UNIT-01 : SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMI Oi) Write any three postulates of Dalton’s theory. }) Matter is made up of indivisible atoms 2) Atoms are neither be created nor destroyed in chemical reetion 3) Compounds are formed when atoms of diferent elements combine ina fixed ratio 02) What is homogencous mixtures? Give an example. sas: The components are completely mix with eachother and its composition {is uniform throughout Fx: Sugar solution, at, Sea water ) What Ans: The components are not completely mix with each other & its composition | not uniform throughout, Ex: Mixture of salt and sugar, x and pul Jos) Cateutate the molecular mass of 8) CO: ) NH ns: a) Molecuar mass of NHs = (I x14) #3 x 1) b) Molecuar mass of COs= (Ix 12) + 2x 12). 05) Give the SI unit of ayTemperature b) V Ans: a) Kelvin b) Nev or Pascal sky heterogencous mixtures? Give an example, =i ‘of substance 06) How many significant figures whey Nn ) 6.002 x 10% 0.0025 Ans:a)4 b)4 o2 07) Express the following in scientific nota Jans: a) 5.9 104 b)1.7x 10% 08) What i limiting reagent? Ans "The reactant which is completely consumed «during the reaction is called limiting reagent 05) State the lw of conservation of mass. Ans: Itstates that matter (mass) can nether be ereaed nor destroyed 10) State Avogadeo law. Ans: It states that equal volumes ofall gases atthe 2) 0.00039 b)0.0000017 ‘same temperature and pressure should contains equal numberof molecules 11) Define molar mass ? Ans: Its the mass of one mole ofa substance in grams} 12) Whats the value of Avogadro number? ‘Ans: The value of Avogadro number is 6.022 X 10 13) Define Mole. Ans: It is defined as amount of substance that contains Avogadro number of particles (6,022 X 10") 14) Define mass percent ‘Ans: Its defined asthe ‘resent in 100g ofthe solution defined asthe number of moles of solute |dnvof the solution, ality. Ans Iti defined asthe numberof moles of solute present in 1 Kg of solvent FT) What is density Ws Ans Density ofa substance is defined as mass per unit volume SL unt is kgm 18) The percentage composition of organic compound found to contains 26.66% C, 2.22% H andthe rests OL the molecular mass of compound {s 90 gmot!, Determine the molecular formula ofthe compound. Sl unit heer Wo soeras) 7 comonomer [a [=| = | Le | [ Empirical formula SS 121210 = 45 ne Moll 0.2 Empirical formula mass” 45 Molecule formula» Empiveal formula)» 2 (CHO,)* CHO Given, Molecular mas abe a WROD WE oeUNIT-02; STRUCTURE OF ATOM fo) Write any three postulates of Bohe's model of hydrogen atom. |Ans:1) The electrons in an stom can move around the nucleus in a certain fixed lose circular paths called o 2) The energy ofan electron in the orbit doesnot change with time 3) The frequeney of radiation absorbed (or emitted when transition oxeurs| Jos) What are isobars ? Give an example. ‘Ans : sobars are the atoms of diferent elements having same mass number but different atomic numberare Ex: «C'*, »N¥ os) stent ‘Ans: 1) They stats fom cathode and move towards anode. 2) They travels in a straight linen the absence ofelectcal (or) magnetic field, ny two properties of cathode rays? Jos) what are the observations made during Rutherford's a-ray scatering experiment? ‘Ans: a) Most ofthe a pticles passed through the gold fil without any devia b) Some ofthe c- particles were deflected by small angle ‘9)A very few a particles repelled (bounced) back 07) State Heisenberg's uncertainty principe & write | Ans It states that Ii impossible to determine simultaneously, the exaet position ‘and exact momentum ES Mathematically, x xap 22 08) Give de-Brogli pquation™ as”. =2 (or) a= * mathematical form?