⦁ The English Alphabet ⦁ What´s your name?

Lesson 1 ⦁ The Alphabet Song ⦁ Let´s face the challenge.

Basic
A /ei/
B /bi:/
i: e ei iú ai
C /ci:/
D /di:/ B F A Q I O R
E /i:/
F /éf/ C L H U Y
G /dji:/ D M J W
H /eitch/
I /ai/ E N K
J /djei/
K /kei/
G S ABCDEFG
L /él/ P X HIJKLMNOP
M /êm/
T Z
N /ên/ QRSTUV
O /ôu/ V
P /pi:/
Z WXYZ
Q /kiú/ Now I know my ABC
R /ar/ Next time, won´t you sing with me?
S /éss/
T /ti:/
U /iú/
V /vi:/ A: What´s your name?
W /dâbl iú/ B: My name is _________________.
X /éks/
Y /uái/
A: Can you spell it, please?
Z /zed/ or /zi:/ B: Sure. It´s __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
1
LET´S FACE THE CHALLENGE!
Can you spell that? How do you spell these words? Fill in the missing vowels.

1. Colors 3. Greetings 5. Days of the Week

R __D H__LL__ M__ND__Y
Y__LL__W H__ T__ __SD__Y
GR__ __N H__W __R__ Y__ __? W__DN__SD__Y
BL__CK G__ __D M__RN__NG TH__RSD__Y
__R__NG__ G__ __D __FT__RN__ __N FR__D__Y
WH__T__ G__ __D __V__N__NG S__T__RD__Y
BL__ __ G__ __D N__GHT S__ND__Y
P__RPL__ G__ __D BY__
BR__WN S__ __ Y__ __ L__T__R
GR__ Y 6. Months of the Year
J__N__ __RY J__LY
4. Parts of the body F__BR__ __RY __ __G__ST
2. Numbers H__ __R CH__ST M__RCH S__PT__MB__R
__N__ H __ __D KN__ __ __PR__L __CT__B__R
TW__ __Y__ __LB__W M__Y N__V__MB__R
THR__ __ CH__ __K F__NG__R J__N__ D__C__MB__R
F__ __R __ __R B__CK
F__V__ N__S__ W__ __ST
S__X M__ __TH T__NG__ __ 7. Seasons of the Year
S__V__N N__ CK N__ __L
SH__ __LD__R F__C__ W__NT__R S__MM__R
__ __GHT SPR__NG F__LL or __ __T__MN
N__N__ __RM B__LLY
T__N H__ND L__G
F__ __T __NKL__ 2
LET´S FACE THE CHALLENGE!
Can you spell that? How do you spell these words? Fill in the missing vowels.

1. Colors 3. Greetings 5. Days of the Week

R ED HELLO MONDAY
YELLOW HI TUESDAY
GREEN HOW ARE YOU ? WEDNESDAY
BLACK GOOD MORNING THURSDAY
ORANGE GOOD AFTERNOON FRIDAY
WHITE GOOD EVENING SATURDAY
BLUE GOOD NIGHT SUNDAY
PURPLE GOOD BYE
BROWN SEE YOU LATER
GRAY or GREY 6. Months of the Year
JANUARY JULY
4. Parts of the body FEBRUARY AUGUST
2. Numbers HAIR CHEST MARCH SEPTEMBER
ONE H EAD KNEE APRIL OCTOBER
TWO EYE ELBOW MAY NOVEMBER
THREE CHEEK FINGER JUNE DECEMBER
FOUR EAR BACK
FIVE NOSE WAIST
SIX MOUTH TONGUE 7. Seasons of the Year
SEVEN NECK NAIL
SHOULDER FACE WINTER SUMMER
EIGHT SPRING FALL or AUTUMN
NINE ARM BELLY
TEN HAND LEG
FOOT ANKLE 3
 ⦁ Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
Lesson 2 ⦁ Writing out a check

Basic
1st or 1st
1 one 11 eleven 111 one hundred (and) eleven 5th or 5th
1st first 11th eleventh 111th one hundred eleventh
2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 222 two hundred twenty-two
2nd second 12th twelfth 20th twentieth 222nd two hundred twenty-second

3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 333 three hundred thirty-three

3rd third 13th thirteenth 30th thirtieth 333rd three hundred thirty-third

4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 444 four hundred forty-four

4th fourth 14th fourteenth 40th fortieth 444th four hundred forty-fourth

5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 5,000,000 five million

5th fifth 15th fifteenth 50th fiftieth 5,000,000th five millionth

6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 60,000,000,000 sixty billion

6th sixth 16th sixteenth 60th sixtieth 60,000,000,000th sixty billionth

7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy 7,000,000,000,000 seven trillion

7th seventh 17th seventeenth 70th seventieth 7,000,000,000,000th seven trillionth

8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty

8th eighth 18th eighteenth 80th eightieth Fractions:
½ = one half
9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety ¼ = one fourth or
9th ninth 19th nineteenth 90th ninetieth one quarter
2/3 = two thirds
10 ten 100 one hundred 1,000 one thousand ¾ = three fourths or
10th tenth 100th one hundredth 1,000th one thousandth three quarters
4
 Let’s write out a check.
⦁ How much is the check for?
⦁ It’s for USD$ 123,456,789,876,543.21

One hundred twenty-three trillion, _________________________________

four hundred fifty-six billion,
seven hundred eighty-nine million,
eight hundred seventy-six thousand,
five hundred forty-three dollars
and twenty-one cents.
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________

USD is an acronym that stands for “United States Dollars”.

