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VSC Based D-STATCOM in Transmission Lines for Power Quality

Improvement

Research · September 2012

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National Conference on Electrical Sciences – 2012 (NCES-2012) ISBN:978-93-81583-72-2

VSC Based D-STATCOM in Transmission Lines for

Power Quality Improvement

T.Vijay Muni N.Sambasiva Rao K.Venkata Kishore

Asst. Professor in EEE Dept. Assoc. Professor & Head in EEE Dept. Asst. Professor in EEE Dept.
NRI Institute of Technology NRI Institute of Technology NRI Institute of Technology
Agiripalli, India Agiripalli, India Agiripalli, India
vijaymuni1986@gmail.com samba_rao3@yahoo.com venkatakishore253@gmail.com

Abstract— A power quality problem occurs due to the
nonstandard voltage, current or frequency this result in failure of
user equipments. So the present work is to identify the prominent
concerns in this area and hence the measures that can enhance
the quality of the power are recommended.
This paper deals with the enhancement of voltage sag/swell,
harmonic distortion and low power factor using Distribution
Static Compensator (D-SATACOM)
This paper deals with the performance, analysis of, operating
principles of a new generation of power electronics based
equipment called (D-STATCOM) aimed at enhancing the
reliability, and quality of power flow in low voltage distribution
network. The model is based on the Voltage Source Converter
(VSC) principle. The D-STATCOM injects a current into the
system to mitigate the voltage sags.LCL Passive Filter was then
added to D-STATCOM to improve harmonic distortion and low
power factor. The simulations were performed using MATLAB
SIMULINK version R2009b.
Index Terms— D-STATCOM, Power Quality, Voltage sag,
Voltage source converter, harmonic distortion.
I. INTRODUCTION
Now a day‟s electric distribution system is part of an electric
system between the bulk power source or sources and the
consumer‟s service switches. One of the most power quality
problems today is voltage sag/swell. The voltage sag/swell
magnitude is ranged from half cycle to one minute.
Voltage sags are one of the most occurring power quality
problems. For an industry voltage sags occur more often end-
user equipment as the main power quality problems. [1]
In the early days of power transmission in the late 19th
century problems like voltage deviation during load changes
and power transfer limitation were observed due to reactive
power unbalances. Today these Problems have even higher
impact on reliable and secure power supply in the world of
Globalization and Privatization of electrical systems and
energy transfer. The development in fast and reliable
semiconductors devices (GTO and IGBT) allowed new power
electronic Configurations to be introduced to the tasks of
power Transmission and load flow control. The FACTS
devices offer a fast and reliable control over the transmission
parameters, i.e. Voltage, line impedance, and phase angle
between the sending end voltage and receiving end voltage. On
the other hand the custom power is for low voltage
distribution, and improving the poor quality and reliability of
supply affecting sensitive loads. Custom power devices are
very similar to the FACTS. Most widely known custom power
devices are DSTATCOM, UPQC, DVR among them
DSTATCOM is very well known and can provide cost
effective solution for the compensation of reactive power and
unbalance loading in distribution system.
The performance of the DSTATCOM depends on the
control algorithm i.e. the extraction of the current components.
For this purpose, there are many control schemes, which are
reported in the literature, and some of these are instantaneous
reactive power (IRP) theory, instantaneous compensation,
instantaneous symmetrical components, synchronous reference
frame (SRF) theory, computation based on per phase basis, and
scheme based on neural network. Among these control
schemes, instantaneous reactive power theory and synchronous
rotating reference frame are most widely used. This paper
focuses on the compensating the voltage sag, swells and
momentary interruptions.
In this paper, the configuration and design of the
DSTATCOM with LCL Passive Filter are analyzed. It is
connected in shunt or parallel to the 11 kV test distribution
system. It also is design to enhance the power quality such as
voltage sags, harmonic distortion and low power factor in
distribution system
II. REACTIVE POWER IN VOLTAGE REGULATION
A. Voltage Disturbances
Voltage sag or dip represent a voltage fall to 0.1 to 0.9 p.u.
and existing for less than one minute and voltage swell is the
rise in voltage of greater than 1.1 p.u. and exists for less than
one minute.

