Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Red Book Steel

    Uploaded by

    Derick Roarty
    6 views44 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    6 views44 pages

    Red Book Steel

    Uploaded by

    Derick Roarty

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 44
    SOUTHERN AFRICAN STEEL CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Fifth Eation 2005, + Iuocatios nthe Design of Eerie Trams Srctres, ated by GM ‘Witt chimneys + 4076 Steal chimneys +5 6399 Part 1 - Code of practice for dead an imposed loads. 1 BS CPS, Chapter V, Part 2- Wind onda, Replaced by BS 999: Past 21985, which although withdrawn and seplaced by BS 6389 Part 21957 remaine trent sos llaw an averap petid. + Dash of Ml Sel Chines, by DL Henshavs, Droughtsmen’s and Allied Technician’ Acsciatlon, UK, 1964, + Desig and Cavstrcton of Stl Chimney Lins. ASCE, USA, 196, “Ff nuatonl Ckinney Coon, CICIND (Comité Intemational des CChinnais Insitute). Conference proceedings, 155. IND Cade for Ch ney. CICIND Secretariat, United Kinglom, 1984 + Chine Rusay Gindrs by BE Gorene, Autraian Institute of Stel Construction Lid, Syne, 1583. + Che Runonys WS of 2147 Coniston XV Design ad Fabricetion (11W’ Dae XV = 734/90, Doe XV = NGS ~ 5099). Prepazed and ected by JT Bisa, ‘Canada an Bert, Canada, 189 + Gide oth Design ad Constracon of Mil Builngs. AISE (Assocation of Iron and Stel Engineers). Technical report No 15, 2008, Pitsburg Pennsylvanis, 18222 + DIN 4132 Craneways Stel Structures - Principals for cacultion, design ‘acd conatrucion. + Cranes General Design - Par 31: Limit sates and proof of competence of soo! structures, Ref No pe CEN/TS 13001 - 3-1 2003 (Final draft) Bropean Commitee for Standardization Rue de Siassart 36 B - 1050 Brocels 2 STEEL, STEEL PRODUCTS - AND SECTION PROPERTIES 2.1 Structural steel 23 21.1 General 23 2212 Propertes 23 22 Lamellar tearing 27 2.3 Steel at elevated temperatures 28 24 Other properties of structural steel 28 25 Corrosion 241 26 Bifect of hot-dip galvanizing 242 2.7 Identification of steel 242 2172 Kenliation marking 2a 272 Identification by coloue marking 2a 273 Unidentified structural steel 2a 28 Specifications for dimensions of hot-rolled steel products 243 281 Specification for hotaled sections 2a 2182 Dimensional tolerance for hotrod satons 28 2.83 Standard lengths of hot old sections 216 28: Dimensional tolerances for Hat products 26 a 29 Specifications for hollow sections 2.10 Specifications for open cold-formed sections 2.11 Tolerances on elements used in construction 2.412 Tables of dimensions and properties 218 248 248 219 2.1 Structural steel 24a ‘The contents ofthis seton are based on extracts fom product dala shes drawn up by the South African steel producer end fom the zelevant specifications, While all possible eare has been ken in preparing Dis Information, reference should be made 1 the mast recent pullin for ‘both further detail and to ensure the curtency of information 21.2 Properties ‘The term ‘structural sto’ may be used to define steel une for elements Whose primary. purpose is to suppor loads or reset forces which act on & structure, ‘Structural ste” also core fo imean the prot of the sec! il such as sections, plats and bes, fom which structural members such fs beams, gine, columns srs, tes, hanger and gts ae fal Both SANS 10162: Part and SANS 2001 - C52 require hase! for srutural applistions must comply withthe requwinents of SANS 141, bot permit see complying with ober specication lo be used, proved thet any sack steel meets the requirements of Classe 5.14 of SANS 10162 Part, According ‘© SANS2001-C51, the chemical compotion and mechanical properties of all ste incorporated ito structures mast be tated on ail est cere, and acorng to Clause 44.11 of SANS 