| os) State Pails exelisio’ principle. Ans: {states sRyRo ewo electrons in an atom car have same valves for all the fou tr umber" ate Hund’s rule of maximum multip ity, ‘Ans: It states that ‘No electron pairing takes place ina set of degenerate orbitals uni each orbitals filled with atleast one electron with parallel spin’, 11) For the element with atomic number (Z= 24) : configuration ii) How many unpaired electrons are present ‘Ans:i)1st,25%, pt, 35%, 3phs!BuP i Six (on 6 12) Using sped notations, deseribe the orbital with the following qua numbers i) n=1,1=0 i) 9=3, 1-1. i) mad, 62 1) Write electronic Ans: i) Is i 3p. ii 4d 13)The FM station of AU India Radio, Hassan, brondcast on a frequency of| 1020kitohertz-Caleulate the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation mitted by transmitter. ns: Given v= 1020x107 He, ©= 30x 10%ms dw © = BOR 8206.1 Aebie hE ANG EAT hue.3 UNIT-03; STATES OF MATTER ox) write Jans: 1 Gases consist of avery large number tiny particles called molecules. 2) The gas molecules ae always in constant random motion, 53) The particles ofa gas move in ll possible direction in straight line, 4) The volume occupied by the gas molecule is negligible as compared to the total volume ofthe gas. five postulate of Kinetic molecular theory of gases 5) There is no force of atraction between the gas molecules. 02) Derive ideal gas equation using gas laws? ‘Ans: According to Boyle's law Ver UP atconstant T and n According to Charles law VeeT atconstant P andn. According to Avogadro'slaw : Vern atconstant’ PandT By combinin thesecquton, We et. Vaca Z A : ve Ral (o) WV =ant Whee: Ringe ee area ‘eset eee is inversely proportional to its vo Matematizally: poe } at constant ompernure Jo State Chare's aw. Writes mathematica expression ns sas that Aa constant presse, the volume of ed meso gt iret proportional os bolt temperate Mathematially Jos) Name 2 types of forces which determine te physical state of substances. Ans: Thermal energy adi ner mole ees ‘voc at constant pressure, (06) Write the expression for 4) ideal gas equation for ‘a moles ofa gas fi) Vander Waals equation for ‘n" moles of gas Compressibility factor (2) for ‘n* moles of gas ancrv = ant w [P+] [om ted by the mixture of non-reactng eases tal pressures of individual gases. Pat Py Universal constant b) Co-efficient of vise fs a)K mob) poise ©) Nm" 09 Define viscosity. How does it va +P atconstant Tand V. Surface tension, with temperature ? Ans: It isa measure of resistance to flow which arses due to the ternal {ition between layers of uid. Ke decreases as the temperature increases 10) What isthe effect of Increase in temperature on I) Vapour pressure ii) Suface tension. Ans: i) Increases i) Decreases 11) What type of Vander Waal's force exists between HCI molecules? ‘Ans: Dipole-Dipole force [12) Under what conditions of temperature and pressure real gases approach ideal behavior Ans 13) Define Critical volume. Low pressure and high temperature |Ans: Is the volume of one mole ofa gas a critical temperature hs) What obeys ideal gas law over an appreciable range of pressure Boyle temperature? Ans: Ihe temperature al which eal gas4 UNIT - 04: THERMODYNAMICS [Ans :i) A balanced chemical equation in which beat change and physical sate of] bi) Define the following thermodynamic terms. 1) Open system i) Closed system i) Isolated system. ans i) Asystem which can exchange both energy and mater with the surounding ii) A system which can exchange only energy but not matter withthe surounding] ii) system which cannot exchange both energy and matter with the surrounding 02) What isan extensive property? Give an example. Ans: A property which depends onthe quinttyof matter present inthe sytem is called extensive propery. Ex: Mass, Volume, Enthalpy, Entropy te 03) What isan intensive property? Give an example Ans: A property which doesnot depends on the quantity of mater prese system salle intensive property. Ex: Temperature, ar 04) State frst law of thermodynamics. Write its mather rps Ans: Energy can neither be ested ve Mathematically AU q+W osywhat are exothermic sors ans wesyoom materia SS Se Ex: Cis) + Ox) —+ COxg) AH =-393.5 KI 06) Write the relation between enthalpy change and internal energy change. Jans : aH = aU + ankT 07) What is motar heat capaci Ans: Is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of the substance by 1° C (01) IK. Ce= C= R. 08) Detine: i) Thermochemical equation i) Standard enthalpy of formation dard enthalpy of combustion +t Write the relation between Cp and Cy reactants and products ae indicated is called thermo chemical equation. 