C0)-11 = wore Jo wandee Eo KqaH.PzZ FE 9 2 81 woes gon anna Wore tnposeapsu0o Noy, oonioq wonoEa oMRSO uw 27 ‘aoe 29 069 sy S15=(Obd + Sb0<8 +S¢0«L)~L1 = aos spun go uonsey 99 99695527 M9 =(012+580:8 + 5e0:8)~11 = wom ausoysyruansn ie ah Aa este “eo 21 woemfguoosquons9 gem ce suuayo8 sap "woe pase ay wn oars ea Go ra skene we “> supa ay Suna} pus af dus on20}J0 eo, ps 01 YY SL seuoo UODEZ|UO ysHooNS wf spuady“E oy UaRTe PE a J eAOW aH UAL AE 99 pfNOM UH Jo wn; SNORE FRIES w woy wouHe som Jo AOU of “amy “UE UA JO Mona) pee voRzaS pea ‘eng uogremr oy ae S95] sajna aq pe uonaee sy 24 UsaKingtopouate an Kata WE = O01 + ws = 2 wos 6966913) Sp up 7 smnqe sm19] sd 5 puna) a pe gd 8 of oS “wojeziuo}Supimp yay sos sua Sy 8 Seu, * Ped woNENB yuo ayy BY “Pe gdese uontanayuon auoay9 snow oganigdooauonp9p asi yim ore uniseed ‘sa20U2 98H #0 np) tonoeare anes sa voy pDefqne 39 Plnon tN sy Fog O01= 81 ~ g1= O18 ~ sc0.0 ~ 61= muse pom stu y ay wonsey nt ap a 2 OE= 0891 = 61= O1-01 ~ SROKE ~ Seo 61= FZ TED spam 1 yuo usa NG 2g. Bz a ape S97 “Tego PE {2 a ow vows we sat vm w : nooo suamt9 61 J0 81 ‘se Stn UL “Gt =) Wor wnsejodw S9pEUOE) “NAO pee WS reHaAo sp ¥ “L “= Supaoyioy aur wyeydxo oy ‘8 Sofa SASHES 2H, “SIM. 5.49HBIS JO suopEaRddY ADI peered SUNLONELS OWOLY 40 S1450H00 WONVHOSN BAVA Cnr 0 ee sm 0 many en es su 99S i te yn py oD ML (6H = Orit =H = won edule 7 + A660) ye 9 owORE Pe a HR} 3 uns e990 ya ag ‘ony ny uemngacs ou 29 3, suaysts squonaa[p Snowe 45 S289 sayonu-ONBSAY> aN axE|NO|ED oF ayes asamp Avdde MOU [EUS 24 ap w suorooy po wo ons Jo uoRnguoo ay 1 a xy Ka, poet am ()e Sonat“ de ne poe) sas 9 Reno sna eo ens ee oun pu a pug ~u) 2m oso suonem Oy LosDe® 19 | 0 UoRRALAD Y LW), “ya a(t =) suns "97°|- juny nnd sons Woy Yond sg.9 Jo von ¥ i) ‘BURLONULS OMOLY 40 SLsBONOO WORMHON HV 148 ad a“ AVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUGTURE 5, The atom cements ofthe mie munber. Therefore, the hold of the mucus on thee rm Seto Zn. Hene, the atomic size goes on decreasing period oes on decreasing wi increase in atomic aumber, Consider speries from Sc (0 Zn. The Zap goes Om inereasiog with increase in tbo goes on inereasng as we Move increase in atomie number as we move 50 applied for ealelating electronegative of atoms by Allred: Rechow cussed in the ext chapter. Tater's Rules. The Slatr’s rules have Some serious litations as well, "according to Slate's iether hl electrons donot shield the anerelesrons, THs ay “erent rp, even the outers electors penetae quite chose to he nucleus and would thus ing than the p electrons ofthe same discussed that eletrons are mote penet pelts. According thatthe screening by thes eletrons wl be more than thes les, however, the sreening by she s and p electron than an np electron. annd electron, The of elcirons in various orbital in known 6s electronic ices in vagus abitals one ata time and by placing cnetgy state i wai 0 be inthe ‘or the ground state, ing of bias i the ground state is deterined by the following roles. Ye sats atin the ground state ofan atom, the orbit with ‘witha higher energy commences. Sn that “The increasing order of ecg of 25 2p 36 3, 4,34 55 Ad 566.954, 60,75, "The above sequence of ener levels can be red with the help of the graphical prinsiple, Accordig to an sentan 8 maximum of ‘wo electzons must be of Je of maximum iti in tbe ground slate om, electron WAVE NECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE. ~ Electronic Configurations of Atoms Based on the sequence given in Fi z electra Vain of praise he low Gund api will occupy. 