Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2024; 12(2): 19-34
ISSN (E): 2320-3862
ISSN (P): 2394-0530
www.plantsjournal.com
JMPS 2024; 12(2): 19-34
© 2024 JMPS
Received: 13-01-2024
Accepted: 16-02-2024
Payel Ghosh
Medicinal Plants Research Unit,
Ramakrishna Mission,
Narendrapur, Kolkata,
West Bengal, India
Salil K Gupta
Medicinal Plants Research Unit,
Ramakrishna Mission,
Narendrapur, Kolkata,
West Bengal, India
Corresponding Author:
Payel Ghosh
Medicinal Plants Research Unit,
Ramakrishna Mission,
Narendrapur, Kolkata,
West Bengal, India
Diseases of medicinal plants in India: A review
Payel Ghosh and Salil K Gupta
Abstract
The present data-base includes a total of 95 diseases occurring on 75 species of medicinal plants in India
in general and West Bengal in particular. For each disease, relevant information has been given
pertaining to name of disease, name of host plant, causal pathogen, symptoms of disease and suggested
management along with citing relevant references. This data-base will provide an updated information in
this field of research and will provide a present state of knowledge.
Keywords: India, data-base, diseases of medicinal plants, causal organism, symptoms, management
Introduction
The medicinal plants are receiving global attention because of their multifarious uses like
therapeutic purpose, in toiletries, cosmetics, food supplements, green pesticides, etc. In India,
since Vaidic period and in Mesopotamia for over 5000 years, the uses of medicinal plants are
known mostly for therapeutic purpose. Those medicinal plants were used basing on the
wisdom of the sages and traditional healers and no scientific validation of their therapeutic
values was ever done. Interestingly, now, after scientific validation of many medicinal plants.
It appears that what the sages prescribed thousands of years back, are all turning out to be
scientifically correct. Due to that, many western scientists who termed the Indian System of
Medicines (ISM) as baseless, have all changed their opinion now and are coming to India to
learn this Traditional Healing System.
In developing countries, over 80% of population depend upon herbal products in their day-to-
day healthcare system and some countries in Asia, Africa, Middle East that percentage reaches
still higher. As per WHO, 25% of pharmaceutical drugs which are used now are based upon
medicinal plants and 30% drugs sold worldwide contain plant-based compounds (FAO 2005;
Avan, 2021) [12, 5]. In many African countries, these traditional medicines have been included
in Complementary Healthcare Service.
Due to increasing importance and growing demand of medicinal plants, the cultivation of
medicinal plants is growing at a very rapid rate in many of the developing countries like India
but not that in developed countries. In-addition, the impact of climate changes, intensive
cultivation practices, injudicious uses of pesticides, market oriented, crop management, etc the
medicinal plants are becoming victim of pests and diseases and those are causing reduction in
production of secondary metabolites and affecting quality and quantity of medicinal plants.
The diseases which are caused are mainly due to fungus, bacteria, virus, etc. The diseased
medicinal plants fetch less market price. A number of workers reviewed diseases of medicinal
plants (Chandel et al, 2014; Marimuthu et al, 2018; Mondal et al, 2018, etc) [6, 27, 33] but no
updated data-base is available. During conducting surveys on diseases of medicinal plants in
West Bengal, a number of diseases were indentified and those along with others known from
India are included in this data-base. For each species, the name of disease, host plant, causal
agent, symptoms of disease, suggested management along with relevant references have been
included. This will provide an updated information on the subject and will highlight the gaps
to the future workers.
Methodology
The data-base has been prepared by consulting the relevant literature on the subject as per as
available to the authors. For each disease, the information pertaining to name of disease host
plant, causal organism, symptoms of disease and management along with citation of relevant
references have been included.
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

Though different damage symptoms as reported by various Results

workers are available in literature and so also the different A perusal of the available literature indicates the occurrence
management strategies but in this data-base only the major of 95 diseases occur on 75 species on medicinal plants in
damage symptoms and most acceptable management practice India and all those have been tabulated in Table-1, as below:-
have been included.

Table 1: List of diseases on medicinal plants in India along with there host plant, causal organism, symptoms of damage, suggested management
with citation of relevant references
Diseases Plants Causal organisms Symptoms Management Reference
The noni website. college
Adhatoda vasica (L.) Appearance of leaf spots Seed treatment with thiram at the
Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of tropical agriculture and
Nees. with dark centers rate of 2kg/ha or zineb 2.5kg/ ha
human resources, 2022
Round green water-
Aloe vera L. (Aloe soaked lesions appear Application of Carbendazim, Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
barbadensis Mill with tan to light brown at Mancozeb or Bordeaux mixture Avan. M, 2021 [5]
the center
Colletotrichum The infected plant shows Spraying of Bordeaux mixture
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis gloeosporioides (Glomerella yellowish brown or dark 1% or spraying of Carbendazim Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Anthracnose [58]
L. cingulate) brown spots on chlorotic and spraying Pseudomonas
yellow halo on leaves. fluorescens at 3 weeks interval
Origanum vulgare, Anthracnose lesions Application of Carbendazim, Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Anthracnose Colletotrichum dematium
Salvia officinalis appear on leaves Mancozeb or Bordeaux mixture Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Typical blight symptoms
Aerial blight Mentha arvensis L. Rhizoctonia solani Mancozeb and carbendazim Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
appear on infected plants.
Biochemical changes
Alternaria
Cassia angustifolia Alternaria alternata occurred due to infection Mancozeb and carbendazim Marimuthu et al., 2018 [27]
blight
of the disease
Symptoms appear in the Some bioagents like
Alternaria Adhatoda vasica (L.) form of brown spots Trichoderma harzianum, T. Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Puccinia thwaitesii [58]
blight and Rust Nees. distributed on entire leaf viride, Aspergillus niger, and A.
lamina flavus used in control
Brown necrotic lesions of Mancozeb, Bordeaux mixture,
Chlorophytum
irregular nature appear Copper oxychloride,
Alternaria leaf borivilianum, Mentha
Alternaria alternata with surrounding Carbendazim and extract of Avan. M, 2021 [5];
blight spp., Pelargonium
chlorotic halo on infected Ocimum sanctum, Zingiber
spp., Plantago ovata
leaf officinale may be used for control
Mancozeb, Bordeaux mixture,
The effected leaf shows
Rauvolfia serpentina Copper oxychloride,
Alternaria leaf brown necrotic irregular
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz, Alternaria tenuis, A. alternata Carbendazim and extract of Avan. M, 2021 [5]
blights lesions surrounding
Withania somnifera Ocimum sanctum, Zingiber
chlorotic halo
officinale used in control
Symptoms include
rottening, appearance of
Aerial blight or
leaf spot which gradually Mancozeb, Carbendazim, Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Rhizoctonia Coleus forskohlii Briq Rhizoctonia solani
increase, become light tan Trichoderma+ Organic fertilizer Avan. M, 2021 [5]
leaf blights
to brown and finally
become necrotic
Application of Bordeaux mixture,
Appearance of lesions
Bacterial leaf Xanthomonas campestris P.V.O. copper-mercury fungicides, Vanitha &
Acorus calamus along veins and yellowish
blight oryzae copper oxychloride and Kandaswami,1998 [71]
lesions in leaf blades.
streptomycin solution
Infected leaves showing
Black flag and wilting and complete Pruning, removal and destroying
Phytophthora sp.
stem, leaf and Morinda citrifolia L. necrotic appearance with the diseased plant parts, Scot & Zoila, 2010 [50]
Sclerotium rolfisii
fruit blight blackened petiole and promoting good air circulation
stems.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Lesions appear on tips of Application of fungicide at
Botrytis blight Botrytis cinerea Rivera & Wright,2002
L. stems but not on leaves regular interval
Dianthus caryophyllus, The infected leaf shows
Botrytis leaf Pelargonium spp., concentric ring lesions Vinodkumar and
Botrytis cinerea Application of fungicide
blights Rosa chinensis, Rosa followed by wilting and Nakkeeran,2017
damascena drying of flowers
Flowers show reddish
Application of potassium
Choanephora Hibiscus rosa-sinensis purple spots and infected Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Choanephora infundibulifera bicarbonate or copper hydroxide [58]
blight L. lesions become water-
or mancozeb
soaked, reddish brown
Chlorophytum The symptoms include
Colletotrichum borivilianum, Colletotrichum dematium, C. minute, pinhead circular Mancozeb or Carbendazim or
Gautam, 2014 [15]
leaf blight Rauvolfia serpentina capsica reddish-brown lesions on Bordeaux mixture
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz leaves.
Small chlorotic spots
Ramappa and Shovanna,
Colletotrichum Cymbopogon citratus, appear on lower surface Mancozeb or Carbendazim or
Colletotrichum caudatum 2013 [42]; Smitha et al.,
leaf blights C. flexuosus of leaves which later Bordeaux mixture
2014 [56]
merge to form a big patch
Cymbopogon citratus, Small, round, reddish-
Dithane M-45 or Dithane Z-78
Curvularia leaf C. flexuosus, C. brown spots appear on
Curvularia andropogonis 2g/L of water at 10-15 days Khare et al., 2020 [24]
blight martinii, Cymbopogon edges and tips of leaves.
interval will manage this disease
nardus Later, those spots