5
 ⦁ Definite article
⦁ Indefinite article
Lesson 3 ⦁ Checking into a hotel
Basic
Definite Indefinite
Pronunciation
ARTICLES THE a, an
Artigo é a classe de palavras que se antepõe
The [ðâ] The [ðí]
Before consonant sound Before vowel sound
ao Substantivo para definir, limitar ou modificar seu uso. Os
artigos dividem-se em Definido (THE) e Indefinido (A ou AN). The dog The egg
O Artigo Definido (The) - The Definite Article - (The)
O Artigo Definido The é usado antes de um substantivo já conhecido pelo The cat The eggs
ouvinte ou leitor. Significa O, A, OS, AS, mas, em Inglês, é invariável em
gênero e número, ao contrário do que acontece no Português. Exemplos: The house The apple
The farm The apples
Definite Indefinite
The cow The umbrella
The boy - O menino a boy The boy The umbrellas
The girl The envelope
The boys - Os meninos a boys
The man The article
The girl - A menina a girl The men The airport
The woman The airplane
The girls - As meninas a girls
The women The office
The man / men a man a men The horse The hour
The heat The honor 6
7
 ⦁ Greetings
⦁ Meeting people
Lesson 4 ⦁ Introducing yourself
Basic

8
 ⦁ Regular Plural Nouns
Lesson 5 ⦁ Irregular Plural Nouns
Basic
Regular
……..s ……..es
Irregular
cat cats wish wishes
dog dogs box boxes Singular Plural Singular Plural

month months watch watches man men ox oxen

change changes woman women wife wives

tomato tomatoes
child children loaf loaves
table tables potato potatoes
life lives
hand hands person persons,
hero heroes
people fish fish, fishes
boy boys
……..ies foot feet nucleus nuclei
plate plates
baby babies tooth teeth fungus funguses,
flower flowers fungi
lady ladies goose geese
brother brothers city cities crisis crises
mouse mice
sister sisters country countries thesis theses
louse lice
party parties this these
bacterium bacteria
story stories that those
fly flies phenomenon phenomena
sky skies
try tries 9
Lesson 6 ⦁ Demonstrative Pronouns
Basic
Singular Plural
Near the speaker THIS THESE

Far from the speaker THAT THOSE

What is this? It’s an apple. What are these? They’re apples.

This apple is red. These apples are green.
This is a red apple. These are green apples.

What is that?
That car is old.
That is an old car. JUST MARRIED

What are those?

Those cars are new.
Those are new cars. They´re
brand-new (adj.) = “just out of the oven”, brand-new cars.
freshly made 10
Fill in the blank with the correct demonstrative pronoun:

11
 ⦁ Pronouns
Lesson 7 ⦁ Verb “to be” (Present Simple)
⦁ A+ A- I+ I-
Basic

Personal Possessive Reflexive/Emphatic

Pronouns *
Subject Object Adjective Pronoun

1st PS I me my * mine myself

2nd PS You you your * yours yourself
Singular

He him * his his himself

3rd PS

She her * her hers herself

It it * its its itself
1st PP We us our * ours ourselves
Plural

2nd PP You you your * yours yourselves

3rd PP They them * their theirs themselves
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 PRESENT SIMPLE
SUBJECT TO BE Contracted
Pronouns Form

1st PS I am I´m
2nd PS You are You´re
Singular

He is He´s
3rd PS *

She is She´s
It is It´s
1st PP We are We´re
Plural

2nd PP You are You´re

3rd PP They are They´re

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PRESENT SIMPLE Negative
Contracted form 1 Contracted form 2

I am not I´m not I amn´t

You are not You´re not You aren´t
He is not He´s not He isn´t
She is not She´s not She isn´t
It is not It´s not It isn´t
We are not We´re not We aren´t
You are not You´re not You aren´t

They are not They´re not They aren´t

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Complete the sentences with the verb “to be” PRESENT : (am, is, are, am not, isn´t, aren´t)

Present Affirmative Positive : A+ Present Affirmative Negative: A-

1. I am a student. 1. I ´m not a student.
2. You are my best friend. 2. You aren´t my best friend.
3. He is an excellent singer. 3. He isn´t an excellent singer.
4. She is a pretty girl. 4. She isn´t a pretty girl.
5. It is a very good computer. 5. It isn´t a very good computer.
6. We are classmates. 6. We aren´t classmates.
7. You are working together. 7. You aren´t working together.
8. They are playing in the park. 8. They aren´t playing in the park.

Present Interrogative Posititive: I+ Present Interrogative Negative: I-

1. Am I a student? 1. Aren´t I a student? Or Am I not a student?
2. Are you my best friend? 2. Aren´t you my best friend?
3. Is he an excellent singer? 3. Isn´t he an excellent singer?
4. Is she a pretty girl? 4. Isn´t she a pretty girl?
5. Is it a very good computer? 5. Isn´t it a very good computer?
6. Are we classmates? 6. Aren´t we classmates?
7. Are you working together? 7. Aren´t you working together?
8. Are they playing in the park? 8. Aren´t they playing in the park?
Note: Aren´t I a student? 15
 ⦁ Verb “to be” (Past Simple)
Lesson 8 ⦁ A+ A- I+ I-
Basic

PAST SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE Negative

SUBJECT TO BE NO contraction NO contraction Contracted
Pronouns form
1st PS I was I was I wasn’t
I was not