1922-2 the steclwork contrac must ‘obtain thee cetficates fr all te and forward them tothe employer ‘An anomaly inthe South Aftcan ste! construction industry i the existence ‘of commercial quality ste (CO), sometiies also referred toa‘ tet” “The chemical composition of CQ fe controled, but no mechanical tet are performed on it. The self-imposed specifications to which CO is produced vary somewhat from mil to ml, Buti can be astute that the caton content will not exceed 0.3%, and the exon equivalent CE not O51, where CE=C¥Mn/6+(Ce+ Mo + Wy/5+ (Ni ¥ cays with Ma, Cr, Mo, V; Ni and Cu being, sespecvely, the percentage of ‘bon, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel and copper {nthe ste. A value of CE les than 51% implies that thesis weld Lite can be said about the yield stese or tensile strength of commer guns, Acorn to Cee 522 of SANS 1062 Ps he i ese ‘mamez {ten stengh of ldeted structural ts bal be ken ao more MECHAMICAL PROPERTIES FoR PLATES To SANS 1451 ‘than 200 and 365 MPa, respectively. ‘We sre ima) ‘Mitmur sosglioe | Okan Ves pr wl ‘The mechani proper of sels nde accordance with SANS 161 ae me Speen [omvaa leted n Tables 21 and 22. The ales lot he inact esters nT wT forthe aos grade of sel. tn ths ates 4 tthe gel osr aero be ed es peed ie oe es oft et pcien ee a Tate 2t am |amsial 20 | ve em fz [eof | a p=] = — [MECHANUCAL PROPERTIES FOR FLAT BARS AND SECTIONS TO SANS 1431 rome iee| sel celery zi 2 |S RT a — a TE xo fsa] a0] ae] m [ae [20] «| @ Pe | — [= a ae pee fes| =| =z lelel=lel2l- |: wan (2 Te ee pea een x0 | 30 | ao | lan [a | @ | a | @ | ss ensues cml am | x ||, an a =| sme Janta} 20 | 9s] 0 | | ana |u| a| a | ea ae [a [oP foo] mea] wo | 36 20 || as | 2 | || a | ‘oom [eal aa [ao fom | =] me |e p=] || — ee one |eau| ae | x0 fa | am | a | a | 2 | 2 | o| @ Hao: |sare| | ao| as /an|—| 2 |v |i] a | seo |enea| ax | sm |s0 | am | wo | a | x | || pecs) ex | «| oe {ae | — | m | | | | se leee ee rere yaya yl ye Noe: ste yt yaa [mato | eeneeo} aso | a | oes | ee | es Be At room temperature all structural steels that are free from natch effects are down |r) 450 | 490 | ais | — | — | ov | we) — P| tough ~ more so than other common construction materials. Even at low sax [samo] ea] amas || - ||» | a] | w seeprtresnovee members renter ougine han eg Jeno ero] ol |as|e| =| olla |o| » under morma service codons. However, when notch it are preset Note Grae S00 nt DW ses mayne nya ‘A very important characteristic of structural steel i its duct; thus the ‘minimum elongation requirement in Tables 21 and 22. In many aspecs of design itis assumed that some degree of yielding leading to sess ‘estribution, will occur at certain locations in the sucture. Without the lacity to permit sich yeng, cracks will occur. Plastic design wil be Jmpasible without dct. Jove tersperatures, many sels show a decided drop in toughness ad ay be prone rile recur, Although notch effects ca be minimized is har possible to avoid them altogether, and in structures that are sujet to low temperatures and high tensile stresses (loin the form af ida tes), the ‘se of structural see with adoguate notch toughness a wise precaution. "ewoul be thus wise to specify a WC or WDD steel as chown in Table 21 or 22 for ow temperature spplication, together with notch-tough weld ental, and to reduce notches toa minim. Stes relloving at ried temperatures ‘0 gtridofresual tensile steesses can be considered, creo ‘Thickness also hasan influence on notch toughnas Deause more severe axial sen fects can occur in thick matecal. Thus, ll eter factors being ‘equal thinner matca i les prone rit facta “Tobe 23 contains rit information on South Afican snl international els that can be used for structural purposes. South Afric ses mills produce ‘ble 29 ‘GENERAL GUDE TO