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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

coalesce to become
reddish-brown necrotic
lesions
Mancozeb, Bordeaux mixture,
Cymbopogon citratus, The infected leaf shows Copper oxychloride, Neem oil,
Curvularia leaf
C. flexuosus, Vetiveria Curvularia trifolii long reddish-brown Kalanchoe heterophylla, Smitha et al., 2014 [56]
blights
zizanioides necrotic lesions Curcuma amada and Adhatoda
vasica extracts,
Small grey necrotic spots
appear on the leaf surface Bordeaux mixture (1%) at 15
Cymbopogon citratus,
Ellisiella leaf at the initial stage. Later, days interval will manage this
C. flexuosus, C. Ellisiella caudate Mahato et al., 2022 [26]
blight the lesions enlarge, disease
martinii
coalesce and premature
dry off leaves
The spots subsequently
Spraying of fungicide like
increase in size petiole
Leaf blight Aristolochia bracteata Colletotrichum dematium mancozeb, carbendazim and Tekade et al., 2015 [61]
and stems get also
copper oxychloride
infected
Appearance of oval
water-soaked spots on Seed treatment and spraying of
Chandel et al.,2014 [6];
Leaf blight Cassia angustifolia Phyllosticta spp. lower leaf surface. The fungicide like mancozeb and
Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
spots develop whitish carbendazim will control
grey color
Initially water-soaked
leaf spots appear, Mancozeb, carbendazim and
Leaf blight Coleus forskohlii Briq Curvularia lunata Tekade et al., 2015 [61]
gradually increase in size copper oxychloride
and then turn brown.
The upward cutting of
Costus speciosus Koen Curvularia paradissi, Drechslera young leaves is very
Leaf blight Copper oxychloride or mancozeb Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
ex. Retz maydis common symptom of this
disease.
In case of severe
infestations, the entire
Cymbopogon citratus leaf dries up. The disease
Leaf blight Curvularia andropogonis Mancozeb Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
(DC.) Stapf causes decreasing of leaf
size along with reduction
in oil yield.
The disease symptoms
Gloriosa superba, appear with small,
Leaf blight Morinda citrifolia L., Alternaria alternata brownish spots on leaves Mancozeb, Carbendazim Marimuthu et al., 2018 [27]
Ocimum gratissimum which later turn into
concentric rings
The blighted leaf turned Application of Mancozeb 1kg or TNAU AgriTech Portal.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Leaf blight Nigraspora sphaerica greyish to dark brown Iprobenphos 500ml or Crop Protection.
L.
and wither. Carbendazim 250g/ha Cpdisgraindis,2022 [64]
The leaf looks pinkish at
the basal part, of the leaf Mancozeb, Carbendazim and Author’s personal
Leaf blight Kalanchoe pinnata Cercospora sp.
and then blackish patches Spraying of Bordeaux mixture observation
appear.
Appearance of dark
Mucuna pruriens (L.) brown lesions surrounded
Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Leaf blight DC., Piper longum Colletotrichum gleosporioides by chlorotic halos are the Spraying of Bordeaux mixture [58]
Linn. initial symptoms of this
disease.
Early blight symptoms
like black lesion appear
on older leaves. Later,
Leaf blight Ocimum sanctum L. Alternaria sp. Mancozeb, Carbendazim Soma et al., 2017 [57]
spots enlarge and form
concentric rings in a
bull’s eye pattern
Dark colored circular
spots having yellowish
margin appear on ventral
Leaf blight and Rauvolfia serpentina Alternaria tenuis, Spraying with mancozeb
surface of leaves which Shivanna et al., 2014 [52]
bud rot (L.) Benth. ex Kurz A. alternata
increase in size to
become dark brown
circular lesions.
Towards the margin of
Leaf blight or the leaf roundish or oval
Acorus calamus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Spraying of Bordeaux mixture Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
Anthracnose patches appear which
later turn brownish.
In this case entire leaf
Andrographis source shows blighted
paniculata (Burm.f.) symptoms and defoliate. Mancozeb, Carbendazim
Leaf web blight Rhizoctonia solani Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
Wall. ex Nees, The severity of the Trichoderma+ Organic fertilizer
Azadirachta indica L. disease is in high humid
conditions.
Chlorophytum
Necrotic lesions appear
Macrophomina borivilianum, Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb, Meena and Kadam, 2021
Macrophomina phaseolina on edges on tip of [30]
leaf blights Rauvolfia serpentina Pseudomonas fluorescens
infected leaves
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

