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  • 令和３年度　前期：英語A

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    3 views9 pages

    令和３年度　前期：英語A

    Uploaded by

    QuinnNgo

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    fl 3 4 BE ii § a B Roa ew ® 1. FRAT ROME AMIS, RRMMOSGR NHS ECM TIGER. 2. SRB St, MS MRO RRA SHH (Rt 2 MPH) ICIEMICRAT SCE. 3. MBM TON—PRit, RAMEMASK-—Y CHS. MBCTISHGIHS ISHLHSIE, 4, MEARS LeCHS, 5. ME, MEMMORESNKECACMATS COE, PMOSWAKIL TIL Wins. 6. MBMFORA, BHPRSCHAL TEA. 7. BAAN 5 ito TAIT, 8. RAMBLE SIS Ce, M6 (041-92) JT £ORKWEDEMA. THEO TRBORRE DRI TRL SY. BO ATIL SIRS OnO HERO TE, (A) One of the oddest aspects of American culture is our general dismissal of commensality, Most human cultures have considered food preparation and consumption, especially consuming food together, as essential to family, tribal, religious, and other social honds. Some people would go even further and say that_as social creatures, eating toether makes us more socially adept_and indeed happier humaa beings, However, in our highly individualistic society the value of eating and drinking together is prubably honored more in the breach than in the observance. (Ludington, Charles C, & Booker, Matthew M. 2019. Fhad fighis: How history matters te contemporary food debates. The University of North Carolina Press 20 PRERIE) (DB) In language, the velatio largely arbitrary. For example, the sound of "blue" will_likely hove ao relationshig to the properties of light we experience as blue nor_to the visual i between the Corm of a signal ancl its meaning is written form “blue,” will sound different across languages, and have no sound at all in signed languages. No equivalent of “biuc” will even exist in many languages (hat might make fewer or more or different color distinctions. With respect to language, the meaning of a signal casmot be predicted from the Physical properties of the signal available to the senses, Rather, the relationship is set by convention. (Boroditsky, Lera. 2019. “language and the brain” Science, 336 (6461), Oeteber 4, DOI: 10.1128/science.aaz64nt & 9 — Altea) Sie OMG(I 93) Tl KOMLERAT, UTORMCBARE HE, is any environment morc secluded from our imagination than the seas surrounding Antarctica? Icebergs grind above 2 scaled dotted with salps, sea squirts, sponges, and other barely animate organisms. ‘The sun scarcely rises for half the year. Under the elemental conditions at these latitudes, Antaretic bluc whales exist in a world defined ty bicacoustics. Blue whales, Earth's largest animals, catl to orbers of their kind, though exactly what these cries communicate rem sa mystery, Whether iv attract a mate, to repel @ rival, or for some of ce socia] purpose, the sounds blue whales mle sre ess sem, sore drone —a teetonic rumble on the furthest edge of human hearing. That the sounds of blue whales seem simple might suggest they are wichanging across generations. But these atonal sounds have begun evolving. Since at least the 1060s, their pitch has downshifted the equivalent of three white keys on a piano, Scientists have theories as to why — some wovrisome, some hopeftil, all involving Taunus. ‘The deepening of Antarctic blue whales’ sounds is not anique to the a subspecies, Groups of pygmy bhic whales found near Madarasear. and Australia, a3 well as fin whales, which live in seas around the world, have also dropped their pitch. (Bven before this change, fin whales emitted sounds so jow as to be nearly imperceptible to humans: the wavelengths of their calls were often longer than the bodies of the whales themselves.) Ina study last year that analyzed more than 1 million individual recordings of whale calls, scale stutts were found across apecics, and among populations that don’t necessarily interact sith one another. . Which is to say, whatever has triggered the change doesn’t seem to have a specific geagraphie ovigi. ‘The underwater clamor caused by maritime traffic aad extractive industries might seem a likely culprit. After all, such noise is known to interrapt whales’ foraging and interfere with their vocal interactions. But although some whales —2— OMG(C4I—04) do adapt, in limited ways, to artificial sounds in the ocean—by pausing their calls to evold competing with the passage of cargo ships, for eeample— scientists don't believe that the deepening whale calls are a response to sonic pollution, They have identified lowered pitches even across populations of whales that live in seas without major shipping routes, where mechanical noise is negligible i Another possible explanation for the change in whale calls 1s the achievements of global conservation efforts. At the start of the 20th century, an estimated 239,000 Antarctic blue whales occupied the Southern Ocean. By the early 1970s, decades of commercial whaling — initially by Norwegian and British whalers, and later hy illegal Soviet fleets—had decreased the bluewhale population in the region to a mere 360. But since protection of the subspecies began in 1966, thal muuber has begua to rebound. Scientists bave speculate that the whale’s anatomy determines that the louder it gets, the higher the pitch of its calls. AS populations have grown, then, the whales may have decreased their volume because they are more likely to be communicating over short distances. In other words, Antarctic blue whales may he Inwer-toned today than in previous deezdes simply because they no longer need to shows. Last year’s stucly of whale calls also suggests a more ominous reason for (he dvop in pitch, however: Perhaps whales don’t need ty be so loud because sound waves travel farther in eceans made acidic ty the absorption of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, meanwhile, may indirectly influence whale voices in other ways. Recent monitoring of Antarctic blue whales shows that, during the austval summer, their pitch rises, Researchers have hypothesized that in warmer months, the whales must use their forte volume to be heard amid the cracking { a natural sound amplified by unnatural processes, as sisin cw temperatures exacerbate icesmelt. So the impacts of a warming phinet may: wi modulate animal sounds even in remote places with barely any humans, and where the most thundercus notes come not from ships, but from the clatter of breaking ice. -—i- OMG —e5) We may not yet know whar the sounds of blue whales mean. But whether through our intent to preserve these creatures, or as a result of refashioning: their environment, our deeds echo in their voices. (Giggs, Rebecca. “Whale songs are getting deeper.” The Aulanzic, October 2018.) SMD FH) OHIO TORRICREHO EOE. N-Crb 1D WO, AE THAR EH, (i) repel (1) call on (A) escape from li Which is to say () Moreover 4 On the other band negiigivie 4) extremely limited 0) relatively joud (xt anatomy (4) animal language 9 musieal ability tw) exacerbate (8 delay Ws reduce (i echo in (fave irrelevant to (have an impact on ia) oH drive away reconcile with None the less Pat another way hardly pleasant very significant ody structuie space se nee: freese worsen become unnoticeable in work in tavor of MG (01195) WERKE) FARE) the subspecies SHEDS BEAL OMB CH AI. Oy SERS) FARSRB) adant RRMA CALS DAAMEL SOM, ALON BIGED, 2 FENORAE TRL ES, WRAS LPICRART. Pa HNO unnatweal ED LS ORT unnatural CHSESGASLKHS a 2 FRAO RAP TRALBA, UHM LFCRARTS ee BES) FROM, LOMROL fb CdS Whale songs sre gelting deeper” £42) RAORA THA CHF AN DADS FRMIN-WrS 29 HU, PECHARE Drones are spotted by blue whales. O) Many ships pass over blue whales, Some nations have resumed commercial whaling, ‘The number of blue whales has increased. Seawater now bas a higher level uf acidity. [| The sound of melting ice is getting noisier. —5- OMB) Tl SDA STAC RUMDHS, HAER RHE RBIS ORLY TL MEDET, SOELSRRMICGORM, AAMC ESTHER EESTL ED tO. BREAGSL

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