STRUCTURAL STEELS Ga Season | twtatingct | Mambots sess | catyayon tector us Bua ET a ae ss 51 2am a0 sia su nm a sk ee a 8 i 92s ares zs ge (acanrcier | a0 30m ac sis 1 som Ey so ica 750 Tae a a sm ros 35 st le-cear/emai | axon 0 conte as 4 0" 0 uaa eras sss = pe ss.080 @ = aw [sxcararroaaT | = Goa ‘eon ae aN ORTRIA DR ee iy a et oe [elses eaten aon ao 0 ‘uh ares asset ten | THD Te al ee ‘fot so im su stos ear se ection | Baio mene forse | rasen-o0 sono oun aos primarily according to SANE 141 fr the foal market, but can produce 10 any ofthe other standards listed ona big enough order. Stel can aso be Certified ae meeting the requirements of several standards simultaneously. CChaepy or other tests can be performed If required. BLOG (1983) provides @ testing method by which the through-hickness properties of ‘too can be messed 2.2 Lamellar tearing “The information on strength and cuctity presented in the previous section generally pertains to loadings apie in the plane longitudinal or transverse Airectin) of asta plate or element ofa section. It should be noted that ‘longation and area reduction values may wel besigniicarly lower in the }—earoughsthicknees direction than in a planar direction, The Inherent lrectionality is f small coneaqience in many applications, bat does become important in the design and fabrication of structures containing tice |) members with highly eestained welded ois. Attention should be given tothe posible occurrence of lamellar ering in highly restrained joints in welded stroctnes, especially those ung thick ~ plates or heneysuetural shapes. The estan ndced by some oi! designs tn resting weld deposit shrinkage cn impose tensiestrsine sulin high to cause sepecation or tearing in the ste om planes parallel tothe roiled surface of the strctual member being joined. The incidence of this Phenomenon canbe reduced or eliminated through pester anderstancing by Aesigness, deters and fabricators of (1) the inherent directionality of the proper oftractra tse, 2) th high rersntdevalopod in certain ype | of connections, and (3) the need fo adopt appropriate weld details snd welding procedures for throughthickness connections, Furthermore, scl can be sponifiad to be produc’ by special practic and/or prcoete 12 ‘enhance through thickness ety an thus asst in reducing the iketthood ‘of lamellar fenrng. Note the test procedae refered to in 212. However, tnles preceuions ae taken in both design and fabrication, lamella tering may sill cur in thick plates and heavy shapes at resttined through thickness connections. Some guidelines for minimizing potential problems ‘Tjpins are given in Table 628. Lamellar teoring can be deteced with tultasonic testing ofthe fabcented steelwork. Ee 23 Steel at elevated temperatures Figure 21 shows some of the effects associated with sructral steel at clevated temperatures, Figure22 shows how the yield ates of steel drops as 5 temperature ris, while Figure 23 demonstrates the redaction in the ‘odulis of elasticity at elevated temperatures, These Sigurs are not ‘necessarily accurate fr any particular soa but they do demonstrate that by the time the temperature reaches 50°C both the yl sess and the tines (ood indeed the tensile steng:) wil have been markedly reduced. The strength an stability ofastractae will thasbe seriously imped a elevated temperatures. This demonstrates why fire protection or intelligent engineering i required to proventsaious damage or cllapee ofa structure exposed tofire, 4 genera aol structural tel which hasbeen exposed fo ire wil not be ermanenty damaged in so far as ts mechanical properties are concerned if the temperature has not exceeded approximately 900 °C. At higher temperatures the steal may autor ible damage, ‘Asa genera ul, team be stated ha stelwork