Ground parts of infected

plant show lesions and
Passalora blight Pimpinella anisum Passalora malkoffii Mancozeb, Carbendazim Avan. M, 2021 [5]
drying. Inflorescences
also are affected
Small, black parts appear
Phoma leaf Phoma multirostrata var. on top and bottom of
Origanum vulgare Mancozeb Garibaldi et al., 2013 [14]
blight macrospora infected leaf and young
shoots
Initially, brownish lesions
appear on dorsal surface
of the leaf, towards apical Copper oxychloride or mancozeb
Phytophthora Authors’ personal
Piper longum L. Phytophthora sp. 1/3 part of leaf margin. and biological control with
leaf blight observation
Subsequently, those spots Trichoderma spp.
coalesce to form
brownish patches.
Mentha spp.,
Origanum vulgare, Water-soaked irregular
Rhizoctonia Mancozeb, Carbendazim Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Rauvolfia serpentina Rhizoctonia solani spots appear and spread
leaf blights Trichoderma+ Organic fertilizer Avan. M, 2021 [5]
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz, inward
Rosmarinus officinalis
Infected plants show
Use of biocontrol agent like
Sclerotinia chocolate brown Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Mentha arvensis L. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Trichoderma harzianum and
blights appearance and also show Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Gliocladium virens
die back symptoms.
Plantation in the low-lying areas
Foliar chlorosis occurs Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Stem blight Morinda citrifolia L. Sclerotium rolfsii to be avoided, should have proper [58]
accompanied with wilting
drainage system
Necrotic spots appear
scattered on upper surface
Black necrotic Murraya koenigii (L.) Application of Carbendazim, Authors’ personal
Colletotrichum gloeosporoides of leaves and the spots
spots on leaves Spring Mancozeb or Bordeaux mixture observation
coalesce to form blackish
patch
Soft colorless spots occur
Penicillium citrinum, on infected fruits. Blue Sodium hypochlorite Borax to be
Blue mold Emblica oficinalis Prakash, 2012 [40]
P. islandicum green spores appear on applied.
those parts of the plants
The symptoms appear on
the ventral surface of the
Cardamon
leaf with spread of yellow Authors’ personal
mosaic virus Elettaria cardamomum Destroying the affected plant
and green mosaic pattern observation
(cdmv)
which spread all along
the leaf lamina.
Pythium ultimum, P. debayanum, It causes pre and post Copper oxychloride or mancozeb
Damping off Atropa belladonna L. Rhizoctonia solani & emergences damping off and biological control with Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
Phytophthora parasitica in young seedling stage. Trichoderma spp.
Symptoms include water- Application of biocontrol agent
soaked lesions followed like Trichoderma with organic
Damping off Cassia angustifolia Rhizoctonia bataticola by brown discoloration manure etc. spraying of Chandel et al.,2014 [6]
on the collar region of fungicides like mancozeb and
plant carbendazim
The infected seedlings Mancozeb, Copper oxychloride
Cymbopogon citratus Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Damping off Pythium aphanidermatum become yellow and the and Carbendazim
(DC.) Stapf Avan. M, 2021 [5]
plant collapses Trichoderma spp.
Yellowing of infected
Mancozeb, Copper oxychloride
seedlings with falling of Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Damping off Dianthus caryophyllus Rhizoctonia solani and Carbendazim
plants are the symptoms Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Trichoderma spp.
of the affected plants
Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis The infected seedlings Mancozeb, Copper oxychloride
Lavandula spp., Rosa Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Damping off cinerea, Alternaria alternata, become yellow and the and Carbendazim
spp. Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Colletotrichum spp. plant collapses Trichoderma spp.
Yellowing of infected
Mancozeb, Copper oxychloride
seedlings with falling of Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Damping off Papaver somniferum Fusarium solani and Carbendazim
plants are the symptoms Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Trichoderma spp.
of the affected plants
Yellowing of infected
Rhizoctonia solani, Mancozeb, Copper oxychloride
seedlings with falling of Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Damping off Pimpinella anisum Fusarium spp., and Carbendazim
plants are the symptoms Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Alternaria tenuis Trichoderma spp.
of the affected plants
The infected leaf shows
Phythophthora spp. Alternaria
Rosa chinensis, Rosa concentric ring lesions
Damping off spp. Rhizoctonia spp. Sclerotinia Mancozeb Avan. M, 2021 [5]
damascena followed by wilting and
spp. Pythium spp.
drying of flowers
Fusarium oxysporum, F.
Mancozeb, Copper oxychloride
moniliforme, F. solani, Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Damping off Salvia officinalis Seedlings become yellow and Carbendazim
Rhizoctonia solani Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Trichoderma spp.
Mancozeb, Copper oxychloride
Fusarium spp. Phythophthora spp. Seedlings become yellow Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Damping off Santalum spp. and Carbendazim
Rhizopus spp. and drying of flowers Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Trichoderma spp.
Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Mancozeb, Copper oxychloride Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Damping off Sesamum indicum Seedlings become yellow
Alternaria tenuis and Carbendazim Avan. M, 2021 [5]
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
Damping off Withania somnifera
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Die back Botrytis sp. & Erwinia sp.
L.
Rauvolfia serpentina
Die back Colletotrichum dematium
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz
Dieback Catharanthus roseus Pythium aphanidermatum
Costus speciosus Koen
ex. Retz; Tinospora
Flat stem Phytoplasma (Lee et al.,2000)
cordifolia (Thunb.)
Miers
Dianthus caryophyllus,
Ocimum sanctum L.,
Gray mold
Rosa cinensis, Rosa
damascena
Grey blight or
Cymbopogon citratus,
grey rot or
C. flexuosus, C.
pestalotiopsis
martinii
leaf spot
Hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Candidatus phytoplasma
witches’ broom L.
Rauvolfia serpentina
Leaf blotch
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz
Tabernaemontana
Leaf brown or divaricata and T.
Phytophthora citrophthora
black spot coronaria (L.) R. Br.
Ex Roem. & Schult
Alternaria leaf
Carthamus tinctorius
spot
Alternaria leaf
Dianthus carophyllus
spot
Hyoscyamus spp.,
Mentha sp, Ocimum
basilicum, Origanum
vulgare, Papaver
Alternaria leaf
somniferum,
spot
Pelargonium spp.,
Plectranthus
amboinicus Lour.,
Salvia officinalis
Alternaria leaf
Withania somnifera
spot
Angular leaf
Azadirachta indica L. Xanthomonas azadiractae
spot
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Bacterial leaf
L., Ocimum sanctum
spot
L.
Carpospora leaf Datura metel L., Cerpospora jamaicensis
https://www.plantsjournal.com
Trichoderma spp.
The affected seedlings
Mancozeb M-45 (0.25%) or
produce yellowish patch
Copper oxychloride 50WP at the Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Rhizoctonia solani which darkens with time.
rate of 0.4% and Trichoderma Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Later whole seedlings
spp.
collapse.
Stem coloration changes
due to rotting which Application of copper biocide on Hidden Valley Hibiscus.
become light brown die the rotting stem Dieback [Internet],2022
back.
Numerous spots appear in
scattered manner on Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Mancozeb
surface of leaves, twigs Avan. M, 2021 [5]
and flowers.
The tip buds of young
branches fade away and Mancozeb Avan. M, 2021 [5]
dry up
Affected branches of the
plant expressed flattening
Spraying of systemic insecticide
of stems during winter Marimuthu et al., 2018 [27]
like dimethoate, imidacloprid.
season
The effected stems and Mancozeb or Zineb and Aloe
TNAU, 2013 [63]; Romero
Botrytis cinerea leaves show gray brown vera cake, thyme oil and gelatin
et al., 2017 [46]
hairy growth.
Small spots develop on
Spray Carbendazim (0.1%) after
leaf margins and tips.
Pestalotiopsis sp. heavy rain followed by wettable Mahato et al., 2022 [26]
Later, such spots sprayed
sulphur (0.1%)
on entire leaf.
The affected leaf shows Montano et al., 2001 [34];
witches’ broom effect University of Callifornia
Require cultural control
shoots become distorted Agriculture & Natural
brasiliense including pruning are suggested
certain flowers become Resources. Garden Plants
blighted. disease [Internet],2022
Purple colored blotches
appear on ventral surface
of leaf which later
Cercospora serpitinae Spraying of Zineb or mancozeb Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
coalesce to become
irregular, such leaves
gradually die.
Appearance of brown or
black spots and patches
Seed treatment benomyl +thiram
with water-soaked or Rana, 2017 [43]
1gm each per kg of seed
yellow-edged appear on
infected plants
Mancozeb+ Propiconazole
DMAPR, 2012 [9];
Infected leaf shows dark (DMAPR, 2012) [9], Benomyl,
Alternaria carthami Chauhan and Ravi, 2020
brown circular spots Mancozeb, Carbendazim and [7]
Trichoderma viride
The symptoms of the Mancozeb+ Propiconazole
DMAPR, 2012 [9];
Alternaria dianthi disease are appearance of (DMAPR, 2012) [9], Benomyl,
Chauhan and Ravi, 2020
dark brown circular spots Mancozeb, Carbendazim and [7]
; Avan. M, 2021 [5]
on infected leaves Trichoderma viride
Mancozeb+ Propiconazole
DMAPR, 2012 [9];
Alternaria alternata Dark brown circular spots (DMAPR, 2012) [9], Benomyl,
Chauhan and Ravi, 2020
appear on infected leaves Mancozeb, Carbendazim and [7]
; Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Trichoderma viride
Initially brown and black
spots appear on the Seed treatment with Mancozeb
Alternaria alternata leaves, suddenly with M-45 (0.3%) or Copper Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
A. tenuis yellow halo which appear oxychloride 50WP (0.4%) will be Avan. M, 2021 [5]
on leaves on the upper suitable
side
Water-soaked angular
Spraying of copper oxychloride
spots appear on leaves
50WP (0.4%) or streptocycline
which in turn become Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
(0.05%)
pale yellow and finally
defoliate
The lesions become
necrotic and center Avoid overhead irrigation, using
becomes surrounded by clean and sterile equipment and
Pseudomonas cichorii Moreira et al., 2015 [35]
yellowish halo and water- restriction of movement from
soaked dark spots on infected field to healthy field.
leaves
Scattered leaf spots Mancozeb M-45 (2.5g/L) at 10 Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