4) Its the emhalpy change that occurs, when one mole ofa compound i formed from its elements in ther standard state {il tis the enthalpy change that occurs, when one mole ofa substance is completly burt in air (Q,) under standard conditions (09) Derive the relationshi Ans: We know that ad Cs for ideal gas. cxat Avconstant vol = CyxaT =aU ie, Gp™ Cp XAT =all A + % Forge hole ofan ideal gas AH = AU + RAT Gat = Gat + RAT GGFR (0) Cre Where: Cr molarheat cape tensa presse, C.=molar eat capacity a contnt volume, R= Univers gs conta 10) State Hess's law of constant heat summation |Ans : The enthalpy change that occurs remains same whether the reaction is ‘carried out in one step (or) several steps 11) What is spontaneous process? Give an example. ‘Ans: Iisa process which can takes place oni own under the given set of conditions. Ex: Rusting of iron (ot) Melting of ice 12) What i entropy? Give its St unit. ‘Ans: It isa measure of degree of disorder (or) randomness ofa system, ‘The SI unit of entropy is Sk*mot* 13) Write ) Gibb's fre energy equation ii) Gibbs-Helmohitz equation Ans: )G=H-TS ii) AG = AH-TaS Tae RRA oePc + o, 4 tH + to, Lo, 5 cHs-o8 +20, 2 Fo get required equatl Retain ean) gn (2) mpd by 2 overs oan) JAns The required equation is 14) Calculate the enthalpy of formation of CHsOH «, Ifenthalpy of combustion of methanol, carbon and_bydrogen are -726kJmol', -293kJmol! and -286kImot respectively. c+ aH, + FO, ——~cHOH Oita? — —- 10 —- co, + 240 AH ion: An He 2, + 0; — 20 | 5Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of benzene. (Cal ‘of formation of CO», HO and Cll are -393.5kI,-2 602+ 240 — chon +20, AN= + 72604 eaoky 286.0K) ------ 2) = 1260K) ~~) AN=~ 90010 ans 57200 respectively. Ans ‘The required equation i 0, +340 AH=? Date: © + % —~ ane amas +40 — + wo dns = 299.28 oe a9 eo + oa Awe + 490) eget required equation Emn(imlpietys: 6 + 8, —> SO A= 61K Em @ymutpiedby3: aH, + 36, —> 340 n= ~ a588u) Rew ve): 0,4 40 —> cai 80, ane = ea ee tt trum in which al the reactants and produts are in same phase Hap + lay = 2k UNIT - 05 : EQUILIBRIUM [01)Mention three characteristics of chemical e ‘Ans: 1) Equilibrium is possible only ina closed system at a constant temperature 2) All measurable properties ofthe system remain constant 3) Both the opposing processes occur the same rate loa) Write any three apy equilibrium constants Ke oF Kp ‘Ans : 1) To predict the di 2) To predict. tion. ) What is Heterogenius equilibrium? Give an example. [Ans It isan equilibrium in which the reactants & produets ae in different phase Ex: 1:09 TO (05) State Lechatliee’s principle. What isthe effect of temperature on the ‘equilibrium when the forward reaction i exothermic? [Ans It states that a change inany ofthe foctrs that determines the equilibrium conditions ofa sytem, will cause the system fo change in such a manner so aso reduce the effect of change. A decrease in temperature favours forward reaction & temperature favours backward reaction (06) Define Bronsted-Lowry concept of acidsSbases Illustrate with an quation| ‘Ans: Acid isa proton donor and base is proton aceptor. Ex: HCl + H:0 +140" C-_Inthisreaetion HC! donates a proton, hence it isan acid and HzO accept a proton, hence it isa base “Andes Rak Waters07)Explain Lewis concept of acid and base with an example. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, [Ans i) Acid is electron par acceptor Ex: BFsAICIs, H.te UNIF-01 : CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY {i)Base is electron pir donar EX: NII. HL0, Fe IN PROPERTIES Jos) What is Conjuste acid-base pair? Give one example |Ans: The pair of an aid and a base which differ by a proton is called conjugate seid basepair. Ex: HCl and CI~ lo) Weite the relationship between Ky and Ki, Write Ky and K, for the ee eae Jane Koei cent yn PagBPo «I hos x [Ans :We knove that Ky = ow that + pol (HY) [0H] = -loaky = log ({H*] [OH-]) =-togt -lovky = log(t*]+ tor Tel pw = ply poll 1m effect? Explain = 10-4 Take ane both 11) What Jans: The desree of dissociation ofa = ofstrong electrolyte reese pressed bythe ation “ee common ion effect. Ex: The degree of dissociation of acetic acid is suppressed by the addition of sodium acetate 12) What is buter so [Ans The solutions which resist change in DY value by the addition of small amount ofan acid or base are called buffer solutions Ex: Acidic buffer: CHyCOOH + CH;COONa & Basie buffer : NH.OH + NH.CI 13)Write Henderson-Iasserbalch equation for acidic buffer. iso in? Give one example for acidic & basic buffer Isat * ne sat wbete paiza Pe Toke of energy required 1 remove an electron fom an isolated Unnilotium iy) Unununium jw does it varies slong a period and 8c ho ints ground state ‘Along a period i eases and down the group decreases. 04) Define electron gain enthalpy. How it varies along a period and down ‘the group ? ‘Ans: It the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a ‘neutral gaseous atom. ‘Along a period increases and down the group decreases. 05) Define electronepativity. How does it varies along a period and down the group? Ans: It isthe capacity (or) ability ofan tom in a compound to attract the shared electrons towards iself (06) What ae isoelectronic species? Give an example, |Ans: Atoms and ions which contains same number of electrons ar called Nav, Mg, AP*, FON (07) Name the most electronegative element in the periodic table Ans Fluorine electronic species. Ex “Anboe Mak MAP ARN LIA en7 UNIT2: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, Jot) Write any three postulates of molecular orb : Jans: 1) The atomic or theory. Is of comparable energies and proper symmetry combine 0 form molecular orbitals . 2) The number of molecular orbitals formed i equal to the number of om orbitals combined '3) When two atomie orbitals combine to form two types of molecular oebital ‘namely Bonding molecular orbital (BMO) and Anti bonding molecular orbital (ABMO) 02) Write any three postulates of VSEPR theory. Ans : 1) The shape of molecule depends upon the numberof valence shell lectron pairs around the central atom. 2) The pais of eletrons in the valence shel tend repel one a be peel neeeners ste between them, «The combining stomic orbitals must overlap tthe maximum exten os) Expl + 40-48? 26? 29,1 2°," 2P,° (Ground tata EC) + 2+ 1s? 2s 2pq! 2," 2P;} Excited tate EC) sp? hybridization with methane molecule as an example. Jans: =p? ybidiaton “The four identical sp!-tybrid orbitals formed are directed towards the four ‘corners ofa regular tetrahedron with bond angle of 109.5°The four p= ybid orbital of carbon atom overlaps axially with Is orbital (of 411 atoms to form 4 C-11 sigma bonds. ue to sp hybrid methane has a tetrahedral structure. (0) Explain sp hybridization in BC sB- 18? 25% 254! 2P,° 22, (Ground state EC) li us Due to sp- hybridization BCL has planar structure. 6) Explain sp-hybriization by aking ethyne (Acetylene) as example, + eC- 18? 2s? 2p," 2P," 2P,°(Ground state EC) + «0-182 2s! 2p,! 2P,! 2P,"(Exclied state EC) Se sp hybridisation + Theo spshybeid orbitals formed are directed linearly wih an angle of 180° A «One sp- hybrid orbital ofeach carbon atom overlaps axially to form ane C-C ly sigma bond: The other sp- hybrid orbital ofeach earbon stom overlaps ax with 1s orbital oF 2 H-atoms to form 2 C-H sigma bonds. + The 2 unkybridised p- orbitals ofeach carbon atom overlaps laterally to frm 2€-€ pibonds Duc to SP- hybridization acetylene molecule has F180 structure with bond ange o[o7) Explain the shape of ammonia molecule lan: ‘VSEPR theory? InN molecule irogen atom has lone par and3 bond pairs of cecrans Dutra ED) bond pai compared 0 bond paitbond pai. Ths onan rela 0 17 fam 1089 yA NH has Trigonal pyramidal sap, ‘ 08) The dipole moment of BeF: is ero. Give reason. |Ans: This is because the two equal bond dipoles points in opposite directions and cancel the effet of each other Jos)What is hydrogen bond? Mer in o-nitropheno [Ans tis defined as the atractve force which binds the hydrogen alo ‘molecule withthe highly electronegative atom of another Inara molecular hydrogen bond 10) What i pi bond? Why sigma bond coe A covalent bond is formed bythe sidewi bonding atomic orbitals is called [cause the extent of overlapping 11) Write any two differences between sigma (@) and pi (x) bond. the type of hydrogen bonding involved laws reaping of ater ina sigma bond Magnetic property: Duc to unpaired electrons, it is paramagnetic. 