2nd PS You were You were

You were not You weren’t
He was ⦁
He was
Singular

He was not He wasn’t

3rd PS *

She was She was She wasn’t

She was not
It was It was
It was not It wasn’t

1st PP We were We were

We were not We weren’t

2nd PP You were You were You weren’t

You were not
Plural

They were They were They weren’t

3rd PP They were not

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Complete the sentences with the verb “to be” PAST: (am, is, are, am not, isn´t, aren´t)
Past Affirmative Positive : A+
1. I was a student.
2. You were my best friend.
3. He was an excellent singer.
4. She was a pretty girl.
5. It was a very good computer.
6. We were classmates.
7. You were working together.
8. They were playing in the park.
Past Interrogative Posititive: I+
1. Was I a student?
2. Were you my best friend?
3. Was he an excellent singer?
4. Was she a pretty girl?
5. Was it a very good computer?
6. Were we classmates?
7. Were you working together?
8. Were they playing in the park?
Past Affirmative Negative: A-
1. I wasn´t a student.
2. You weren´t my best friend.
3. He wasn´t an excellent singer.
4. She wasn´t a pretty girl.
5. It wasn´t a very good computer.
6. We weren´t classmates.
7. You weren´t working together.
8. They weren´t playing in the park.
Past Interrogative Negative: I-
1. Wasn´t I a student?
2. Weren´t you my best friend?
3. Wasn´t he an excellent singer?
4. Wasn´t she a pretty girl?
5. Wasn´t it a very good computer?
6. Weren´t we classmates?
7. Weren´t you working together?
8. Weren´t they playing in the park?
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 ⦁ Telling the time ⦁ Days of the week
Lesson 9 ⦁ Months of the year ⦁ The four Seasons
Basic
It´s twelve forty-five. or
What time is it? It´s fifteen to one. or
It´s (a) quarter to one.

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 The seven days of the week The twelve months of the year
Yesterday was Today is Tomorrow will be Last month was This is / We´re in Next month will be

SUNDAY JANUARY

MONDAY FEBRUARY

TUESDAY MARCH

WEDNESDAY APRIL

THURSDAY MAY

JUNE
FRIDAY
JULY
SATURDAY
AUGUST
Complete the sentences:
1. Yesterday was Sunday. So, tomorrow is ________________. SEPTEMBER
2. Tomorrow will be Saturday. So, today is ________________.
OCTOBER
3. Today is Saturday. So, yesterday was ______________ and
tomorrow is ____________. NOVEMBER
4. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday are
weekdays. DECEMBER
5. Saturday and Sunday are the weekend.

The four seasons of the year

FALL or
WINTER SPRING SUMMER
AUTUMN
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 ⦁ Periods of the day
Lesson 10 ⦁ Meals
⦁ Adverbs of frequency
Basic

Good morning !
It´s 7 o’clock in the
morning.
Let´s get up and
have breakfast.

Good afternoon !
It’s 12:30 in the
afternoon.
I´m very hungry.
Let’s have lunch !

Good evening !
I´m so happy
Good night, dear!
we’re having
Sleep tight!
dinner together.
Mommy loves you.

20
What time do you have your meals?
I usually have lunch at noon.
Meals

breakfast lunch

snacks
dinner

21
 How often do you ........?
Adverbs of frequency How Example
often (%)

always 100% I always walk to school because I don´t have a bike.

almost always 90% Peter is almost always late for work.

usually = normally = generally 80% My mother usually cooks pasta for dinner.

often = frequently 70% My father often reads the newspaper during breakfast

sometimes = at times 50%, Do you sometimes drink coffee without sugar?

60% Does Mary have tea with milk at times?
occasionally 40% My wife and I occasionally go to the movies.

20%, My sister rarely has cereal for breakfast.

rarely = seldom My brother seldom puts butter on his toast. He´s
30%
watching his weight.
hardly ever = almost never 10% I hardly ever get up early on Sundays.

never 0% I never drive or take the bus to school. I always walk.

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 ⦁ The 3 verb forms: ⦁ Learning 126 verbs by heart

Lesson 11 ⦁ Infinitive (to verb)= verbar

⦁ Gerund (verbing)= verbando
⦁ Past Participle (verbed, verb??)= verbado,
Basic

3 Verb Examples in Examples in English I G P

Forms Portuguese I am, was,
I want, need, I have, had,
ir to go like,…
vir to come to go going gone
Infinitive olhar to look to come coming come
ver to see
to look looking looked
saber, conhecer to know
to see seeing seen
por, colocar to put
to put putting put
querer to want
to cut cutting cut
Gerund indo going
to wait waiting waited
or vindo coming
to tell telling told
Present olhando looking
vendo seeing
to say saying said
Participle
sabendo, conhecendo knowing to dream dreaming dreamed
colocando, pondo putting to teach teaching taught
querendo wanting to learn learning learned
ido gone to drive driving driven
Past vindo come to run running run
Participle olhado looked (regular verb) to spend spending spent
visto seen to give giving given
sabido, conhecido known to think thinking thought
posto, colocado put to arrive arriving arrived
querido, quisto wanted (regular verb) to buy buying bought
to sell selling sold

23
24
 ⦁ The “Y” theory ⦁ The 4 Simple Tenses:
⦁ Present Simple
Lesson 12 ⦁ Verb table (Regular and irregular)
⦁ Past Simple
⦁ Future Simple
⦁ Conditional Simple
Basic
FUTURE SIMPLE CONDITIONAL SIMPLE
A+ (I, You, He, She, It, We, They) will have...... .
Future Conditional A+ (I, You, He, She, It, We, They) would have ..... .

A- (I, You, He, She, It, We, They) won´t have ... .
will would A- (I, You, He, She, It, We, They) wouldn´t have ... .

I+ Will (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) have ..... ? won´t wouldn´t I+ Would (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) have..... ?

I- Wouldn´t (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) have....?

I- Won´t (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) have.... ?