spot Datura stramonium L. become coalesced leaf days interval or carbendazim

spot and turn brown (1.0g/L) or cercobin (2.5g/l) at 15
days interval
Andrographis
Disease appears on leaves
paniculata (Burm. f.) Soil application of neem cake +
in the form of dark brown
Wall. ex Nees., leaf waste of eucalyptus, neem Arumugam et al., 2010 [4];
Cercospora leaf spots, either circular or
Emblica officinalis, Cercospora sp. oil or neem seed extract+ neem Author personal
spot oval in shape, having
Theobroma cacao L., cake and Pseudomonas observation
brownish margin and
Trigonella foenum- fluorescens
grey in the centre
graecum L.
Round or angular brown
Cercospora leaf spots appear with Copper oxychloride or mancozeb
Atropa belladonna L. Cercospora atropa Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
spot chestnut color margin on or carbendazim
both surfaces of leaf.
Round or irregular grey
Cercospora leaf spots with dark brown or Spraying Mancozeb, Copper Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Piper longum Linn. Cercospora piperata [58]
spot blackish border appear on oxychloride @2kg/ha
older leaves
Light whitish or greyish Soil application of neem cake +
centered irregular spots leaf waste of eucalyptus, neem
Cercospora leaf Arumugam et al., 2010 [4];
Ocimum sanctum L. Cercospora ocimicola appear which become oil or neem seed extract+ neem
spot Moreira et al.,2015 [35]
surrounded by darker cake and Pseudomonas
halo fluorescens
The symptoms include
Cercospora leaf appearance of necrotic
Pimpinella anisum Cercospora malkoffii Thiophanate-methyl or Benomyl Singh, 2006 [72]
spot spots on leaves with dark
brown edges
Appearance of dark
Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Cercospora leaf Rauvolfia serpentina Cercospora rauvolfiae, C. brown spots on the upper Mancozeb spraying is suggested
Avan. M, 2021 [5]; Author
spot (L.) Benth. ex Kurz serpitinae surface of leaf especially for its control
personal observation
towards the leaf margin
On the leaves, necrotic
Cercospora leaf
Sesamum indicum Cercospora sesami spots with dark brown Thiophanate-methyl or Benomyl Singh, 2006[72]
spot
edges appear scatteredly
The leaves spreading dark
Colletotrichum Colletotrichum gleosporioides, C. DMAPR, 2014; Mondal et
Ocimum sanctum L. spots and such leaves Dithane, Tebuconazole
leaf spot capsica al., 2018 [10, 33]
prematurely break off
Colletotrichum Reddish brown circular DMAPR, 2014; Avan. M,
Origanum vulgare Colletotrichum fuscum Dithane,
leaf spot spots appear on leaves 2021 [10, 5]
Reddish brown circular
spots appear on leaves
Colletotrichum DMAPR, 2014; Avan. M,
Pelargonium spp. Colletotrichum gleosporioides, and subsequently leaves Dithane,
leaf spot 2021 [10, 5]
dry up and suffer
premature fall
Irregular yellowish or
Mancozeb M-45 (0.25%) or
Colletotrichum Colletotrichum gleosporioides, C. brownish spots appear on
Withania somnifera Copper oxychloride 50WP at the Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
leaf spot dematium the leaves and the spots
rate of 0.4%
coalesce to form patch
Coleus forskohlii,
Yellowish brown necrotic
Mentha arvensis L., Mancozeb, Pseudomonas sp.+
Corynespora spots in the form of DMAPR, 2014; Avan. M,
Ocimum basilicum, Corynespora cassiicola Salicylic acid+ Clerodendron
leaf spot chlorotic halo appear on 2021 [10, 5]
Rauvolfia serpentina inerme leaf powder
leaves
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz
Curvularia leaf Cymbopogon citratus, Dark brown necrotic Mancozeb and Bordeaux mixture Smitha et al., 2014 [56];
Curvularia andropogonis
spot C. flexuosus lesions appear on leaves Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Dirty brown minute spots
Curvularia leaf Lawsonia inermis L., Smitha et al., 2014 [56];
Curvularia lunata appear on leaves which Mancozeb and Bordeaux mixture
spot Mentha arvensis L. Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
become spherical.
Curvularia leaf Rauvolfia serpentina Dark brown necrotic Mancozeb and Bordeaux mixture Smitha et al., 2014 [56];
Curvularia trifolii
spot (L.) Benth. ex Kurz lesions appear on leaves Avan. M, 2021 [5]
On the upper surface of
leaves brownish or
Diplocarpon Rosa chinensi, Rosa IIHR, 2016; Avan. M,
Diplocarpon rosae blackish spots appear Trifloxystrobin+ Tebuconazole
leaf spot damancena 2021 [19, 5]
which turn dark purplish
at margin
Alternaria sp., Brown or black spots Home Guides. Basil,2022;
Fungal leaf Application of potassium
Ocimum sanctum L. Cercospora ocimicola and appear in collar having Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
spot bicarbonate fungicide [58]
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides halo.
Appearance of discolored Captan@ 1g and Chlorpyrifos Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Leaf Spot Acorus calamus unidentified pathogen [58]
spots on leaves @20ml/10L
Dark brown to black
necrotic lesions appears,
Passalora acori (=Cercospora
Leaf Spot Acorus calamus surrounded by yellow Mancozeb or Carbendazim Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
acori)
hallow with lighter grey
centre.
The spots appear on both
Adhatoda vasica (L.) surfaces of leaf. The
Leaf spot Septoria adhatodae Carbendazim 50WP (0.1%) Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
Nees. mature spots have ash-
color center.
Adhatoda vasica (L.) Dark brown raised Application of Benomyl 0.1% or TNAU Agritech Portal.
Leaf spot Rhizoctonia solani
Nees. irregular spots appear Mancozeb 0.2% or Carbendazim Chilli phdiseases,2022
~ 24 ~
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

0.1%
Fully developed spots
Application of Benomyl 0.1% or TNAU Agritech Portal.
Adhatoda vasica (L.) look as water-soaked dark
Leaf spot Alternaria alternata Mancozeb 0.2% or Carbendazim Diseases flowers
Nees. brown patches on leaf
0.1% crossandra, 2022
lamina.
Brown subcircular or
irregular lesions having Application of Trichoderma and
Leaf spot Azadirachta indica L. Pseudocercospora subsessilis Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
dark brown border appear Pseudomonas fluorescence.
on older leaves.
Circular spots increase to Spraying of fungicide like
Leaf spot Cassia angustifolia Alternaria alternata Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
covered the entire leaves mancozeb and carbendazim
Appearance of brown
Spraying of fungicide like
Leaf spot Cassia angustifolia Cercospora spp. colored spots on lower Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
mancozeb and carbendazim
surface
Initially small, brownish
spots appear on the dorsal
leaf surface which Seed treatment with mancozeb or
Authors’ personal
Leaf spot Centella asiatica L. Cercospora centellae subsequently turn to soil to drenched with Bordeaux
observation
purplish brown and mixture
spread all along the upper
surface of leaf lamina.
The symptoms are
initially brown and
punctiform. Later, those
Leaf spot Coleus forskohlii Briq Corynespora casiicola become elliptical and Mancozeb and carbendazim Marimuthu et al., 2018 [27]
subcircular, later turning
to followed by pale
brown
Oval, round, irregular or
Coleus forskohlii Briq, angular necrotic spots Spraying of Carbendazim 0.1%
Leaf spot Botryodiplodia theobromae Anupam & Jha, 2014 [3]
Piper longum Linn. surrounded by concentric and Mancozeb 0.25%
rings appear
Brownish spots appear
initially towards the
Datura metel L., Alternaria tennuissima, A. Authors’ personal
Leaf spot apical half of the leaf and Mancozeb 0.25%
Datura stramonium L. alternata, A. crassa observation
at later stage the spots
increase in size
The spots become dark
brown, round to oval or
Datura innoxia,
Leaf spot Alternaria alternata irregular with necrotic Mancozeb and carbendazim Tekade et al.,2015 [61]
Terminalia bellerica
areas. Such leaf suffers
defoliation.
Appearance of purplish
bronze spots on the entire
Seed treatment with mancozeb or
Eupatorium triplinerve upper surface of leaves Authors’ personal
Leaf spot Cercospora sp soil to be drenched with
Vahl and such leaves gradually observation
Bordeaux mixture
became curved from tip
downwards.
The Noni Website.
Appearance of light
Cephaleuros minimus (Pathogenic Maintaining proper sanitation, College of Tropical
Leaf spot Morinda citrifolia L. brown spots surrounded
alga) removal of diseased plants Agriculture and Human
by diffused yellow halos.
Resources, 2022
Grey-brown spots with
Tabernaemontana
concentric markings Application mancozeb 0.2% or
divaricata and T. Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Leaf spot Colletotrichum gloeosporioides appear on leaves which carbendazim 0.1% and spraying [58]
coronaria (L.) R. Br.
join together form of Trichoderma virens.
Ex Roem. & Schult
patches
Appearance of irregular
Application of Bordeaux mixture,
black spots with
Tinospora cordifolia copper-mercury fungicides,
Leaf spot Xanthomonas campestris yellowish halo on leaf Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
(Thunb.) Miers copper oxychloride and
lamina as well as on
streptomycin solution
midrib, veins
Light reddish lesions
appear on leaves which
Leaf spot or Colletotrichum capsica, C. gradually become Application mancozeb 0.2% or
Boerhavia diffusa L. Paul, 2013 [37]
Anthracnose gloeosporioides enlarged, and straw color carbendazim 0.1%
surrounded by reddish
halo
Chlorophytum
Water-soaked lesions
Macrophomina borivilianum, Trichoderma viride+ Senthamarai et al., 2008
Macrophomina phaseolina having dark brown border [51]
leaf spot Tinospora cordifolia Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Avan. M, 2021 [5]
appear on leaves
(Thunb.) Miers
Costus speciosus Koen
Due to these disease
Phoma leaf ex. Retz, Tinospora Application mancozeb or
Phoma putaminum alkaloid content decrease Marimuthu et al., 2018 [27]
spot cordifolia (Thunb.) carbendazim
considerably
Miers
Appearance of angular
Phoma leaf Application of mancozeb or
Origanum vulgare Phoma herbarum spots are common Avan. M, 2021 [5]
spot carbendazim
symptoms of this disease
Cymbopogon citratus, Tiny reddish dots appear Bavistin (0.1%) then Dithane M-
Red leaf spot Colletotrichum graminicola Mahato et al., 2022 [26]
C. flexuosus, C. on the leaf surface. 45(0.2%) at 10-20 days interval
~ 25 ~
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