1s orbital. ‘The electronic config (23). Since there is only one orb up by the occupancy oftwo electrons, th pal energy shell. The eletroni configuration therefore, i represented as 33°25, Arguing inthe same way z ing in th the eletronic configuration of beryium (2= 4) would be Us? 2%, TapLEa ‘hectronle Configurations of the First 20 Elements ler the lowest energy orbital wh en = 8), rin “hc esos congstn se =) and ectronie Configurationquote (ys sua 3p wnaqou“J01) wsajpuaw 238 go} 0 Sqn a007 us 12RD 3 29 Supa seyQI0 any | s9qunu 10 ‘age wan a co} aqun aor ond ua Josue noe. 5 90a): (16=2) 86 ho Bios op sm,“ Ary w wa oqrussandos xp kq pastor 006 =2 71 0), wou) saprunot ‘iy Jo siowoyo Buypasaons eu u FF ou pu 248905 pp oh $908 (68-=7) winrar uy uonDo|9 nou a “(gg = 2) wpe HK EUSGOS Jo Tay a AYR ALES Srpse91exX):09=2° Anpse9 [0x] #@5=2)2, P5c90x) Us =2)01 suojos st 9 pon po pug‘ “yl? en 20} “fdwexo 204 pygeq zens 98 afgou ag jo wopedyu09 igs jo yrs 280 ‘Arado pur p ah osPhaAese AEST SLD PU Sh PEASE gfe eST 281 4D 20 oq 09 Sh Pings Gee 1 ND Pu etre yey geet I sono} $8991 paradise no pu) 4J0 suogenSiguoo auoss2[9 a ‘pu yeu au oy] ou 0p (6z = 2) saddoo puw (yz =7) wiNWOHD {9 suogeSiguoo ay ey pau 94 Kew | soddoc pus wunjos4 Jo suopesNsTUeD snoyeOLY o BUMLONWLS OINOLY 40 $1430NOO WORYHOSN BAVA SISISISIS) 888 ee BeBeee STS ICTCTSTS) Q Q Q Q © +|SSS08 E9908 ie se suwaje uonssuen 0] 24 Jo suopesnyuo won auf “ou ‘ IPE ash ofS 281 fo} Wap wo “best st ‘yuna jeter aposteog apt, sod pu xnoo aus a soi (= 2) wi porootin Bone 1a 0 He Su, (i =2) wmsseyod 1 youya tu A, s10g8 paquoep soars oy mone) stung pt = 7) vom 461 = 2) wm 18 fr 1 Ban wogenidyuos a9 se 2 22x ops ypm woo ona ag (1 = 2) amp om sug fy > oN mL, “ft 2 2 Bug vonenayu0> oqwon20}9 spony Apidos axe ¢ yous tau redeoud yo seysio amo} ape UOoU Ut TM US 2H “eng haw dd a a4 ano mons 0 Boo ml £47 10a po fer fer fez 9 mous yd 2 jo won 9 "UO IE 9 -BunLONMS OWOLY 20 S1420NOO TWONYHOSN an %bssssss| Ta WepRaG ay pets sage Kai etn poccoccfe ‘eps of ean any sons Jo ANG SLAP SOD ay uA NAA Je sueniyon soso 9p i SL PIE TAP RSGRS Pe PAS SRNR wT TD hal R RS aa HA ap 7 “po a 0 aoe 06099 903 gue pu yo sng 2 90 BM HS)EREA TH Wola IA ALT soasi-unsoe po wanda 7 om. 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The order of stability ofthe electronic arrangements would, thus, be (5) > (6) > sunset Cfo, Wesel now Glens cmstean mot se cera orogens of dot configurations and discuss their relative stabilities. * ‘The solitary electronic arrangement ofp! configuration and the most sable electronic arrangements ‘of and p? configurations, in accordance with Hund’ ul, areas shown below : configuration, the mast stable and this is also the arrangement three degenerate p Similarly, the solitary electronic arrangement of d configuration and the most table electronic arrangements of dd, d and d configurations, ae as show below i tronic arangements of different electronic the number of degenerate oils, Le, in Which some ofthe e WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE 59 ‘The number of electrons with upward spin is 3 in each: cach eae, The numberof electrons with downward spin ‘The most stable electronic arrangements of, 8, ? anda” configurations, in accordance with Hund’ ule, are given below Based onthe numberof exchihge pars and the electron pairs, the aggregates of exchange energy and pairing energy in the above electronic arangements would be [-10E +], [-(10+1)E+2P], nergy and pairing energy alone. ‘I ‘This shows tht as inthe case f arrangement (3) of p& conigueatin, there must be some other stabilising factor in favour of arrange ‘gmmetrcal distribution of charg, 35 ‘Symmetrical Distribution of Charge. in order to understand 3 varios sets 3 charge would it the electronic charge would be concetrated more along the x-i his category tronic arrangements of pp and configurations, in ccordance with Hund's rl, are shown bel Fa i inthe ontGuaon 7d above, the charge is not evenly spread along all the directions, In other. words, the distribution of charge is nonanfor or wasymmercl. On the oer hand, the ditrbtin of charge in the ‘even oF uniform or symmetrical distribution of charge in ‘with lower energy and hence higher stabily than theGEG) 9H) OOD OL) SEBO > tamu Jo ons §,pung Pus 51 sTENGHO pe pu sp uaomyag oouaiayyp AAuouD a sauIg TENRHO PE ‘unos ave stones yu09 a ‘wore np 205 stones yu0> owSuexe jo ABoua a4, “suaueSunz a9 Jo Ay!9s exea1 2 auMUIRP AaB praow KDHE domo agua, etsy toy sos am Supruosd (6) sue way pugs) HeuDBueue 200039 + moja unogs ate suogendgeoo osyy 2 swowsSuesze auonsofe Ls PEF (9) PU» PE ae (2) a¥8 ($2) uouunBguos qunnaay yo aqitod ot 3. ORE UIWOANS Jo NoVEANE HO. 