Department of EEE, Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences, Rajampet 296

National Conference on Electrical Sciences – 2012 (NCES-2012) ISBN:978-93-81583-72-2

B. Voltage Control by Reactive Power Compensation

First, we consider an uncompensated line. The current
drawn by the load depends on the load itself and the line
voltage. The current engenders the voltage drop in the
transformer and the line reactance. It results in the decrease in
transmission voltage VT and distribution voltage VD. Figure 2.1
shows the vector diagram of a single load center connected to
uncompensated line. The voltage drop in the line mainly From the above figure 2.3 it is clear that the voltage will
depends on the current taken by the load as well as the get dropped both at the transmission side as well as at the
resistance and inductance in the line. distribution side.
E < V T < VD
Hence by the use of reactive power compensation VD can
be increased to that of the supply voltage E.

Figure: 2.4 A Simple power line with DSTATCOM

Figure: 2.1 Uncompensated Line with Single Load As DSTATCOM is the shunt device the shunt –injected
current (leading or lagging) corrects the voltage by adjusting
the voltage drop and

VD = E

The inductive or capacitive reactive power required by the

load is provided at the load point itself by the STATCOM
without the use of reactors and capacitive banks.

Figure: 2.2 Compensated Lines with Single Load

It can also be seen that the angle between the voltage and
the current is playing a major role in maintaining the voltage.
Let us consider the supply voltage is E. Now due to the
voltage drops IR and IX the load voltage is V.
It is possible to bring V=E, just by making the current to
lead so that the vector diagram will get modified as shown in
III. D-STATCOM
A D-STATCOM consists of a two-level VSC, a dc energy
storage device, controller and a coupling transformer connected
in shunt to the distribution network. Figure 3.1 shows the
schematic diagram of D-STATCOM.

figure 2.2. i.e by the use of shunt compensation (either at the

transmission line or at the distribution line) the voltage at the
load end can be regulated.
The same principle can be used in case of capacitive load
also. If the load is capacitive, a lagging current will help in
Figure: 3.1 Schematic diagram of a DSTATCOM
regulation of voltage.

Figure: 2.3 A Simple power line without DSTATCOM

Department of EEE, Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences, Rajampet 297