martinii Brown dots with

concentric rings also
appear on leaves.
Large, light brown
Stemphylum Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Origanum vulgare Stemphylium botryosum elliptical spots appear on Carbendazim, Propiconazole
leaf spot Avan. M, 2021 [5]
stem and branches
Appearance of large
elliptical lesions with
Stemphylum well-defined reddish
Asparagus officinalis
leaf spot and Stemphylium vesicarium brown or black margins Mancozeb and Carbendazim Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
L.
purple spot surrounded by diffused
yellowish green zone and
light brown
Initially dark brown spots
Rauvolfia serpentina on upper leaf surface and
Target leaf spot Corynespora cassiicola Application of mancozeb Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz yellowish-brown spots on
lower leaf surface
Discoloration of roots Spraying of Mancozeb, copper
Lethal Cymbopogon citratus
Pythium aphanidermatum and disintegration of oxychloride and application of Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
yellowing (DC.) Stapf
cortical region Trichoderma
The disease plant shows
Datura metel L., Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii Spraying of systemic insecticide
Little leaf reduction of leaf size and Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
Datura stramonium L. (16SrVI group) like dimethoate, imidacloprid.
also of internodal length.
Shortening of leaf,
becoming more intense
An unidentified sp. of greenish color and most Authors’ personal
Little leaf Olax sp. Spraying of systemic insecticide
Phytoplasma of those leaf become observation
withered compare to
healthy leaf
Cymbopogon citratus, Stunting of growth and Dithane Z-78 (0.3%) before
Little leaf or
C. flexuosus, C. Balansia sclerotia appearance of little leaf flowering at the interval of 10-12 Mahato et al., 2022 [26]
grassy shoot
martinii abnormal inflorescence days
Small white downy
Downy mildew Atropa belladonna L. Pernospora parasitica growth appears under Copper oxychloride or mancozeb Reddy, 2010 [44]
surface of leaf
Initially brownish spots
appear towards the apical Mancozeb, Metalaxyl Copper
Downy mildew Coleus forskohlii Briq Peronospora belbahrii, P. lamii part of the leaf. At later oxychloride, Streptomyces Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
stage, the leaf becomes lydicus, potassium bicarbonate
yellowish
The most part of the leaf Mancozeb, metalaxyl,
surface becomes Acibenzolar-s-methyl,
Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Downy mildew Ocimum sanctum L. Peronospora belbahrii discolored. Yellowish or Mandipropamid, Azoxystrobin,
Avan. M, 2021 [5]
light brownish necrotic Streptomyces lydicus, potassium
spots occur on leaves bicarbonate
Mancozeb, metalaxyl,
Necrotic lesions having
Acibenzolar-s-methyl,
Downy yellow to light brown
Humulus lupulus Pseudoperonospora humuli Mandipropamid, Azoxystrobin, Avan. M, 2021 [5]
mildews coloration occur in the
Streptomyces lydicus, potassium
leaves
bicarbonate
Mancozeb, metalaxyl,
Yellow to light brown Acibenzolar-s-methyl,
Downy
Papaver somniferum Peronospora spp. coloration occurs in the Mandipropamid, Azoxystrobin, Avan. M, 2021 [5]
mildews
leaves Streptomyces lydicus, potassium
bicarbonate
Yellowish or light
Downy
Plantago ovata Pernospora plantaginis brownish necrotic spots Mancozeb, metalaxyl Avan. M, 2021 [5]
mildews
occur on leaves
Necrotic lesions having
Downy yellow to light brown
Rosa sp. Peronospora sparsa Mancozeb, metalaxyl, Avan. M, 2021 [5]
mildews coloration occur in the
leaves
Yellowish or light
Downy
Rosmarinus officinalis Peronospora lamii brownish necrotic spots Mancozeb, metalaxyl, Avan. M, 2021 [5]
mildews
occur on leaves
Powdery Greyish powdery growth Spraying with wettable sulfur or
Azadirachta indica L. Oidium azadiractae Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
mildew appears on young leaves carbendazim
Leaves become covered
Mixture of neem oil and water at
Powdery Hibiscus rosa-sinensis with white spots Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Podosphaera sp. the rate 2 table spoons neem oil [58]
mildew L. immediately, those turn
in 3.785L water
grey and tan
On the leaves, chlorotic Boscalid+ Pyraclostrobin,
Powdery Humulus lupulus, Rosa Salamone et al., 2009;
Podosphaera macularis spots and brownish Mandipropamid, Thyme and
mildew damascena Avan. M, 2021 [5]
discoloration appear clove essential oil
Appearance of raised
blister like formation on Boscalid+ Pyraclostrobin,
Powdery Salamone et al.,2009;
Mentha arvensis L. Erysiphe cichoracearum leaves and those leaves Mandipropamid, Thyme and
mildew Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
become cover with white clove essential oil
powdery mass
Powdery Disease appears on leaves Boscalid+ Pyraclostrobin, Salamone et al., 2009;
Rosa sp. Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae
mildew with chlorotic spots and Mandipropamid, Thyme and Avan. M, 2021 [5]
~ 26 ~
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