PRESENT SIMPLE
PRESENT SIMPLE A+ (He, She, It) has, needs, wants ....... .
A+ (I, You, We, You, They) have, need, want .... . Present Present
A- (He, She, It) doesn´t have, need, want ....... .
A- (I, You, We, You, They) don´t have, need,want . . do does
I+ Do (I, you, we, you, they) have, need, want ... ?
don´t doesn´t I+ Does (he, she, it) have, need, want ....... ?

I- Doesn´t (he, she, it) have, need, want ....?

I- Don´t (I, you, we, you, they) have, need, want ?

PAST SIMPLE
PAST SIMPLE
A+ (I, You, He, She, It, We, You, they) had ..... .
A+ (I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They) needed ..... . Past A- (I, You, He, She, It, We, You, they) didn´t have.... .
A- (I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They) didn´t need ..... .
did
I+ Did (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) need ..... ? I+ Did (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) have ..... ?
didn´t
I- Didn´t (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) need ..... ? I- Didn´t (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) have ..... ?
25
 LET´S STUDY SOME VERBS
INFINITIVE (present PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE GERUND TRANSLATION
simple for 3rd PS) .....ed / ? .......ed / ? .......ing
to be (am,is,are) was, were been being ser; estar; “ficar” no sentido de
tornar
to have (has) had had having ter; possuir
to do (does) did done doing fazer; executar
to make (makes) made made making fazer; fabricar; produzir
to go (goes) went gone going ir
to come (comes) came come coming vir
to take (takes) took taken taking tomar; pegar; levar
to drink (drinks) drank drunk drinking tomar; beber
to eat (eats) ate eaten eating comer
to see (sees) saw seen seeing ver
to sell (sells) sold sold selling vender
to buy (buys) bought bought buying comprar
to send (sends) sent sent sending enviar; mandar
to call (calls) called called calling chamar; ligar para (no telefone)
to start (starts) started started starting começar; iniciar
26
 ⦁ The 3 Verb Moods
Lesson 13 ⦁ The 16 (4x4) Tenses of the Indicative Mood.
Basic
3 Verb Moods Type Example

Go! *Follow me.

Positive
Imperative Come!
Look!
*Insert card.
*Draw cash.
*commands
or Don’t go! *Don’t forget.
*instructions Negative Don’t come! *Don’t disturb.
Don’t look! *Don’t smoke.
Present (That) That I go. *(That) God bless
you.
*wish or *hope
That they come.
That she look. (she looks)
Subjunctive Past (If) If I went.
*impossible future If they came.
If she looked.
Future (If, when) If / When I go.
*possible future If / When They come.
If / When she looks.
4X4=16 Verb Tenses

Pr Simple
Indicative Pa Continuous
Fut Perfect
Cond Perf. Continuous

27
27
 The 16 VERB TENSES (of the Indicative Mood)
do
does
PrS don’t
doesn’t
did PaS didn’t will FS won’t would CoS
Wouldn’t
Viajo Viajei, viajava Viajarei Viajaria
I travel I traveled I will travel I would travel

am
is
PrC am not
isn’t
was
were
PaC Wasn’t
Weren’t
will be FC would be CoC
are aren’t won’t be wouldn’t be

Estou viajando Estava viajando Estarei viajando Estaria viajando

I am traveling I was traveling I will be traveling I would be traveling

has PrP hasn’t had PaP hadn’t will have FP would

have CoP
have haven’t Wouldn’t have
won’t have
Tenho viajado Tinha viajado Terei viajado Teria viajado
I have traveled I had traveled I will have traveled I would have traveled

has been
have been PrPC had been PaPC will
have
FPC won’t
have
would
have
CoPC wouldn’t
have
hasn’t been been been been been
haven’t been
hadn’t been
Terei estado viajando Teria estado viajando
Tenho estado viajando Tinha estado viajando I will have been I would have been
I have been traveling I had been traveling traveling traveling 28
 ⦁ The 4 Simple Tenses: ⦁ “Yes” and “No” Short Answers
⦁ Present Simple
Lesson 14 ⦁ Past Simple
⦁ Future Simple
⦁ Conditional Simple Basic

29
 PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE
A + I live in New York. A + She lives in Florida.
A- I don’t live in New York. A - She doesn’t live in Florida.
I+ Do I live in New York? I+ Does she live in Florida?

I- Don’t I live in New York? I- Doesn’t she live in Florida?

Yes, you do. / No, you don´t. Yes, she does. / No, she doesn´t.

PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE

A + We leave home early. A+ They work at the same company.

A - We don’t leave home early. A- They don’t work at the same company.

I+ Do we leave home early? I+ Do they work at the same company?

I- Don’t we leave home early? I- Don’t they work at the same company?

Yes, we do. / No, we don´t Yes, they do. / No, they don´t.
30
 PAST SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE
A + I lived on a farm. A + She bought a new dress.
A- I didn’t live on a farm. A- She didn’t buy a new dress.

I+ Did I live on a farm? I+ Did she buy a new dress?

I- Didn’t I live on a farm? I- Didn’t she buy a new dress?

Yes, you did. / No, you didn´t. Yes, she did. / No, she didn´t.

PAST SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE

A+ We left home early. A+ They worked in the same department.

A- We didn’t leave home early. A- They didn’t work in the same department.
I+ Did we leave home early? I+ Did they work in the same department?

I- Didn’t we leave home early? I- Didn’t they work in the same department?

Yes, you did. / No, you didn´t. Yes, they did. / No, they didn´t.
31
 FUTURE SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE
A + I will move to Chicago. A+ He will rent a small apartment.