13) Write the electronic configuration of Liz molecule and caleulate its bond order? las: Bond onder = 14) Mentionghe ty fogen bond inthe following compounds? rite Lewis dot symbols for) i) N iil) CHa iv) CCl ¥) COS” vCOr 16) Write any two differences bonding and. -bonding molecular orbital Bondiag molecular orbital | Ani bonding molecular orbital “They are more sable “They ae ess sable “They favours bond formation | They donot favours bond formation ‘Sigma bond Tris Formed by the axial overlapping ond Tris formed lateral overlapping oF of bonding atomic orbital bonding atomic orbital [Pi bond is weaker Sigma bond is sone 2) Write the molecular orbital electronic configuration of oxygen molecule. CCaleulate the bond order and comment on magnetic property ‘Ans: The electronic configuration of O: molecule is 17) Define Bond Tengih it) Bond angle Hip Bond arder ‘Ans: i) Tis the equilibrium distance between the of nuclei of to bonded atoms ‘na molecule i) I isthe angle berween the orbitals containing bonding elect pats around the central atom ina molecule.) tis the number ‘of covalent bonds present between the two atoms ina molecule. 18) State Octet rule. Ansit states that atoms of diferent elements combine with each oer inorder to complete their octet. Reet Ewa Eat be9 ‘UNIT-03 : REDOX REACTIONS: 03) Consider the element Na, F, andl: 01) Batance the following chemical equation by oxidation wumber methods | jy gentity the clement that exhibits only negative oxi acidic medium Fei + C1207" —e Fel+ co iy Identity the element that exhibits only positive oxidation state deni the element that exhibits both positive Snegative oxidation sate an: Reduction 233 = una wf Ee ne: DF a)Na ai Stopes: Fel CxgOy?”— Fe + Co oe ne ee e Ee Grdaton et = Ton Give an example. ical compounds are formed by the C +0; C0; 04)What i con ‘Ans: Iisa redox eset combination of 1 Ws Ex: i eeaction ? Give an example ion in which metal present ina chemical compound gets another metal, Ex: CUSOi+Zn —+ Cut ZnSOs Give an example. Step-2: Oxidation hall reaction: Fe —* Fe — tant Reduction half wacton : Cr,0;7-—* 2¢r" unt ‘Step-3: Oxidation half reaction x6: 6 Fe?*—> 6 Fe™ Reduction haf easton x 1:C2,0)27—e 200" nation react ‘Add: GF" + 6y0)?-— 6s hati dispropo Itisa redox reaction in which an element in one oxidation state is Stop-4: BFe + Cry + 4H areo20is sf simultaneously oxidise and reduced. Ex :2 4:0) 2 1h0+ 0: by oxidation Sua (07) Define ovidation number? 02) Balance the following redox equ: hhasie medium. Mn0,°+ Br“ —* Mt [Ans : Is the real or apparent charge on one atom of the element in a compound (08)Detine oxidation in terms of electron transfer. Ane: step-t ‘Ans : Loss of eletron(s) by any species is called Oxidation (09) Define oxidizing agent in terms oxidation number. ‘Anse A reagent which can inereases the oxidation number of an element ina Step-2: Oxidation holfreacian : Br —e BrOy (6unt) given substance i called oxidizing agent Reduction hal reaction ; MnO/—* MnOz (Bun) 10) What isthe oxidation number of Minin i) MaOs_ii) KMaOx ‘Stop-3: Oxigation haf reacton x3 = 3. Br —*3 BOs Ans: i) +4 i) 47 Reductil action x6 : 6MnOy'—r 6MnOp 11) Calculate the oxidation number of Crin KxCr20. [Add = GMnOy + 367 —* BNO; +2810" Ang: LettheON of Crbe'x’ — 242x+7(2)=0 Bel=0 axe 46 Step: 6MNOy + 9BF + 3H,0—* 6NnO, + 3 BrOs"+ SOK be EME Te10 UNIT-04; HYDROGE Jot) Mention the three uses of Dibydrogen. JAns= It is used a) Inthe preparation of ammonia by Haber’s process b) Inthe preparation of hydrogen chloride c) As a reducing agent in metallurgy 02) How is hydrogen gas prepared inthe laboratory ? Write the equation Ans: It is prepared in the laborstory by the reaction of zinc with dilate HCI Za 2HCl—+ ZnCl + Ha (ot) Zn+2Ht —+ZnF* + He [03) Explain the preparation of 110: from Barium peroxide Jans I is prepared by the action of dil z$0, on barium peroxide BaO:+ 1:80, —> H:0: + BaSO. Jos) What are hydrides ? Give