brownish discoloration in clove essential oil

powder form
Affected leaves become Boscalid+ Pyraclostrobin,
Powdery Salamone et al., 2009;
Salvia officinalis Golovinomyces neosalviae curled and bend towards Mandipropamid, Thyme and
mildew Avan. M, 2021 [5]
stem clove essential oil
Production of powdery Mixture of neem oil and water at
Powdery
Solanum nigrum Leveilila taurica patches which enlarge to the rate 2 table spoons neem oil Marimuthu et al., 2018 [27]
mildew
cover the whole leaf in 3.785L water
Powdery Colletotrichum sp., Spray of water-soluble sulfur TNAU AgriTech Portal.
Gymnema sylvestre Symptoms occur on
mildew and C. gloeosporioides 3gm in 1L of water at 10-15 days Crop Protection.
(Retz.)Schult under surface of leaves
leaf spot Pseudomonas syringae, interval Gymnema,2022
Chlorotic spots and Boscalid+ Pyraclostrobin,
Powdery Cymbopogon citratus Salamone et al., 2009;
Erysiphe graminis brownish discoloration Mandipropamid, Thyme and
mildews (DC.) Stapf Avan. M, 2021 [5]
appear on leaves clove oil
White patches join
Eucalyptus leaf extract 10% and
Powdery together to form white TNAU AgriTech Portal.
Ocimum sanctum L. Erysiphe biocellata 10 days later application of
mildew powdery coating on the Disease greengram,2022
Carbendazim 500gm
leaves
Appearance of diffuse
yellow spots in young
Velvet bean
Mucuna pruriens (L.) Velvet bean severe mosaic virus leaves which later
severe mosaic Use of resistant cultivars Zaim et al.,2011
DC. (VbSMV) produce yellowish
virus
symptoms in the older
leaves
Leaves and inflorescence
at their young stage show Spraying of systemic insecticide
Datura metel L.,
Mosaic Colombian datura virus mosaic symptoms. The like dimethoate 0.2%, Verma et al., 2014
Datura stramonium L.
leaves become yellow imidacloprid 0.05%
from the veins
Rauvolfia serpentina Gradually, yellowing
Mosaic Cucumber mosaic virus Use of resistant cultivars Raj et al.,2007
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz appears on leaf
Dark green mottle appear
Mottling of along with blistering and
Atropa belladonna L. Belladonna mottle virus I Destroying the affected plant Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
belladonna distortion of leaf, with
stunting of growth
Necrotic spots appeared
scatterdly on upper
Black necrotic Murraya koenigii (L.) Authors’ personal
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides surface of leaves and the Mancozeb, Carbendazim
spot Spring observation
spots coalesced to form
blackish patch
The affected leaf shows
greyish, white irregular
Leaf necrosis Atropa belladonna L. Ascochyta atropae Copper oxychloride or mancozeb Reddy, 2010 [44]
spots on upper leaf
surface
Appearance of round
light brown spots which
Application of Benomyl 0.1% or
Adhatoda vasica (L.) later turn to irregular TNAU Agritech Portal.
Leaf necrotic Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Mancozeb 0.2% or Carbendazim
Nees. shape and those Chilli phdiseases, 2022
0.1%
coalescence to form a
patch
The affected plants
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Plagithmysus nicotianae var. Application of metalaxyl, use of
Phytophthora produce brownish to Gallup et al.,2006 [13]
L. nicotianae soil fumigation with chloropicrin
blackish lesions
Phytophthora Phytophthora asparagi, P. Appearance of soft, Providing good drainage system,
Asparagus officinalis
crown, root and megasperma var. sojae and other water-soaked lesions on avoiding over-watering and using Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
L.
spear rot Phytophthora spp. shoots disease free planting material
The affected plant shows
growth and flowering
Phytoplasma Phytoplasma (mycoplasma-like Removal of infected plant and
Morinda citrifolia L. abnormality showing Davis et al., 2006 [8]
disease organisms or MLOs) developing resistant plant
stunting and die-back
disease symptoms
Diseased leaf shows
yellowing and stunting
Datura metel L., symptoms. Which
Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseoli Crop sanitization Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
Datura stramonium L. increase with age of the
plant gradually leaves
also wither
Crop sanitization and growing of
Mucuna pruriens (L.) The affected plant shows
Charcoal rot Modiolula phaseolina small crop wheat or barley will Abhinav et al., 2017 [1]
DC. wilting, die prematurely
reduce incidence of the disease
Chlorosis appears on
lower leaves and later
Chlorophytum Carbendazim, Mancozeb, Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Collar rot Corticium rolfsii small brown necrotic
borivilianum Trichoderma harzianum Avan. M, 2021 [5]
lesions appear in the
collar area
Initially yellowing and Use of biocontrol agent like
Collar rot Mentha arvensis L. Sclerotium rolfsii Mondal et al., 2018
wilting of plant occurs Trichoderma
Fusarium oxysporum, Chlorosis appears on Carbendazim, Mancozeb, Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Collar rot Pogostemon cablin
Rhizoctonia solani lower leaves Trichoderma harzianum Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Collar rot and Mucuna pruriens (L.) Lesions appear locally at Pseudomonas fluorescens mixed Vikaspedia. Mucuna
Unidentified
seedling DC. the collar between the with 500kg FYM to the root pruriens
~ 27 ~
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

stem and the root. The region

lesions develop on the
stem to form a collar
Rotting of collar region Mancozeb, Carbendazim 50WP
Collar rot and Cymbopogon citratus
Fusarium moniliforme along with wilting of at the rate of 0.1% and Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
wilt (DC.) Stapf
plant Trichoderma harzianum
Phytophthora asparagi, The infected crown
Application of Carbendazim or
P. megasperma var. sojae, become yellowish orange Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Crown rot Asparagus spp. Mancozeb and
Phytophthora spp. and rottening symptoms Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Trichoderma spp.
appear
Application of Carbendazim or
Appearance of yellowish Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Crown rot Papaver somniferum Pleospora papaveracea Mancozeb and
or orange crowns Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Trichoderma spp.
Phythophthora spp.
The symptoms include Application of Carbendazim or
Rosa chinensis, Rosa Alternaria spp. Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Crown rot appearance of yellowish Mancozeb and
damascena Rhizoctonia spp. Avan. M, 2021 [5]
or orange crowns Trichoderma spp.
Pythium spp.
Application of Carbendazim or
Appearance of yellowish Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Crown rot Salvia officinalis Phytophthora cryptogea Mancozeb and
or orange crowns Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Trichoderma spp.
In case of fruits
characteristics small,
Alternaria alternata, Phytophthora
circular reddish brown
morinda, and Treating the seeds with Marimuthu et al.,
Dry fruit rot Morinda citrifolia L. sunken necrotic spots
Colletotrichum mancozeb 2018 [27]
appear. Dull brown
gloeosporioides
lesions appear on the
flowers.
Appearance of black Treating the seeds with
Chandel et al.,2014 [6];
Dry rot Cassia angustifolia Macrophomina phaseolina lesion at the base of the mancozeb or soil drenched with
Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
plant Bordeaux mixture
Fruits show wet rotting
Fruit rots Emblica officinalis Phomopsis phyllanthi Mancozeb Avan. M, 2021 [5]
symptoms
Water-soaked lesions and
flower buds appear
Inflorescence Rauvolfia serpentina initially and later slimy Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Rhizopus stolonifera Mancozeb
and fruit rot (L.) Benth. ex Kurz wet rot symptoms appear Avan. M, 2021 [5]
on inflorescence and
peduncle
Affected leaves become Soil drenching with COC-0.25%
Fusarium pallidoroseum and
Leaf rot Piper longum Linn. yellow and dry up with pretreatment of bulbs with Anupam & Jha,2014 [3]
Rhizoctonia solani
gradually benomyl 15% + mancozeb 60%
Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichium Soil drenching with COC-0.25%
Aloe vera L. (Aloe Appearance of water-
Leaf rots dematium, Phoma sp. & with pretreatment of bulbs with Avan. M, 2021 [5]
barbadensis Mill soaked spots on leaves
Rhizoctonia bataticola benomyl 15% + mancozeb 60%
Diseased rhizome turns
Pythium Costus speciosus Koen
Pythium spirosum dirty brown and leaves Copper oxychloride or mancozeb Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
rhizome rot ex. Retz
become yellowish brown
The rhizome become
Costus speciosus Koen
Rhizome rot Fusarium solani light brown and offense it Mancozeb Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
ex. Retz
emits.
The affected plant shows
brownish black
Root and foot Datura metel L.,
Corticium solani discoloration of leaves Mancozeb and carbendazim Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
rot Datura stramonium L.
which later get detached
from the stem
Application of Mancozeb,
The symptoms include
Fusarium Copper oxychloride, disposing of
Aloe vera L. (Aloe dark brown mushy root
Root rot oxysporum,Phytophthora spp. & infected plants and using washed Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
barbadensis Mill tips and dark mushy
Pythium spp. pruning tools with 70% alcohol
lower leaves
followed by air dry
Andrographis The roots became
paniculata (Burm.f.) blackened due to rotting.
Wall. ex Nees, The plants start wilting,
Application of Mancozeb,
Root rot Carthamus tinctoria, Macrophomina phaseolina leaves become yellow Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
Copper oxychloride
Rauvolfia serpentina and white cottony
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz., mycelial growth in the
Sesamum indicum. collar region
Fusarium oxysporum, F. asparagi
F. proliferatum,
F. moniliforme, Application of Mancozeb,
F. solani, Copper oxychloride and
Yellowing of leaves and
Root rot Asparagus spp. F. redolens, Trichoderma harzianum,T. viride Ingle et al., 2014 [20]
wilting of plants
Phytophthora asparagi, + Pseudomonas fluorescens and
P. megasperma var. sojae, Glomus fasciculatum
Phytophthora spp.
Rhizoctonia solani
Yellowing of lower
Root feeding with carbendazim
leaves which gradually
@ (20ml/100ml of water) and
Root rot Azadirachta indica L. Ganoderma lucidium proceed on upper side Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
with biocontrol agent like
also and plants look
Trichoderma
drooping
~ 28 ~
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

