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From research to implications
Motivation and the vision of knowing a second language
Language teachers frequently use the term ‘motivation’ when they describe
successful or unsuccessful learners. This reflects our intuitive belief that
during the lengthy and cften tedious process of mastering a foreign/second
language (12), the learners enthusiasm, commitment and persistence are
key determinants of success or failure. indeed, in the vast majority of cases
learners with sufficient motivation can achieve a working knowledge of an
L2, regardless of their language aptitude, whereas without sufficient motiva-
tion even the brightest learners are unlikely to persist long enough to attain
any really useful language.
If motivation is such a crucial feature of successful learning, teacher skills
in motivating learners should be seen as central to teaching effectiveness.
Indeed, research has shown that for many teachers problems about motivat-
ing pupils are the second most serious source of difficulty (after maintaining
classroom discipline), preceding other obviously important issues such as
the effective use of different teaching methods or a knowledge of the sub-
ject matter. If you have ever tried to teach a language class with reluctant,
lethargic or uncooperative students, you will know from bitter personal experi-
ence that researchers got it right this time!
Since the mid-1990s there have been some publications specifically discuss-
ing various techniques and strategies to motivate language learners, and
in 2001 Zoltan produced a summary of this practical knowledge in his book
Motivational strategies in the language classroom. This collection showed
that there is much more to motivational strategies than offering rewards and
punishment (Le. ‘carrot and stick’) and drew attention toa rather unexplored
area of teacher development. In our book we present a new approach to
conceptualising motivation - centred around the learner's vision - that
complements the techniques that were presented in the 2001 book. This———
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