one example for saline(ioniyhydride. Ans : A binary compounds of hydrogen with other elements except noble gase are called hydrides Ex: LiH (ox) Nall 0s) Write the composition of) water gas(synthess ga Jans: i) Water gas:CO+1 i) Producer gas: CO-+ Ns hardness of water? | Ans: Water containing soluble sls of calcium and magnesium is called Hard ‘water tan be removed by using 4) Sodium carbonate (Washing soda) ii) Sodium hexa meta phosphate (Calgon’s method) J07) What is soft water? Mention any two method of removing temporary Inardness of water? JAns: Water fre from soluble salts of calcium and magnesium is called Soft water. Itean be removed by ‘Boiling i) By using lime (Clark's method) (08) What are the causes for permanent hardness of water? ‘Ang : Permanent hardness is due tothe presence of chlorides and sulphates of | caleium and magnesium (09) What are the causes for temporary hardness of water? ‘Ans‘Temporary hardness s de tothe presence of bi (hydrogen) carbonates ‘of aeium and mag 10) Complete the f i) Zm¢2Na0 erage Chrome fi Yeo + Ho 22% roms Wy) Us +2Na — ‘Ans: i) Hs + NaxZnOs i) POSOs +4#:0 ill) CO2* Hs iv) NaOH +H 10) Name the radioactive isotope of hydrogen. Ans: Tritium 11) What is the molecular formula for heavy water? ‘Ans: D:0, 12) What is the role of heavy water in nuclear reacto ‘Ans: As moderator (or Slow down fast moving neurons) 13) Name the isotope of Hydrogen containing two neutrons? Ans : Tetum 14) Give an example for electron precise hydride, Ans: Methane(CH) 15)Write the reaction of dihydrogen with halogen Ans: Hy + Xy—> 2X se balapara Tiare14 LUNIT-05 :s BLOCK ELEMENTS 01) How is sodium hydroxide prepared commercially by Kastner-Kellner ca Ans: A Brine (NaCI) solution is electolysed using a merery cathode and a carbon anode, Chorine(Cl) ga is liberated atthe anode, Sodium metal discharged atthe cathode combines with mercury o form sodium-smalgum Reactions: Atanode : c’ — Ch +e Aveatote | Nat te° 9 Na amalgam Sodium malo seated ih ater et NeOH ands. 2 Na-amalan(lg) +2140 —+ 2 NOH +H 2g 2) Give he emia formula for {) Plaster of paris ii) Lime stone i) Washing soda iv) Quick lint’ 1¥)Slaked lime vi) Soda ash vii) Baking sods vil) Caust soa 24:1) C0. 2110 (a) 21€3801) 180 ast Wy)CxO_y)CAOH)2 vI)NaCOs vi) OH HK shone by solution of NaCl (Brine 03) Explain the manufacture of sod olvay’s process ‘Ams: The CO: gas i pased through cA Solution) saturated with ammonia To get ammonium carbonate followed by ammonium hydrogen carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate 2NHy-+ H:0+ CO; — (NHL):COs (NH9:C0s + H20 + CO: — 2NHLHCOs NHMHCO; + NaCl — NaHCO; + NHC Soaium hydrogen carbonate on heating gives Sodium carbonate, 2NaHCOs “ NaxCOs+ 0+ CO» 04) How quicklime is commercially prepared ? [Ans: It is prepared by beating limestone in a rotary kiln at 1070-12 70K. aco; Ms Cao + CO: os) How is sodium bicarbonate prepared? Ans Is prepared by passing CO: gas through a saturated solution of Sodium Carbonate NayCOs + H,0 + CO; —+ 2NSHICO, K 06) Mention one biological importance of exch Na a |Ans: Na" ion transport su acid in fo cells K* ion participate inthe ATP. ‘oxidation of glibase Sox i dropped into water ) CaO reacts with wate to form caleium hydroxide (Ca(OH): ) fi) K bums vigorously to form super oxides 1) Na ceaets with water to form NaOH withthe Hberation of Ht 2s os) au Ans: Because of their high restvity towards air and water. lo) Why are alkali metals are soft? Ans: Due 1o weak metallic bonding 10) Give the general electro 11) How is ionization enthalpy varies in all 12) Name the alkali metal which is radioactive? 13) Which alkali metal gives golden yellow colour tothe flame 14) Why compounds of alkaline earth metals are more ext than those of alkali metals? are stored in kerosene, why? configuration ofs-block elements. Ans: ns! Is? Ams: Decreases Ans + Franium Ans: Na ly hydrated |Ans : The hydration enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions are ‘of kai metal ions, wer than those 15) Name the alkali metal has maximum hydration enthalpy. Ans: Lithium Tae RRA oe12 11) Write any three differences between graphite and diamond. 