Leaves become yellow

and incase of severe
Aspergillus flavus,
infestation complete Application of Mancozeb,
Haemofonectira haematococca,
Chlorophytum rottening occurs which Copper oxychloride and use of
Root rot Rhizoctonia bataticola, Tekade et al., 2009 [60]
borivilianum cause death of the plant. biocontrol agent like Glomus
R. solani, Fusarium solani,
Dark brown spots also are fasciculatum
F. oxysporum,
formed in the collar
region.
Root rotting and
producing yellowing of
leaves followed by
Application of Mancozeb,
Root rot Gloriosa superba Macrophomina phaseolina development of dark Marimuthu et al., 2018 [27]
Copper oxychloride
lesions on the stems as
well as black sclerotial
bodies
Phythophthora nicotianae Yellowing of leaves
, drying of plants and Carbendazim + Mancozeb and
Root rot Lavandula spp. P. palmivora, growth of mycelium in Trichoderma viride + Ingle et al., 2014 [20]
P. cinnamomic, the collar region of the Pseudomonas fluorescens
P. cactorum plants
Normally yellowing and
roting symptoms appear.
Roots become dark Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Root rot Morinda citrifolia L. Fusarium proliferatum Seed treatment with fungicide [58]
brown to black,
discolored and show
rottening
The failure of
germination of seeds and Application of Mancozeb,
Ocimum sanctum L., collapsing germinated Copper oxychloride and use Moreira et al.,2015 [35];
Root rot Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp.
Pelargonium spp. seedlings along with biocontrol agent like Glomus Mondal et al., 2018
brownish shriveled area fasciculatum
at stem base.
Application of Mancozeb,
Plants start wilting,
Origanum dubium, Rhizoctonia solani, Copper oxychloride and use of
leaves become yellow Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Root rot Origanum vulgare, Fusarium spp., Phytophthora biocontrol agent like
and white cottony Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Salvia officinalis tentaculata Trichoderma harzianum are
mycelial growth appears
suggested
Rhizoctonia solani, Leaves become yellow
Application of Mancozeb, Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Root rot Origanum spp. Macrophomina phaseolina and roots become brown
Copper oxychloride Avan. M, 2021 [5]
to black
Phythophthora spp. Application of Mancozeb,
At the rotted portion,
Rosa chinensis, Rosa Alternaria spp. Copper oxychloride and using
Root rot black sclerotic spots Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
damascena Rhizoctonia spp. biocontrol agent like Glomus
appear
Pythium spp. fasciculatum
Yellowing and wilting of
Fusarium chlamydosporum, F. Application of Mancozeb,
leaves and brown to black
Root rot and solani Copper oxychloride and use of
Coleus forskohlii Briq roots with decaying roots Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
wilt Macrophomina phaseolina, biocontrol agent like Glomus
and plants become
Ralstonia solanacearum fasciculatum
unhealthy
At advance stage, it
Application of Carbendazim
producs drooping and
Root rot/ wilt Atropa belladonna L. Fusarium solani 50WP (0.1%) Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
yellowing symptoms of
older branches/ leaves.
Appearance of slimy soft
rot at the base of the Application of fungicide and
Bacterial soft Aloe vera L. (Aloe Pervez et al.,2016; [38]
Pectobacterium chrysanthemi whorl. Sometimes water- infected plants must be removed
rot barbadensis Mill Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
soaked lesions appear at to avoid spread of disease
the base of leaves
Symptoms include brown
water-soaked lesions on
both mature and unripe
Soft rot of fruit Morinda citrifolia L. Pantoea agglomerans Carbendazim Marimuthu et al., 2018 [27]
fruits and within 24-48
hours the lesions spread
on the entire fruit
The infection starts from
Aloe vera L. (Aloe leaf edge causing drying, Mancozeb-45(0.25%) or
Basal stem rot Fusarium oxysporum Kawuri et al., 2012 [23]
barbadensis Mill rotting (plant tips) and Carbendazim 50WP (0.2%)
turning to brownish color
The pathogen attack basal
part of the leaves and Use of biocontrol agent like
Basal rot Acorus calamus, Sclerotium rolfsii, Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
gradually its spread to the Trichoderma
total leaf.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Appearance of water-
Carbendazim or Mancozeb and
asparagi soaked lesions, the fleshy
Trichoderma viride +
F. proliferatum tissue becomes weak and Kamalakannan et al.,
Stem rot Asparagus spp. Pseudomonas fluorescens and
F. moniliforme, the water in the tissue 2003 [22]
Bacillus subtilis
F. solani, comes out, the affected
F. redolens, part becomes brown
Dianthus caryophyllus, Pale greenish water- Carbendazim or Mancozeb and
Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Stem rot Origanum dubium, soaked lesions appear on Trichoderma spp., Glomus
sclerotiorum Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Rosmarinus officinalis the infected plant and the fasciculatum and G. mosesae
~ 29 ~
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

plants become weak

Phytophthora nicotianae,
P. palmivora,
Lavandula spp., Appearance of water- Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Stem rot P. innamomic, Carbendazim or Mancozeb
Origanum vulgare soaked lesions Avan. M, 2021 [5]
P. cactorum,
P. tentaculata
Pale greenish water-
Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Stem rot Salvia officinalis Phomopsis sclarea soaked lesions appear on Carbendazim or Mancozeb
Avan. M, 2021 [5]
the infected plant
Pinkish brown lesions
appear on underground
Mancozeb and carbendazim
Stolon rot Mentha arvensis L. Rhizoctonia solani & R. bataticola stolon which gradually Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
turn to dark brown to
black patches.
The stolon shows typical Using healthy disease-free stolon
Stolon rot Mentha arvensis L. Thielavia basicola Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
wilting of plants. in healthy crops
Macrophomina phaseoli,
Rhizoctonia solani,
The disease shows fading
R. bataticola, Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Stolon rot Mentha spp. in the stolon and rotting Mancozeb or Carbendazim
Thielavia basicola Avan. M, 2021 [5]
starts at later stage

The infected area Shukla et al., 2006 [53];

Rauvolfia serpentina
Wet rot
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz
White rot Centella asiatica L. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Adhatoda vasica (L.)
Leaf rust
Nees.
Acorus calamus,
Rust Mucuna pruriens (L.) Uromyces acori, U. mucunae
DC.
Aloe vera L. (Aloe Phakospora pachyrhizi, Uromyces which expand and later
Rust
barbadensis Mill
Asparagus officinalis
L. Cymbopogon
citratus, C. flexuosus,
C. martinii, Mentha
Puccinia asparagi, P. nakanishikii, or pale orange pustules in
arvensis L., Origanum
Rust P. menthae, P. pelargonii-zonalis, concentric ring patterns.
vulgare, Pelargonium
P. pimpinellae, Puccinia sp.
spp., Pimpinella
anisum, Wedelia
chinensis (Osbeck)
Merr.
Rust Coffea arabica L.
Rust Dianthus caryophyllus
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Rust
L.
Rust Rosa sp.
Tabernaemontana
divaricata and T.
Rust
coronaria (L.) R. Br.
Ex Roem. & Schult
Sooty mold Caused by a
Sooty mold Morinda citrifolia L.
Ubiquitous, airborne fungus
Rhizopus stolonifer becomes red where Mancozeb or Copper oxychloride Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
rotting starts Avan. M, 2021 [5]
Petiolar region of leaf
turns white and mycelial Mancozeb, Copper oxychloride Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
growth appears
TNAU Agritech Portal.
Symptoms appear on Spraying of Zineb 2.5kg/ha or
Aecidium adhatodae Diseases cereals wheat,
upper leaf surface Propiconazole @0.1%
2022
Reddish brown pustules Carbendazim 50WP @ 500g/Ra Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
appear on both leaf or Tricyclozole 75 WP@ Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
[58]
surfaces 500g/Ra
Symptoms include
appearance of small pale
yellowish spots of leaves
Application of Sulfur/Copper
Mekonnen and Manahlie,
oxychloride and
aloes turn brown with orange 2018 [32]
Trifloxystrobin/Propiconazole)
spore mass on under
surface of leaves causing
defoliation
Light green patches
appear on new spear
which mature into yellow
Spraying fungicide like
Singh, 2006; Mondal et
Mancozeb or chlorothalonil are
al., 2018 [33]; Avan, M.
suggested. Application of
Appearance of yellowish 2021 [5]
Sulfur/Copper oxychloride
red spots on lower leaf
surface which later turn
to rusty pustules
The infected leaf lamina
becomes yellowish with
Maintaining proper sanitation
circular brownish spots, Authors’ personal
Hemileia vastatrix and application of suitable
8-10 in number, appear observation
fungicide like mancozeb
on the upper surface of
leaf
The under surfaces of leaf
Application of Sulfur/Copper Mekonnen and Manahlie,
turn yellowish, red spots
Uromyces dianthi oxychloride and 2018 [32]; Mondal et al.,
appear with rusty
Trifloxystrobin/Propiconazole) 2018 [33]
pustules
Initially minute orange-
brown spots appear on
Maintaining proper sanitation
under surface of leaves
Kuehneola malvicola and application of suitable McRitchie, 1996
while on the upper
fungicide
surface, yellow orange
spots appear
Yellowish red spots on
Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma Saber et al.,2009;
lower leaves surface
Caeoma sp. harzianum, Maesa lanceolata, Mekonnen et al.,2014;
which later turn to rust
Milletia ferruginea extracts Avan, M. 2021 [5]
pustules
Appearance of chlorotic Application of drip irrigation,
flecks which develop into using organic fertilizer and
Uredo manilensis necrotic spots with avoiding use of excessive Martínez et al., 2011 [28]
orange to reddish brown, nitrogen fertilizer will control
sub-epidermal uredinia this disease
The Noni Website.
Appearance of black
Heavy wind with rain will wash College of Tropical
powdery mold on upper
of sooty mold from the leaves Agriculture and Human
leaf surface
Resources, 2022
~ 30 ~
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