A - I won’t move to Chicago. A- He won’t rent a small apartment.

I+ Will I move to Chicago? I+ Will he rent a small apartment?

I- Won’t I move to Chicago? I- Won’t he rent a small apartment?

Yes, you will. or No, you won´t. Yes, he will. or No, he won´t.

CONDITIONAL SIMPLE CONDITIONAL SIMPLE

A + We would travel alone. A+ They would sell their car.

A- We wouldn’t travel alone. A- They wouldn’t sell their car.

I+ Would we travel alone? I+ Would they sell their car?

I- Wouldn’t we travel alone? I- Wouldn’t they sell their car?

Yes, we would. or No, we wouldn´t. Yes, they would. or No, they wouldn´t.
32
 ⦁ Pronouns
* Personal

Lesson 15 * Possessive
* Reflexive / Emphatic
* Reciprocal: each other
one another Basic

33
 Let’s practice
memorizing the PRONOUNS
Personal Possessive Reflexive / Emphatic
Pronouns
Subject Object Adjective Pronoun

1st PS I´m not washing my car myself. My brother is washing mine for me.

2nd PS You´re not brushing your teeth yourself. Your dentist is brushing yours for you.
Singular

He´s not combing his hair himself. His father is combing his for him.
3rd PS

She´s not drying her hair herself. Her sister is drying hers for her.

It doesn´t turn itself off any more. Its timer is broken. Please turn it off.

1st PP We didn´t paint our house ourselves. Our neighbor painted it (ours) for us.
Plural

2nd PP You won´t wrap your presents yourselves. Your salesperson will wrap them
(yours) for you.

3rd PP They wouldn´t pack their bags themselves. They would ask their mother to pack
them (theirs) for them.
34
There are only two reciprocal pronouns, and they are both two
words:
each other (between two)
one another (among three or more)
When we use these reciprocal pronouns:
There must be two or more people, things or groups involved (so we cannot use reciprocal
pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it), and they must be doing the same thing

Look at these examples:

John and Mary love each other. (John loves Mary and Mary loves John.)
Peter and David hate each other. (Peter hates David and David hates Peter.)
The ten prisoners were all blaming one another. (More than two prisoners.)
Both teams played hard against each other. (Two teams.)
We gave each other gifts.
Why don't you believe each other?
They can't see each other.
The gangsters were fighting one another.
The boats were bumping against each other in the storm.
35
Lesson 16
⦁ ´s : Genitive Case, or
(Possessive Case)
Basic

36
2. Plural nouns ending in –s
only add the apostrophe ' (without the S)
•The two sisters’ house is next to mine. (= the house of the two sisters)
•The plumbers’ tools were rusty. (= the tools of the plumbers)
•The players’ boots were dirty and smelly after the game. (= the boots of the players)
Notice that the pronunciation is the same for certain possessives:
•My friend’s house = the house of my friend = 1 friend
•My friends’ house = the house of my friends = 2 or more friends
You can usually distinguish whether the speaker is referring to one or two friends by
listening to the context of what the speaker says.

3. Plural nouns not ending in –s:

add 's
•Be careful not to trip over the children’s toys. (= the toys of the children)
•The women’s bathroom is currently flooded with water.
•The presidential candidate is often called the people’s favorite politician.

4. Singular noun ending in –s:

It depends…
a. Most names: add 's (apostrophe S)
•They had a really good time at James’s barbecue last Friday.
•We spent the day admiring Frances’s new car.
b. Classical or religious names: add ' (only the apostrophe)
•Jesus’ disciples carried out the teachings of Jesus.
•Sophocles’ plays are still performed today. 37
5. Possessive nouns as part of a phrase
Sometimes more than one word/noun is a possessive. The same rules as above are
still valid:
•The King of Sparta’s wife was called Helen.
•The President of Chile’s speech was very long.
•I accidentally took someone else’s bag home by mistake.
•I had to give my boss three weeks’ notice that I was leaving the company.
If there are two owners of something, we add 's to the final name:
•Rick and Steve’s car is quite old.
But, if each person owns a car, then add 's to both names:
•Rick’s and Steve’s cars are quite old.
Notice how the verb is in plural form.

6. No Noun
If the meaning is clear, we can use the possessive without a
noun after it.
•Her hair is longer than Jill’s. (= Jill’s hair)
•We ate at Billy’s last night. (= Billy’s Diner or Billy’s house)
•Whose bag is this? It’s Jane’s. (= Jane’s bag)

38
 ⦁ Interrogative Pronouns
What Who Where Why
Lesson 17 Which Whose When How
How old
. Basic
.

39
Let´s learn some Interrogative Pronouns 2/4
⦁ Also called Question Words or Wh-words, they are used mostly in questions.

Who is the new Chemistry teacher? / Her name is Barbara.

Who Who bought that magazine? / The secretary did.
Who is that girl? / She is the new nurse at the ICU.
Who called you between 9 and 10 o’clock this morning? / Nobody did.
Singular

Who do you think you are? / Who does he think he is?

Who´s next in line, please?
Who are you looking for? / I´m looking for the receptionist.
Who is she thinking about? / She´s thinking about her new boyfriend.
Who will you blame this time?

Whose dress is that? / It´s Jessica´s.

Whose Whose car is that? Whose is that car? / It´s my neighbor´s.
Plural

Whose book is that?/ It´s my book. Or… It´s mine.

Whose house did he buy? He bought his uncle´s old house.
Whose forms are those on the desk? / They are ours.
Whose shoes are these sitting on my chair? / Sorry! They´re mine.
Whose fault are you going to say it is this time? / This time I will blame
myself. I won’t blame anybody else.
40
Let´s learn some Interrogative Pronouns 3/4
⦁ Also called Question Words or Wh-words, they are used mostly in questions.

