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Micro-Algal Biotechnology By Michael A.Borowitzka & Lesley Borowitzka

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cPtMumwGif olr zswfceJ x&yf\/ ol uref;uwef; armhMunhfvdkufonf/
]][m...rMunhfawmhbl;vm;}}
ol csOf;uyfyHk jrefqefvGef;oGm;vdkYrsm; aMumufoGm;avovm;/
]][kwfuJh? N*dKvfwkowif; NyD;NyDyJ? OD;rif;xif qufMunhfav}}
]]bmjzpfvdkYvJ[if? uRefawmfeJY'DrSm twlxkdifaewm roihfawmf&if uRefawmf jyeftdyfyghr,f/

rcifrdk;jrifh xdkifaecJhyg}}
ol x&yfvdkufonf/
]]roifhawmf&if [kwfvm;? b,folu roifhawmfbl;vdkY ajymrSmvJ}}
olr rsuf0ef;rsm; tenf;i,f El;nHhaeonf/
]][dk'if; ywf0ef;usif...}}
olr olYudk wtHhwMo yHkpHjzifh pdkufMunhf\/
]]b,fywf0ef;usifurS bmrSxifrSm r[kwfbl;/ cPae&if wDADGZmwfvrf;MunfhzdkY

tzGJUom;awGtm;vHk; a&mufvmMurSmyg/ olwdkY yef;uefaq;aeMuvdkYyg/ OD;rif;xifu bmawG
t"dyÜm,fr&Sd awG;ylaevdkYvJ}}
yuwd ½dk;om;aom olr rsufESmxm;aMumifh ol yihfoufwpfcsuf ½dIufvdkufrdonf/
]]uRefru "mwfcGJcef; tajzawGudk pm&if;jyKpk&OD;rSmav? aemufNyD; uRefr Zmwfvrf;awG bmawG

rBudKufwwfbl;? oGm;r,faemf}}
tcef;uav;onf ½kwfw&uf ajcmufaoGUoGm;\/
xxGufoGm;zdkY roihfawmfrSef; owdjyKrdí qufxdkifaecJh&aom rif;xifxHodkY tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;

a&mufvmí pum;ajymMuaomfvnf; rif;xiftwGuf wpfpHkwpf&m vpf[maeovdk cHpm;&onf/
xdkvpf[mrIonf n tdyf&m0ifonftxd usefae\/
aemufaeYqdkvQif ol jyef&awmhrnf/
*sL; r&Sdrjzpfrdk;
aemufwpfBudrf þpcef;odkY a&mufzdkY tcGifhta&;rSm tvGefenf;yg;vSonf/ tvkyfudpöudk

taMumif;jy&efrSm rjzpfEdkifawmhoavmuf ukefqHk;aeNyD/ rsufESmylyljzifh vmvQifaum.../
taMumif;jycsuf &Sd&Sd? r&Sd&Sd vmvdkY&wmyJ r[kwfvm;/ vlwdkif; wGif;awmifudk tvnftywf
avhvma&; vmaeMuwmyJ/ EdkifiHjcm;om;awGawmif vmMuao;wm/
½l;aeovm;/ b,folrqdk wGif;awmifudk wpfacgufvmMunhf&if vHkavmufNyDuG/ rif;u

b,fESpfcg vmcsifvdkYvJ/
uJuGm...b,fESpfcg vmvmayhg/ b,folYudk *½kpdkufae&rSmvJ/ rdef;rwpfa,mufudk ydk;w,fqdkrS

awmh 'Davmufawmh rsufESmajymif&rSmyJ/
tawG;jzifhyif ol rsufESm aEG;ceJ yloGm;avonf/
*sL; r&Sdrjzpfrdk;
tcef; (7)
wGif;pcef;wGif ESpfntdyfNyD; oHk;&ufajrmufaeYodkY a&mufaomtcg olwdkYtm;vHk;jyefzdkY ypönf;rsm;
odrf;NyD;NyD/ xdktcsdefwGif rcifrdk;jrifhrSwpfyg; tjcm;aom 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh cifrif&if;ESD;NyD;om; jzpfaeNyD/
olwdkYtm;vHk;onf azazhwynfhrsm; jzpfcJhMuonf/ olwdkYtm;vHk;yif azazhudk cspfcifav;pm;Mu