This disease is
Cymbopogon citratus,
inflorescence borne, Dithane Z-78 (0-3%) at the time
Smut C. flexuosus, C. Tolyposporium christensenii Mahato et al., 2022 [26]
affects oil yield and seed of flower initiation
martinii
production
The affected parts
Andrographis become curly and
wart paniculata (Burm.f.) Synchytrium lepidagathidis deformed and the growth Clean-cultivation Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
Wall. ex Nees of inflorescence becomes
stunted.
The symptoms appear on
aerial tender parts of the
Clean-cultivation and discarding
plant giving gall like
Wart Boerhavia diffusa L. Synchytrium boerhaviae the diseased plant parts will stop Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
appearance. The color of
the spreading of the disease.
gall initially becomes
dark pinkish.
The affected plant shows
Application of Trichoderma and
Bacterial wilt Azadirachta indica L. Pseudomonas azadiractae wilting though the leaves Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
Pseudomonas fluorescence.
may look green
In case of wilt disease, Application of Mycostop (1-
the leaves slowly dry up, 2gm/100sq.ft), excess nitrogen Planet Natural. Fusarium
Fusarium wilt Morinda citrifolia L. Fusarium oxysporum
but never turn yellow and application should be avoided, wilt [Internet], 2022
remain green. application of natural herbicide
Yellowing of shoots Mancozeb or Carbendazim and
appear at the initial stage. application of biocontrol agent Moreira et al.,2015 [35];
Fusarium wilt Ocimum sanctum L. Fusarium oxysporum, F. basilicum
At the advancing stage, like Trichoderma with organic Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
the plants wilt and die manure
Disease enters into plant
Maintaining good sanitation
Southern system through roots and
Centella asiatica L. Ralstonia solanacearum pesticidal treatment when Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
bacterial wilt causes vascular wilt, in
necessary
most cases plants die
Reddening of leaves,
Stem and Kalra et al.,2008, Mondal
Mentha arvensis L. Phoma strasseri stunting growth and Mancozeb and carbendazim
rhizome et al., 2018 [33]
wilting of plant
The leaves wilt but do not
Adhatoda vasica (L.) turn yellow, remain Application of Mycostop Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Wilt Fusarium oxysporum [58]
Nees. green. Subsequently they (1-2gm/100 sq.ft.),
may turn dark brown.
The plants start fading Szezeponek and Mazur,
Benomyl or Mancozeb or
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. with appearance of 2006 [59]; Mondal et al.,
Wilt Carthamus tinctorius Carbendazim and Trichoderma
carthami cottony growth around 2018 [33]; Avan. M, 2021
viride [5]
the main root
Cassia angustifolia, The leaves of the affected
Plantago ovata, plant become yellow and
Tabernaemontana drooping, and starts Use biocontrol agent like
Wilt Fusarium oxysporum Magar and Barhate,2013
divaricata and T. rottening on stem closer Trichoderma viride
coronaria (L.) R. Br. to soil vascular system
Ex Roem. & Schult showing discoloration
The plants become fade
Benomyl or Mancozeb or
and cottony growth Szezeponek and Mazur,
Wilt Coleus forskohlii Briq Ralstonia solanacearum Carbendazim and Trichoderma
appear around the main 2006 [59]
viride
root
In case of the disease
discoloration of collar
Datura metel L., Nuge and Setshogo,
Wilt Sclerotium rolfsii region appear, the plants Mancozeb and carbendazim
Datura stramonium L. 2008 [36]
show drooping and
drying symptoms
Dianthus caryophyllus, Szezeponek and Mazur,
Appearance of cottony Benomyl or Mancozeb or
Emblica officinalis, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium 2006 [59]; Mondal et al.,
Wilt growth around the main Carbendazim and Trichoderma
Vetiveria zizanioides, sp. 2018 [33]; Avan. M, 2021
root viride [5]
Sesamum indicum
The green leaves
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Fusarium oxysporum and Application of 500gm bleaching Sweta & Sundararaj, 2022
Wilt gradually become dark [58]
L. Verticillium powder in 2L of warm water
with the start of wilting.
The disease symptoms
like dwarfing, unilateral Benomyl or Mancozeb or
Humulus lupulus,
Verticillium branching and wilting Carbendazim and Use of
Mentha arvensis L., Mondal et al., 2018 [33];
Wilt alba-atrum, appear. The spread of the biocontrol agent like
Mentha spp., Avan. M, 2021 [5]
disease occurs when Trichoderma and Gliocladium
Pelargonium spp.
infected stolon are used virens
during propagation.
Szezeponek and Mazur,
Fusarium sporotrichioides, F. The plants become fade
Benomyl and Trichoderma viride 2006 [59]; Senthamarai et
oxysporum, and cottony growth
Wilt Lavandula spp. + Pseudomonas fluorescens+ al., 2008 [51]; Elewa et al.,
F. solani, appears around the main
Bacillus subtilis 2011 [11]; Avan. M, 2021
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum root [5]

The plants start fading

Phytophthora citrophthora, Benomyl or Mancozeb or Szezeponek and Mazur,
with appearance of
Wilt Rosmarinus officinalis Rhizoctonia solani, Carbendazim and Trichoderma 2006 [59]; Avan. M, 2021
cottony growth around [5]
Fusarium oxysporum, viride
the main root
Witches’ Andrographis Phytoplasma disease is Spraying of systemic insecticide
Phytoplasma (16SrII-D) Saeed et al., 2015 [48]
Broom of paniculata (Burm.f.) exhibited by proliferation like dimethoate, imidacloprid.
~ 31 ~
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies https://www.plantsjournal.com

Kalmegh Wall. ex Nees of shoots giving

appearance of witches’
broom effect along with
stunted growth and little
leaf disease
The disease symptoms
include appearance of
Yellow vein Andrographis Virus (Eclipta yellow vein virus
yellow vein on younger Destroying and discarding the
leaf curl paniculata (Burm.f.) along with a Betasatellite Mondal et al., 2018 [33]
leaves and at later stage affected plants
disease Wall. ex Nees associated)
the up-curling of leaves
appear

Conclusion Tonga, New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Australas Plant

 From the present database, the following conclusion may
be drawn.
 It is clear that a reasonably good amount of work has
been done in India by various workers on fungal,
bacterial, viral and mycoplasma diseases of medicinal
plants but those are most scattered therefore, it will be
highly desirable to have a compendium so that be
available information can be reached under one cover
 The symptoms of disease should be more pin pointed and
avoiding overlapping of those for easy identification of
the disease and causal organism
 Regarding management of the diseases in most of the
cases chemical fungicide etc has been used. Since in the
present days emphasis has been laid on the use of herbal
pesticides, it is therefore needed switch over to herbal
pesticides, mainly plant extracts as are used in case of
insect pest management
 It will be highly useful if a pictorial key is made to
identified the major diseases of medicinal plants.
Acknowledgements
The authors offer grateful thanks to the Secretary,
Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata-
700103 for providing infrastructure facilities and
encouragements.
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