Where are you from? / I´m from Brazil. I´m not from Argentina.
Where Where do you live? / I live in Washington.
Where does she work? / She works at a multi-national company.
Where is he planning to go on his next vacation?
Singular

Where are you going? / I´m just going for some water.
Do you know where my notebook is? / I saw it on your filing cabinet.
Can you tell me where you put those invoices you were printing out?
-I put them in the top drawer of Peter´s cabinet.
Where is the nearest ATM? / There´s one right around the corner.
Where can I find a grocery store around here?

When were you born? / I was born in January.

When When did he arrive? / He arrived 15 minutes ago.
Plural

When was the last time you ate sushi? / I ate sushi last Sunday.
When are you planning to start on a diet?
When are you going to propose to me? / Sooner than you expect.
When is he going to tell her she means the world to him?
When will you get your butt off that couch and look for a job?
She never knows when to stop arguing. (Relative Pronoun of time)
When was the last time you gave somebody a ride? 41
Let´s learn some Interrogative Pronouns 4/4
⦁ Also called Question Words or Wh-words, they are used mostly in questions.

Why did you lie to your wife? / I lied to her because I had to.
Why Why are you sad? / I may look sad, but I´m just worried.
Why is it that it always rains whenever I plan a fishing trip?
Why didn’t you call me when you realized you couldn’t do it by yourself?
Why doesn’t he follow the instructions? That way he´s never going to put
Singular

his new bicycle together.

Why do you think it´s important? / Because …
How are you? / How do you usually go to school? / How do you say ...?
How How old is your mother? / She´s seventy years old.
How old How long have you lived in this city? / I’ve been here for twenty years now.
How long is the Amazon River? / It’s ..... Km long.
How long How often do you dye you hair? / I have it dyed every fifteen days.
How often
Plural

How far is it from New York to Washington, DC? / It’s ..... Miles.
How far How wide is the Nile? / It’s ..... Km wide.
How deep is the Thames River? / How deep is your love?
How wide How much gas is there in the tank? / There are only about ten liters left.
How much How many eggs are there in the basket? / There are only a few.
How many How soon are you going to go back to your home country?
How soon are you going to speak English fluently?
How soon How soon can you get all our customers registered on the new software? 42
 ⦁ Conversation
Lesson 18 Let´s talk about Betty and Bill.
Basic

43
 ⦁ The 4 Continuous Tenses:
Present Continuous
Lesson 19 Past Continuous
Future Continuous
Conditional Continuous
Basic

44
 FUTURE CONTINUOUS FUTURE CONTINUOUS
A + I will be meeting with my boss. A + We will be living together.
A- I won’t be meeting with my boss. A - We won’t be living together.
I+ Will I be meeting with my boss? I+ Will we be living together?

I- Won’t I be meeting with my boss? I- Won’t we be living together?

Yes, you will. or No, you won´t. Yes, you will. or No, you won´t.

CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS

A You would be running your business. A + She would be earning a better salary.
+
A - You wouldn’t be running your business. A- She wouldn’t be earning a better salary.

I+ Would you be running your business? I+ Would she be earning a better salary?

I- Wouldn’t you be running your business? I- Wouldn’t she be earning a better salary?

Yes, we would. or No, we wouldn´t. Yes, she would. or No, she wouldn´t.
45
 ⦁ Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect
Lesson 20 Past Perfect
Future Perfect
Conditional Perfect Basic

46
 FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT
A+ You will have arrived from your trip. A + They will have married each other.

A- You won’t have arrived from your trip. A - They won’t have married each other.
I+ Will you have arrived from your trip? I+ Will they have married each other?

I- Won’t you have arrived from your trip? I- Won’t they have married each other?

Yes, I/we will. Or No, I/we won´t. Yes, they will. Or No, they won´t.

CONDITIONAL PERFECT CONDITIONAL PERFECT

A + He would have lost his job. A + She would have changed her mind.
A - He wouldn’t have lost his job. A- She wouldn’t have changed her mind.

I+ Would he have lost his job? I+ Would she have changed her mind?

I- Wouldn’t he have lost his job? I- Wouldn’t she have changed her mind?

Yes, he would. Or No, he wouldn´t. Yes, she would. Or No, she wouldn´t.
47
 ⦁ Modal or Anomalous Verbs
Lesson 21 can
may
could
must
might should = ought to
Basic

48
= pode

= poderia

= pode

= pode

= deve

=deveria

49
Lesson 22 ⦁ Prepositions and Conjunctions
Basic

50
about concerning
onto
above despite
on top of
according to down
out
across during
out of
after except
outside
against except for
over
along excepting
past
along with for
regarding
among from
round
apart from in
since
around in addition to
through
as in back of
throughout
as for in case of
till
at in front of
to
because of in place of
toward
before inside
under
behind in spite of
underneath
below instead of
unlike
beneath into
until
beside like
up
between near
upon
beyond next
up to
but* of
with
by off
within
by means of on
without

* But is very seldom a preposition. When it is used as a preposition, but means the same
as except—Everyone ate frog legs but Jamie. But usually functions as a coordinating
conjunction. 51
Lesson 23 ⦁ Adjectives
Basic
One or two-Syllable Comparative Form Superlative Form
Adjectives
as............as ... (adj)+er than ... ... the (adj)+est of ...

tall taller tallest

short shorter shortest
long longer longest
old older oldest
young younger youngest
big bigger biggest
small smaller smallest