that as na been distorted ‘or suffered significant surface dogradaton during a fe wil not have an mpaited strength. Should any doubt exist about the adequacy of tel ‘exposed to ire, tests can be performed. The fasteners should be given special atetion, 24 Other properties of structural steel ‘Thefllowingis a ummary of eran properties the ange sels used in structural aplicatons Deity 7850 kg/m Moulus of elstilty (Youngs moduli) E = 200% 10 MPa Polson ratio ‘Shear modulus C= £/2 (14a) Couficen of expansion Srctc heat, approximately ‘Thermal conductivity, proximately #2030 Ca 77x10 Ma ay xioy7c $807/kg°C s0W/m'C Figure 21 Temperature cart ost with 020% carbon content aa as Sou yhov 8 om a Steel 0 a ao Tempe) ‘yan yi arnt 20°C Sys lective ye sree stead tpn Figura 22 Relationship betneen temperature and ete yield tress By x10" MPa suo 2 a0 ‘Temp CO) ig = mois feast of sol at elevated teperture Fgwe 23 Ratoni between temperate and modules of astciy 2.5 Corrosion, ‘Structural tel subject corrosion In th prance of moisture al oxygen Ina arose environment eset canbe protected by painting galvanizing ‘or metal spraying Alternatively an atmospheric corvosion rstantTowalloy te suchas COR- TEN can be used, COR-TEN is sultable for use inthe uncoated condion Exposure to normal atmospheric conditions cause a tightly adherent oxide patna to frm on the surface which considerably reduces the rte of further ‘oxidation. The reduced maintenance resltng from the use of ti sel may ‘oles higher nil cost, butts aesthetic iexpact may bos greatast ase ‘The conosion of a metal may be aecolorated throught conict with another ‘metal in mols conditions this known as bimetalic galvanic or electrolytic ‘corrosion, The to metals and the liquid present between the corse 2 ‘coll ausing the fle of sll ler curen whic lends othe corosion af ‘he ese noble meta. Is ths advisable to insulate ste! fom oter materials te prevent accelerated corrsion in the contact res, “The following able of potenti of metals provids an inl guide 1 the posse effects of beac contac. A meal with «higher potenti will provide protect to more noble one by sacrificial ston. Ngati va vs) exes 17 Zee to unin cs Suet tet re fe) 5 tm asa Sts ts “13-03 ass os oer oe oat a 2.6 Effect of hot-dip galvanizing Stan bet avai or conson proton. Begin i hat sis a ier aco sae ses ing ene ingen ingle shouls spl aire pd gulp cnt and also to reduce costs, ve comme ° Sto cae rr ho pave yn cd piling, the seat highstengih el and severly cl tral whee ces ike rar sce ono eee te lt ning Foro ah pking recone, Te mcr ove panel SSponie to ald which may Incease the propel Yor hydrogen entitlement an im fly inset ee The sel inert in mele sin at temper of bout °C. The rela chem racton forte serie of on/ae alloys tat ‘etl bod the conan pete cating fo he sel Where ‘eiig i near alr oi aang he ae congo eel tra mst te emoved be welding pice, Damaged cong suns ‘lng om wen roar cnr an be untyped yng eeevoa spre ep cere ‘The elevated temperature of molten zine may reel in aceerted sein ‘gpg ina susceptibeste! particulary where severe cold working ha taken place, eg. cokheaded bolls. Where thi could be devimentl the use of 3 ‘Snegrinedstel made by killing with alsminium is rcommerded, In the ‘ewe of a susceptible steel, appropiete heat treatment prior to hot ip ‘galvanizing wil avo hi form of emnnitement, ‘To obtain an aesthetically plasing surface guaity ater galvanizing itis ‘commenced thatthe silicon content ofthe sel should be either les than (05%, or between 08% and 0.78%, 2.7 Identification of steel 2.7 Identification marking ‘SAS 1491 requires that the manafeturer identifies ll ingots billets lbs, plats sections ars, ec, with cast numbers or identification masks in sucha ‘ay a enable ll nshed siel tobe trace to te east frm which it wos ‘made ofr hollow sections made by the continuous proces, the cast rom Which they overe mad, Esch pce or parcel of sel mut alse be legibly ‘marked with the manufacturer name or edema. 