National Conference on Electrical Sciences – 2012 (NCES-2012)
A. Overview of D-STATCOM
The Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is a
voltage source inverter based static compensator that is used
for the correction of line currents [2]. Connection (shunt) to
the distribution network is via a standard power distribution
transformer [3]. The DSTATCOM is capable of generating
continuously variable inductive or capacitive shunt
compensation at a level up its maximum MVA rating. The
DSTATCOM continuously checks the line waveform with
respect to a reference ac signal, and therefore, it can provide
the correct amount of leading or lagging reactive current
compensation to reduce the amount of voltage fluctuations.
The major components of a DSTATCOM are shown in Fig.2.
[4]. It consists of a dc capacitor, one or more inverter modules,
an ac filter, a transformer to match the inverter output to the line
voltage, and a PWM control strategy. In this DSTATCOM
implementation, a voltage-source inverter converts a dc voltage
into a three-phase ac current that is synchronized with, and
connected to, the ac line through a small tie reactor and capacitor
(ac filter).
Iout = IL – IS =IL – ((Vth - VL)/Zth) (1)
Iout < γ = IL < (-θ) – (Vth/Zth) < (δ-β) + VL/Zth < (-β) (2)
Iout =Output current
IS = Source current
IL = Load current
Vth = Thevenin voltage
VL = Load voltage
Zth = Impedance
Referring to the equation (1), output current, Iout will
correct the voltage sags by adjusting the voltage drop across
the system impedance, (Zth =R+jX). It may be mentioning that
the effectiveness of D-STATCOM in correcting voltage sags
depends on:
a) The value of Impedance, Zth = R+jX
b) The fault level of the load bus
B. Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
A voltage-source converter is a power electronic device,
which can generate a sinusoidal voltage with any required
magnitude, frequency and phase angle. Voltage source
converters are widely used in adjustable-speed drives, but can
also be used to mitigate voltage dips. The VSC is used to
either completely replace the voltage or to inject the „missing
voltage‟. The „missing voltage‟ is the difference between the
nominal voltage and the actual. The converter is normally
based on some kind of energy storage, which will supply the
converter with a DC voltage. The solid-state electronics in the
converter is then switched to get the desired output voltage.
Normally the VSC is not only used for voltage dip mitigation,
but also for other power quality issues, e.g. flicker and
harmonics.
Department of EEE, Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences, Rajampet
ISBN:978-93-81583-72-2
A special gate unit and voltage divider across each IGBT
maintain an even voltage distribution across the series
connected IGBTs. The gate unit not only maintains proper
voltage sharing within the valve during normal switching
conditions but also during system disturbances and fault
conditions. A reliable short circuit failure mode exists for
individual IGBTs within each valve position.
Depending on the converter rating, series-connected IGBT
valves are arranged in either a three-phase two-level or three
level bridge. In three-level converters, IGBT valves may also
be used in place of diodes for neutral point clamping. Each
IGBT position is individually controlled and monitored via
fiber optics and equipped with integrated anti parallel, free-
wheeling diodes. Each IGBT has a rated voltage of 2.5 kV with
rated currents up to 1500 A. Each VSC station is built up with
modular valve housings which are constructed to shield
electromagnetic interference (EMI). The valves are cooled with
circulating water and water to air heat exchangers. PWM
switching frequencies for the VSC typically range between 1-2
kHz depending on the converter topology, system frequency
and specific application.
C. Energy Storage Circuit
Energy storage circuit is connected in parallel with the DC
capacitor. The circuit carries the input ripple current of the
converter and it is the main reactive energy storage element.
The DC capacitor could be the charged by the battery source or
could be recharged by the converter itself.
D. Controller
Figure: 3.2 Block diagram of Controller System
Figure 3.2 shows the block diagram of Controller
sytem.The controller system is partially part of distribution
system.
Proportional-integral controller (PI Controller) is a feedback
controller, which drives the system to be controlled with a
weighted sum of the error signal (difference between the
output and desired set point) and the integral of that value.
In this case, PI controller will process the error signal to
zero. The load r.m.s voltage is brought back to the reference
voltage by comparing the reference voltage with the r.m.s
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National Conference on Electrical Sciences – 2012 (NCES-2012)