* Exceptions
pretty prettier prettiest
good * better best
bad * worse worst
far * farther or further farthest or furthest 52
 Adjectives
Three or more-Syllable Comparative Form Superlative Form
Adjectives
as..........as ... more (adj) than ... ... the most (adj) of ...

expensive more expensive most expensive

comfortable more comfortable most comfortable

elegant more elegant most elegant

intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

important more important most important

dangerous more dangerous most dangerous

careful more careful most careful

fantastic more fantastic most fantastic

difficult more difficult most difficult

53
 1 – Choose one of the adjectives given and complete the sentences using
comparisons.

a) Traveling by plane is _______________ traveling by car. (safe / dangerous)

b) Mexico is ________________ the USA. (small/ large) 2 – Fill in the blanks using the superlative.
c) A turtle is ________________ a puma. (fast / slow)
d) English _________________ Japanese. (easy / difficult) aTom is ______________ boy in my classroom. (tall)
e) Cell phones are _________________ conventional phones.(good / bad)
bThat restaurant is _______________ I’ve ever eaten in this city. (good)
f) Empire State Building is ________________ Burj Al Arab Hotel. (high / low)
cSarah is ________________ desert on the earth. (large)
g) Popcorn is ________________ chocolate as a snack at the movies. ( popular / unpopular)
dThis lesson is _______________ I’ve ever read in this book. (easy)
h) Living in the countryside is _____________ living in the city. (relaxingeMr.
/ stressful)
Gordon is _________________ man in my work. He eats a lot. (fat)
i) Brazil is _________________ Canada. (hot / cold) fBrazil’s Carnival is _________________ event in the world. (beautiful)
gThese shoes are __________________ in this store. (cheap)
h I think Italy is ________________ city to live a great love story.
(romantic)4 – Circle the correct form.
3 – Complete the sentences with appropriate
iMy parents are _________________ people in the world. (happy)
form comparative or superlative.
jMrs. Smith
aThis___________________
motorcycle is woman in my neighborhood. (old)
more
aLucy is ________________ her sister Maggie. expensive / the most expensive
(kind) than those ones.

bI think England is ______________ place to bShanghai is more populous

spending my vacation. (incredible) / the most populous city in
cSusan is ______________ person at my job. Chine.
(competent)
dBeing a doctor is ________________ being a cSão Paulo state is bigger / the
lawyer. (interesting) biggest than Rio de Janeiro.
eSergipe is __________________ state of
Brazil. (small) dSmall cities are more violent / the most
fAdventure movies are ________________ violent than big cities.
romantic ones. (exciting)
gMr. Jackson thinks eating fish is eYesterday, I made better / the
_______________ eating meat and chicken. best decision in my life. I decided
(healthy) moving to New York.

hCarlos Slim Helu is _________________ man in fPeter is younger / the youngest boy in my
the world. His fortune is about 74 billion dollars. classroom.
(rich) gLiving in an apartment is worse / the
worst than living in a house.

hAlbert Einstein is more famous / the

most famous scientist that I’ve ever
heard in the History of Science.

54
Lesson 24 ⦁ Adverbs
Basic

55
 Adverbs of degree or intensity with -ly Suffix
Absolutely, very amazingly surprisingly awfully very barely negative

Completely, totally, all parts considerably dreadfully very easily clearly, without
difficulties
enormously entirely exceedingly excessively