01) Write the composition of i) Borax i) Orthoboric acid Graphite Diamond ‘Ans i) NasB:0n 10110 i) HBOS Each carbon atom i 9p ybridised Each carbon atom i p hybridise 02) Give reasons: T Iris very hard Tsson, i 1) Concentrated nitric acid transferred i Graph Diamond is covalent, yet it has high melt soft and slippery 1 point Ans: ) Because Cone HNO; renders aluminium passive by forming a protective lans oxide layer onthe surface 1) Dueto weak vander waa’ ores of stcton ‘one another Hence graphite i soft and slippery. i) Duet its hardest has igh ming pit. 03) Mention the type of hybr lowsthelyersto slide over = ization of i) earbon atom prese ) What nares hy wig hs ea ae Pocp ear nee are [risa bad conductor of elecincny, | leis a conductor of electriiy, ‘catenation? Give the example of element of group-14 shows + Carbon atoms bond with one another through covalent nd rings, Ex CatbortC) ‘the repeating unit in organo silicon polymer ? Name the starting (raw) material used in the m facture of organo silicon polymer. 05) What is the shape of Buckminster Fullerene? Ans: Soccer ball, 06) Write the molecular formula of inorganic benzene. Ans : BINH 07) What is zeolite? Ans: Hydrated sodium alumina silicates are called zeolites 15)) Ans: 08) Give any three reasons for anoamalous behavior of Boran (oF) carbon? Jans: Due toi) ls small size ) Absence of orbital i its valence shell, 09) Why Boron has high melting point? Ans 10) Name the neutral oxide of earbon. Ans Carbon moxide (or) CO 19) ii) Us high eletronegativi shit zativity lens neta seongeysaline lice |, lans What are Silicones? Mention any'two man made si ate, : Silicones are Organosilcon polymers containing, -(R,Sio}-repeating units Man made silicates are Glass and cement Explain the reactions taking place when TIO is heated? 1yB0) ++ Bo; + metabori acid BOs Borie antydride( Bore oxide) Write the general electronic configuration of ‘P” block elements [Noble gas} ns", np! Tae RRA oe13 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY UNIF-O1 : SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES, D1) How can carbon and hydrogen be estimated in the organic compound by Lchies process? ns: Prinpe: A kom mas of te rans compound i etd with Coppet} oxide in presence of pre nd dry oxygen The aon and ‘hydrogen present in the organic compound are oxidized to CO; & H20- +20 2 cowte2cy, eco 0+ co Theimasof HHO and COs prodcedisdetmined by ssn the mire asesthvougha weighed U-tube conning ayous CaCl and ance veihed Use conning KOH solution. These ies are connected in seis. The nese inmassof CaCl and KOH gives the amount of 1 and COsfom which percentage of an ydogen ec = Calculations: Let the mass ofthe organic compound be’ (C0 produced be am and ms respective! 2xm 4 Percentage of Hydrogen = 2) Write the principle and formals halogens present in an organic co : Prnciple:A known mass of organi compound containing halogen is heated with fuming iti acid in the presence of Silver nitrate ina hard glass tube known as Carus tube. The carbon and hydrogen present in the compound ‘ae oxidized to CO, andHz0. The halogen present in the compound forms te ‘corresponding Silver halide (AEX), Is filtered, washed, dried and weighed ‘The percentage of halogen isealeulatedffom the mass of Silver halide Percentage of Halogen = (03) Mention the name of any two methods of purifies [Ans 1) Sublimation 2) Crystallsation 3) Distillation (os) Wha 08) What type of isomerism the following of orga Compounds. {Any #90) 1e carbocations? Mention the hybridisation state of carbon and shape of CHE (methyl carbocation). ‘Ans A species having a carbon positive charge ae Hybridisation. 05)How do you dete Ans: ee ulphut. 16) Define Functional group, Writ 7s possessing sextext of electrons and a tions. “rigonal planar in sodium fusion extract? extract is aiified with acetic ac and lead acetate is 'R black precipitate of lead sulphide indicates the presence of the structure of functional group of aldehyde? |Ans: An atom or group of atoms whic determines the properties of an organic compounds is calle functional group. FG: -CHO (07) For the compound CHs- CH = CH-CHs i) Writ the TUPAC name of the compound.) Wste the bend line forma for te compound Wently the sumber of p-bond 1) Ane: i)2tueneu2ene iA tp tone) of compounds exhibit ‘Ans: Functional isomerism 0) Propan ne Propan-t-ol and propan-2-ol Ans: Position isomerism i) Pentane and 2-methyl butane. 