voltages that had been measured at the load point. It also is
used to control the flow of reactive power from the DC
capacitor storage circuit.
PWM generator is the device that generates the Sinusoidal
PWM waveform or signal. To operate PWM generator, the
angle is summed with the phase angle of the balance supply
voltages equally at 120 degrees. Therefore, it can produce the
desired synchronizing signal that required. PWM generator
also received the error signal angle from PI controller. The
modulated signal is compared against a triangle signal in order
to generate the switching signals for VSC valves.
E. Applications of D-STATCOM for Reactive Power
Compensation & Voltage Regulation
Initial application of DSTATCOM (using IGBT devices) was
primarily for the control of (Fundamental Frequency) reactive
power control and voltage regulation. SVCs have been applied for
this purpose earlier. A major advantage relates to the improved
speed of response, capacity for transient overload (up to one
second) in addition to the improved performance at reduced
voltages.
1. Limiting voltage swells caused by capacitor switching.
2. Reduction of voltage sags due to common feeder faults.
3. Controlling the voltage fluctuations caused by customer
load variations. It was found 2.5% to 0.2% with
DSTATCOM. This reduces voltage flicker substantially.
4. Based on the control algorithm, the frequency of
mechanical switching operations (involving load tap
changing (LTC) transformers and mechanically
switched capacitors) is reduced that is beneficial for
maintenance.
5. Increase in the maximum load ability of the system (in
particular, increase in the induction motor load that can
remain stable through a major disturbance, such as a
loss of primary in feed)
The controller of DSTATCOM suggested in has three levels
given below:
a) Fast voltage regulator.
b) Fast current limiter and overload management control.
c) Slow reset control.
IV. ZIG - ZAG TRANSFORMER
A Zigzag transformer is a special purpose transformer with
a zigzag arrangement. It has primary windings but no
secondary winding. One application is to derive an earth
reference point for an ungrounded electrical system. Another is
Department of EEE, Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences, Rajampet
ISBN:978-93-81583-72-2
to control harmonic currents. The application of a zig-zag
transformer for the reduction of neutral current is advantageous
due to passive compensation, Rugged, and less complex over
the active compensation techniques. A zig-zag transformer is a
special connection of three single-phase transformer windings
or three-phase transformers Windings. The zig-zag transformer
in the past has been used to create neutral and to convert a
three-phase three-wire system into a three-phase four-wire
system. The new application of a zig-zag transformer is to
connect in parallel to the load for filtering the zero-sequence
components of the load currents. The phasor diagram of the
zig-zag transformer is shown in Fig. 4.1. The currents flowing
through the utility side of these three transformers are equal.
Hence, the zig-zag transformer can be regarded as open-circuit
for the positive-sequence and the negative-sequence currents.
Then, the current flowing through the zig-zag transformer is
only the zero-sequence component. An application of a zig-zag
transformer alone in a three-phase, four-wire system has the
advantages of reduction in load unbalance and reducing the
neutral current on the source side. But there are inherent
disadvantages such as the performance being dependent on the
location of the zig-zag transformer close to the load. Moreover,
when the source voltage is distorted or unbalanced, the
performance of reducing the neutral current on the source side
is affected to an extent.
Figure 4.1. Diagram showing the flow of currents of zig-zag transformer for
neutral current compensation.
V. METHODOLOGY
VI. To enhance the performance of the distribution system,
D-STATCOM was connected to the distribution system. D-
STATCOM was designed using MATLAB SIMULINK
version R2009b.
VII. The test system shown in figure 5.1 comprises a
230kV, 50Hz transmission system represented by a Thevenin
equivalent, feeding into the primary side of a three – winding
transformer connected in Y/Y/Y, 230/11/11kV. A varying
load is connected to the 11kV, secondary side of the
transformer. A two level D-STATCOM is connected to the
11kV tertiary winding to provide instantaneous voltage
support at the load point. A 750μF capacitor on the DC side
provides the D-STATCOM energy storage capabilities.
Circuit breaker is used to control the period of operation of the
D-STATCOM.
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National Conference on Electrical Sciences – 2012 (NCES-2012) ISBN:978-93-81583-72-2