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Deve de Broglie relia, How was i ved capris? 12, Dative expressions fo complete wave Date coasin or cpt wave Ketone of < eb Kapin how tee esesies scum fr he 14, patty nd sigs rou Ps of doy“Chara vip ayaa pub 300820 TAVE D1G01Nas WHOA ay wo yp 9 Spo soONE ‘sa 70 Agee 20 dns ‘sem soy sypoiod aL woua}a agp JO woke Xt JO asand sup o sun se ancy "nny2 pun nace fo SalLwadOUd OINOLVY CNV JIS VL DIGOnad ‘SBUMadO8d OMOLY GNY Favs S1405 PERIODIC THBLE AND ATOMIC PROPERTIES hese elements are ne another and aso to lonthanum tat hey are ale aleve 5 te orzo nthe sane rou, hee wb undue expansion of He Mad an a separate seis below the petite whee shave ‘a8 shown, consists of radioactive elements with ‘discovered. As mentioned abo¥®, fialy tough nuclear reactions. Justa the ets, too, are placed asa separate sees ibich have been prepared artificially of elements with wom numbers 93 19 olevium, aobel TGTT has suggested nw’ names for elements having 102), a ‘Te elements arrangsd in vet colurs ofthe paid abe oo ements ac alan taken into account while numb Ts, ‘The groups beaded by H and He are (0, Fand Ne are numbered the test of the elements (the normal ‘vations groups ns sawn Below Ta Teles e | “tare bets tre fete wfmlatslelel eyes wy) el al al al se] oe] Sisteta=|s—>et ts ojajutryay ry ey rie sre demons of ach unas amalogoss © one ate. ot ROP lithium an soda of Group | resemble the cements potassium, rbd cesiom and anc ‘white benflum md mages oe wee the elmeats cae, syontiam, bari and ri Likewise, floorine 20d oF Seam 1 Have poets in common. wih bromine oie and SEN and 90 on, THE sae cat Group IB. (noble gases) lie in between the mast elecroegsivs ‘alogens and the most lectopositive alkali metal Cause of Periodicity wre son leay tal lent wih iil prope cer en NNO in he pesiodic sable. Such elements fal reat column, Le the sri rou. Te recerence of ir properties of ements fer eran regular interas whey arranges ik the onder of increasing oe ers cated pride. Aquestion rises; What the cee of periodicity? To avoid this, they are : FeRODI ToL A ATOM PROPERTIES et 0 ator hi question, we may conser cements continu tte Semen ue giea ne eee 17 ma 18 TM Sone iectronie Configurations of Elements of Groups 1, 17 and 18 Blement of Group 1 ? Blement of Group 17 Element of Group 18 belonging to the other sroups. For exam mec an eeopetie he fo iroup 47 are strongly non-metallic and electronega The elements of The cements of Group 18 which comes the two exrene pe of el i are chemically le , mens are chemically least Ve mya ot ce Contin fs te hth ono Slgig arab hw andr ner arene. Ta () All the clements of Grovp 1 have one electron in the outermost» orbitals preceded by the ‘ble fas configuration (acp®; for Ui, Le), Their outer electronic contiguration may thot be 7 coa'pG U, L2), ay hue be writen as {he elements of Group 17 have seven electrons in the outermost level, Two of these ‘leewont are present in the ofits wt i cece ert in fae wile ea See rn he phi Th ou ‘whi re accommodated in thes orbitals and the remaining sx ‘hep wal compet The cause of peri similar ower electrone tte, cures ‘regular intervals, u is tien dase in i pv Bh bn dl hpi san a en los clay he i aft bok, wt pr Ba ah hen mor ow le. 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