extensively very extremely very fairly fantastically

fully greatly hardly not much highly very

hugely immensely incredibly very infinitely very, very

intensely very largely mostly moderately nearly

noticeably partly perfectly completely positively

practically , completely profoundly purely really

reasonably , acceptably relatively remarkably simply

slightly strikingly strongly seriously, surely sufficiently

supremely suspiciously terribly very totally

tremendously very truly unbelievably utterly

virtually practically wonderfully

56
 Adverbs of degree or intensity without -ly Suffix
about almost altogether downright

however indeed jolly just

least less mighty more

most not quite rather

so somewhat still too

very very much way far well

as… as too… to... so…that enough

57
Lesson 25 ⦁ Conversation
Basic

58
 Carol has a busy Peter
schedule.

Carol

Carol Brutini is 35 years old. She was born in Canada but her parents moved to This is Peter Brutini. He´s 37 years old.
New York when she was 5. She has been working for a big supermarket chain for 10 He´s Carol´s husband. He´s a lawyer. He
works for an International Legal Firm. He
years. At 25, she majored in Business Administration at the Yale University where
travels a lot on business.
she met Peter. They got married after they graduated from college and she got a
job as a cashier at Walmart. She worked in many departments before she was This is Mary. She´s 67.
promoted to a Purchasing Regional Manager 2 years ago. She is now responsible She´s Peter´s mother.
So, she´s Carol´s mother-
for 17 branches all over the State of New York. She has an eight-year-old daughter,
in-law and David and
Rachel, and a six-year-old son, David. They´re a very happy family. As they both Rachel´s grandmother.
work, Carol and Peter have a very busy schedule on weekdays. They get up early
This is David. He´s 6.
from Monday to Friday once they have to drive their children to school before they He´s Peter and Carol´s
head for work. They don´t go to bed until 11 o´clock at night. They can only relax son. He´s also Mary´s
and have fun on the weekends. On Saturdays, they usually stay home and spend grandson.
quality time together doing household chores. David has a beautiful dog named This is Rachel. She´s 8.
Rusty. It´s a Golden Retriever that his dad gave him on his last birthday. On She´s Peter and Carol´s
Sundays, they often relax. They get up at about 9 o´clock, have a long, big daughter. She´s also
breakfast, walk the dog, and enjoy family time together. They usually stay home Mary´s granddaughter.
and watch a good movie together, but they sometimes go to the mall and have She´s David´s sister.
their meal at a chinese restaurant or at one of those fast-food places. There are a This is Jennifer. She´s 17
lot of junk food options at the mall and the kids love it. Carol doesn´t usually allow years old. She´s Peter and
her children to eat junk food since she´s an excellent cook, but “hey!” – she says, Carol´s neighbor. She loves
“Nobody is perfect....you gotta slack off once in a while.” working as a babysitter.
 Carol´s weekly
schedule
Monday
In the 7:00 – wake up
7:10 – get up, take a
morning shower, get dressed, make
breakfast, help kids get
ready for school
8:00 – Drop kids off at
school
8:30 – start working, check
e-mails, make calls
10:00 – call canadian
supplier to confirm
delivery date
11:15 - answer e-mails
In the 12:30 – lunch at Subway®
1:30 – meeting with
afternoon cashiers
2:30 – finish monthly
report
3:30 – call petshop and
schedule Rusty´s grooming
5:00 – pick up children at
school and stop at grocery
store on the way home
(get fruits and vegetables)
In the 6:30 – cook dinner, and
help kids with their
evening homework
7:30 – eat dinner
8:30 – wash the dishes
9:00 – watch soap-opera
At night and get kids to bed
11:00 – load the
dishwasher and go to bed
What
What time
Where
When
Why
Who
How
Tuesday Wednesday
7:00 – wake up 7:00 – wake up
7:10 – get up, take a 7:10 – get up, take a
shower, get dressed, shower, get dressed,
make breakfast, help make breakfast, help
kids get ready for kids get ready for school
school 8:00 – Drop kids off at
8:00 – Drop kids off school
at school 8:30 – start working,
8:30 – start working, check e-mails, make
check e-mails, make calls,
calls 9:30 – let boss know I
need to leave earlier
12:30 – lunch with 12:30 – call it a day
best friend Barbara 1:00 – pick up Rachel at
at Mc.Donald´s school
1:30 – call and 2:00 – Rachel´s dentist´s
schedule dentist´s appointment
appointment for 4:00 – stop at Ice-cream
Rachel shop with Rachel
5:00 – pick up 5:00 – pick David up at
children at school school (stop at
Walgreens® to get milk,
bread, some yogurt and
fill Rachel´s prescription)
6:30 – cook dinner, 6:30 – cook dinner, and
and help kids with help kids with their
their homework homework
7:30 – eat dinner 7:30 – eat dinner
8:30 – wash the 8:30 – wash the dishes
dishes 8:55 – give Rachel her
9:00 – watch soap- medicine and check her
opera and get kids to temperature
bed 9:00 – watch soap-opera
11:00 – put dirty and get kids to bed
dishes into 11:00 – wash the dishes
dishwasher and go to by hand and go to bed
bed
is Carol going to do before lunch ?
are Peter do after dinner
do Mary doing before he/she ......
does she go after he/she .........
did he have at 6 o´clock
will they on Monday
would you Friday afternoon
Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
7:00 – get up, check on 7:00 – wake up 8:30 – get up, make 9:45 – get up, get
Rachel (Rachel has a 7:10 – get up, take a breakfast, kids out of bed and
fever) shower, get dressed, 9:00 – do the housework help them brush
7:15 - call mother-in- make breakfast, help while listening to music their teeth
law to come over and kids get ready for (do the laundry, clean the 10:00 – make
watch the kids) school bathrooms, mop the pancakes for
7:30 – take a shower, 8:00 – Drop kids off at floors, vacuum the breakfast
get dressed, ask school carpets, dust the furniture 11:00 – play with
husband to prepare 8:30 – get to work, kids, Rusty and
breakfast check e-mails, make Peter in the
8:30 – leave for work calls backyard
9:00 – get to work 9:45 – meeting with
supervisor
12:30 – order pizza for 12:30 – have lunch 1:00 – fix lunch, bake a 12:00 – get ready to
lunch (stay at the with mexican cake go to the Mall
office to complete 2:30 – drive David to his 1:00 – buy a present
weekly reports) 1:30 – call Jennifer (the soccer game for Maria (It´s her
2:00 – get back to work babysitter) and make 3:00 – do nails biirthday next
3:00 – file invoices arrangements for 4:00 – call friends Saturday) and
4:00 – pay bills online Saturday night (Barbara and Paul) to window-shop
(electricity, water, gas, confirm dinner out tonight 3:30 – have lunch at
phone, internet, and 4:45 – pick up David at BurgerKing® (at the
cable TV bills) soccer field Mall´s Food Plaza)
6:00 – call it a day and 5:00 – stop and visit 5:30 – go back home
go straight home Peter´s mother (Maria) from the Mall
6:30 – cook dinner, 6:30 – cook dinner, 7:00 – call babysitter (she 6:00 – take a nap
and help kids with and help kids with was supposed to be there 8:00 – wake up and
their homework their homework at 7 o´clock) watch a little TV
7:30 – eat dinner 7:30 – eat dinner 7:30 – prepare dinner for with the kids or play
8:30 – wash the dishes 8:30 – wash the dishes kids video games with
9:00 – watch soap- 9:00 – watch soap- 8:00 – have dinner out them
opera and get kids to opera and get kids to with Peter, Barbara and 9:00– fix a small
bed bed Paul snack for the kids
11:00 – go to bed (no 11:00 – wash the 11:45 – leave the and put them to bed
dirty dishes dishes in the restaurant (AppleBee´s ®) 9:45 – relax a little
tonight....thanks to dishwasher and go to go back home and go to with my
60husband
grandma) bed sleep and go to sleep
61