Figure: 5.1 Single line diagram of Test System

VI. SIMULINK MODEL FOR THE TEST SYSTEM Figure: 7.1Simulation result for TPG

Discrete, A
Ts = 5e-005 s. B
powergui C
a2 Three-Phase Fault
A b2
A
c2 signal rms
B B a3 VabcA
Iabc Scope5
C b3 aB
C bC RMS
c3 c

Constant1

Scope1
A
B
C
com

b
a

A
B
C

Conn1
a1

b1

c1

b
a

Figure: 7.2 Simulation result for DLG

c

Subsystem
a2

b2

c2

Conn2
A
B
C

In1
A
B
C

Conn3

D-STATCOM

Figure 6.1. Simulink diagram of Test System

-T-

Goto
2 Conn2

1 Conn1 3 Conn3

Scope3
cC
VabcA
aB
b
Iabc

g Ma g 1
Figure: 7.3 Simulation result for LL
+ a bc Out1
A
Pha se 2
B
- Out2
Discrete 3-phase
C
Sequence Analyzer1

1 Scope4
Constant
Pulse sUre f Out1 In1 PI Ma g
Add a bc 1
Discrete
Discrete 3 Pha se In1
PWM Generator Subsystem1
PI C ontroller Out3
Discrete 3-phase
Sequence Analyzer

Figure 6.2. Simulink diagram of D-STATCOM & Controller

VII. SIMULATION RESULTS

Figure.7.4 Simulation result for SLG
A. Simulation Results for Voltage Sag without D-STATCOM
TABLE I.
In this case D-STATCOM is not connected and a different VOLTAGE SAGS FOR DIFFERENT FAULT CONDITIONS
faults is applied at a bus with a fault resistance of 0.66 Ω. The
Fault Voltage Voltage Voltage sags Voltage
voltage sag is shown in figure 7.1 to 7.4 with a time period of
Resistance sags for sags for for LL Fault sags for
0.1 sec to 0.2 sec. Rf (Ω) TGP Fault DLG Fault SLG Fault
0.66 0.66 0.70 0.75 0.82

Department of EEE, Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences, Rajampet 300

National Conference on Electrical Sciences – 2012 (NCES-2012) ISBN:978-93-81583-72-2

0.76 0.71 0.74 0.79 0.84

0.86 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.86

The above table shows the overall results of voltage sags in

p.u. for different types of fault. From the table, it can be
observed that when the value of fault resistance is increase,
the voltage sag will also increased for different types of fault

B. Simulation Results for Voltage Sag with D-STATCOM

The simulation is carried out with a D-STATCOM
connection as shown in the figure 6.1

Figure: 7.8 Simulation result for SLG

TABLE II.
VOLTAGE SAGS FOR DIFFERENT FAULT CONDITIONS

Fault Voltage Voltage Voltage sags Voltage

Resistance sags for sags for for LL Fault sags for
Rf (Ω) TGP Fault DLG Fault SLG Fault
0.66 0.93 0.98 1.01 0.98
0.76 0.94 0.98 1.01 0.98
0.86 0.95 0.98 1.01 0.98

Table 2 shows the overall results of voltage sags in p.u with

different types of fault. From the table, it can be observed that
Figure: 7.5 Simulation result for TPG voltage sags improved with insertion of D-STATCOM. The
value of voltage sags is between (0.9 to 1.02 p.u.)

TABLE III
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS BEFORE AND AFTER D-STATCOM
WHEN RF = 0.66Ω

Percentage of
Without With
Types of Fault Improvement
DSTATCOM DSTATCOM
(%)
TPG 0.66 0.93 27.67
DLG 0.70 0.98 27.30
LL 0.75 1.01 25.80
SLG 0.82 0.98 15.78

Figure: 7.6 Simulation result for DLG CONCLUSION

The power quality improvement by using D-STATCOM is
presented in this paper. The different faults created in the
system are Single Line to Ground (SLG), Line-to-Line (LL),
Double Line to Ground (DLG), Three phase to Ground (TPG)
and voltage sag is occurred in a time period of 0.1sec – 0.2sec
at different loads. The results validate the principle if D-
STATCOM for voltage regulation applications. The
simulation results show that the voltage sags can be mitigate
by inserting D-STATCOM to the distribution system.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Figure: 7.7 Simulation result for LL We, the authors very grateful to the Management, and
Principal NRI Institute of Technology, India. We are thankful
to Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering of
NRI Institute of Technology, Agiripalli, India with whom we

Department of EEE, Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences, Rajampet 301

National Conference on Electrical Sciences – 2012 (NCES-2012)
had useful discussions regarding Power Quality using D-
STATCOM. Any Suggestions for further improvement of this
topic are most welcome.
REFERENCES
[1] Haque, M.H., “Compensation of distribution system voltage sag
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Department of EEE, Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences, Rajampet
View publication stats
ISBN:978-93-81583-72-2
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