09)What are fre radical? Ans : The neutal species which contain single and 2-propat Ans hain isomerism (01) unpaired electrons ae called freee radical14 10) What are elecirophile and nucleophile? Give one example of each. Electrophile ‘Nucleophiles Tris reagent that takes away an ection pa from the reactive site Ex: AICh, BF:H*, NO? Teas a reagent that brings an election pairfo the reactive sit Ex: H:0, NH,OH”CN- 11) Write any diferences between inductive efect & mesomerie effect Taduetive eect ‘Mesomeric(Resonance)effect, UNIT -02 :HYDROCARHONS 1) Explain the mechanism of chlorination of methane. |Ans: Mechanism : It involves the following tnee steps, 1) Initiation: cee Tat a+ on 2G 2) Propagation: Chlorine ' Chlorine Fee ra a cua + &§ —> ey, + ner » } > CHycl + a Tris weak effect isa strong efiect veral time anda chain escion occurs Troceurs ina started sytem Toccursine conjugated Sem Trinvolves the paral involves athe complete wanster Aisplcement of «electrons of melectrons ee (a) and(b) 3) Kou aa > cher en ch 12) Write any 2 differences between inductive effect & electromeric effect Eleciromerie ef Tisa temporary eff Taductive eect THis permanent effect isa weak effeo [Wis song e TWoseurs ina saturated sytem Toseprs wag ated system 13) What fs cunt by ductive effect? Give adipxample of a Rroup causing effet? 2 The polarity is produced in a mol 2 bond pair of electrons towards more elstronegative Ex :-NO 14) What isthe functional isomerism? Explain with an example ans fe due tothe pata displacement of, cx, Ans : When wo (or) more compounds having the same molecular formula but Differin funetional groups Bx: Ethy alcohol and Dimethy! ether are funtional isomers. 15) Name the element estimimated by Kjeldal ‘Ans: Nivogen 's(0r) Dumas method Hy + CH; —> chty-cH, 1}E plain the steps involved in mechanism of involves the following thee steps oF Ektrptie: yy9, + HSO;—* Noy + HBO, + Hh0 ation of benzene Ans 1) Genera 2 ten trim aa Se a Por, Cis-But2-ene ‘Trans-But2-ene ae mae APfos)Deseribe the mecha 1) Formation ofelectophile H” HyC-CH= CH, + Ht ropene —Eletophie formed. product 2-bromo propane ‘Sec-carbocation Calcium carbide O07) Name the catalyst use 0) Write any three condit sm of addition of HBr to propene. Ans: It invalves the following three steps 2) The electropile, which attacks the double bond to frm carbocation ‘The 2" carbocation is more stable than I 3) The Brion attacks the more stable sec- carbocation to form stable 418 Fercy-cr, POH pc-cu-cHy-cht + Nebr ea ne pbwe br (Eyl toie = ye-dn-en, late Markownikov's ule ono worn A sts a" pep of te uymineial mle pe ate a the unsaturated carbon stom ofthe alkene o alkyne containing, lesser 0s)Draw the staggered conformation of ethane. loc) How is ethyne prepared from calcium carbide? Give equation |Ans: It is prepared by treating calcium carbide with water Cac; + 24,0 —™ CyHy + CHOM, Friedel-craft’s reaction. Ans: Anhy AICls ns for aromati 1s) Planarity_ i) Complete delocalization ofthe electron lip Presence of (42) electrons in the ring. Br —e Ht + BF ccs Cy Priccarbocation (Less stable) he Bewene Ly e-€n-crs 0) Explain Wurt reaction with Sable example See-carbocation (More stable) Ans: When alkyt halide of Gein wh sodium metal in dry ether to give higher carbocation. Thus 2° carbocation i| 2s ee slkane-This as Warte reaction numberof hydrogen atoms 12) Name the products formed when ethyne is passed through red ho tube? A 13) Explain the preparation of ethane by Kobe's electrolytic method? F c-coona+21,0 HOS 4,c-cH3+200, +2N20H +H Sollumethmeate hme 4) Give any two tests to distinguish between kane and alkene Ethyne (Acetylene) +i) Bromine solution test 2)Bayer’s test Ans 15) Classity the following in to meta and ortho & para directing groups: - CHO, -OH,-CN-CH Meta:-CHO,-CN Onho& Para: ,-OH-CHy ity,