2.7.2 Identification by colour marking, Color cong of structural te! sna required by SANS 1481 and such scl rcs from producer wll aly be colour coded if this requirement i ald onthe order. “There may be a change for colour coding. Colour coding will be in accordance with SANS 10202: Code of Practice for {he Colour Coding of Steel Products. Te system consists ofa band of theoe ‘lous, the principal colour indenting the functional group to which the product belongs (for scural steel the colour is red). This colour i flanked on one side by a ier second colour and on the other by ¢ tied colour. There colours indicate the stel grade strngih category and Charpy or other requirement. 273 Unidentified structural steel Unidentified structural steel most not be wed, unless approved by the Engines, ovhich approval eSould not be given without performing cetain tests on the ste. Etcesvely hard ar bite sta can and have n he past, lead to serious acidens. Ifthe use of unidentified ste! is authorize for hot rolled steelwork, the minimum yield sess f and the minimum tensile strength used for design stall be taken as not more than 200 MPa ana 365 MPa respectively, as stated in Clause 5.22 of SANS 1016: Pact 1. The terms ‘snidentied ste” and ‘commercial quality” do not have Se seme meaning. (Alsosee21) 2.8 Specifications for dimensions of hot-rolled steel products 2.81 Specifications for hot-rolled sections Hobolled sections are producsd to the following standards in Sosth ‘Asie, but It is advisable to consult the product data she's ofthe specific Supplier in any ease where the dimensions of » secon ate critical, of #2 contact the supplier eo Steel Universal beams and columns “Taper Mange sections DIN taper flange channels 2S taper fange channels ‘A parallel Range cannes Angles 854: Part :19%5, EV 10024 DIN 1025: 1965 Internal specification SPE 250 DIN 1025: 1963 BS 4: Part 1999 EN 10078 EN 10055 2.8.2 Dimensional tolerances for hot-rlled sections Incentive a sonal tolerance fr hotoled sectons are summaslzed in ‘Table 24. More accurate and comprehensive information can be abained from tol producer and the elevant specfictins Taie24 !NOIATIVE OMENSOUAL TOLERANCES FoR HO-ROLED SECTIONS ‘en cs a = = ‘aril fangs) me ese aia esse ppl meio soso = mocbses fan sao Web et cent = (0 — 2 “Ne a cane sentencing | het, ao0e20 ‘ble 24 (onions) INDICATIVE DIMESIONAL TOLERANCES FOR HOT-ROLLED SECTIONS a eh erst 1 arts neat ero asain orb) ap +30 siseeis erreeyy Chaz rad ers neo sero 1. 12 aone4d oa) ‘le 24 (onions) IWICATIVE DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES FOR HOT-ROLLED SECTIONS co ‘em tn oe ow +075 ssebe 15 Ob +10 sensi Sow+ts at pe) 1 asw+as ste Sow+ia an Aswns ante 4 tose bese 19 seaman wege s aem+0s sede Sam+i3 #5100 fsm43 283 Standard lengths of hot-olled sections In gener, structural stot sections are avaiable in lengths of ep #9 24 m. ‘Standard lengis of 9m, 1m and 13 maze generally svslableex sock. 284 Dimensional tolerances for flat products ‘Stabs, pats and sheos are usually supped to EN 10029. The tolerances in “Tables 26, 27 and 28 below roflct those of EN 10029, When 2 pie is produced to other international standards mich as ASTM, DIN or 5 the Tolerances are according tothe relevant specication, Closer tolerances on lt thickness canbe specif (conic! suppl) Table 28 TOLERANCES ON THICKNESS Thar sonnet | “ove Soin has anni se a) sommes | mist sles Pein wb ‘gm_| ies | tom | 35m | wares | ie te ta te = sees | 1s oe aa a ast | 17 10 10 “1 sete | ta M1 2 12 lactco | 22 2 2 13 fasten | 28 2 13 4 ‘ fose

    You might also like