onf/ azaz tvkyfxGufonfhudpö? a&xGufypönf; arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;wGif tpk&S,f,m0ifNyD;
tvkyf0ifonfhudpö? azaz\ aoG;wdk;a&m*g oufom&m&oGm;onfh udpötm;vHk;udk rif;xifausmfESifh
aqG;aEG;pum;ajym&if; &if;ESD;rI &cJhonf/
b,folESifhrqdk cifrif&if;ESD;zdkY 0efrav;aom rif;xifonf ESpf&uftwGif;rSmyif cifarmiftkef;ESifh

pum;vufqHk ajymNyD;NyD/ cifarmiftkef;rSm tvGefvSaom nDrav;wpfa,muf &SdrSef;vnf; odNyD;NyD/
xdknDrav;udk vlwumawmif;wdkif; yg;pyfjzifh tvG,fwul ay;wwfaMumif;vnf; odNyD/ olYudkawmif
cifarmiftkef;u p aemufaeao;\/
]]OD;rif;xifu vlysdK r[kwfvm;? uRefawmfhnDrav;u acsmw,fAs? pmvnf; odyfawmfw,f}}
ol jyHK;aeaomtcg olYudk rcifrdk;jrifhu cyfwnfwnf vSrf;MunhfaecJhonf/
olYudk tzGJUom;tm;vHk;u ta&mif;udk,fpm;vS,f wpfa,muftjzpf oabmrxm;bJ

q&mOD;xifausmf\ om;tjzpfom oabmxm;Mu\/ touft&G,fcsif;vnf; odyfruGmvSay/
trsdK;orD;tzGJUxJwGif touftBuD;qHk;u rar,kcdkif jzpfonf/ tm;vHk;u olrudk rmrD[k ac:ojzifh
yxrwGif ol tHhMordao;\/ odkYaomf aemufydkif; oluyg rmrD[k w&if;wESD; ac:&avmufatmif
&if;ESD;cifrifcJhavonf/ trsdK;orD;tm;vHk; ckESpfa,mufjzpfNyD; xdktxJrSm tdrfaxmifusNyD;aom
trsdK;orD;0efxrf;ESpfa,muf ygaMumif; ol od&onf/ uHaumif;axmufrpGm xdkESpfa,mufxJwGif
rcifrdk;jrifh ryg0ifyg/ trsdK;orD; emrnfawGudkawmh ol a&maxG;aeqJ jzpf\/ rar,kcdkifESifh
rcifrdk;jrifhuvGJvQif usefonfh trsdK;orD;rsm;udk emrnfrSefatmif rac:Edkifao;bJ jzpfaeonf/
wpfcgwpfcg wifat;&D[k ac:rdolu MunfMunfjrifh jzpfaeNyD; cifjyHK;vGif[k ac:rdolu csdKarT;
jzpfaewwfonf/ tm;vHk;u 0dkif;[m;awmh ol enf;enf;&SufoGm;um emrnfrac:bJ pum;ajymzdkY
BudK;pm;&awmhonf/ trsdK;om;0efxrf;rsm;ukdawmh emrnfESifhvl wGJí rSwfrdNyD/
wGif;awmifodkYt0if um;ay:rSmuwnf;u aqG;aEG;csifaom iSufzsm;a&m*gtaMumif;udk

tzGJUom;awGESifh aqG;aEG;jzpfMuonf/
]]'Dem;wpf0dkufu iSufzsm;e,fajrawGyJ? tm;vHk;xJrSmawmh wGif;awmifu iSufzsm;u tqdk;qHk;vdkY

ajym&rSmyJ/ yvyfpfrdk'D,rf z,fvfqDay&rf trsdK;tpm;av}}
ol rcifrdk;jrifhtwGuf pdk;&drfoGm;\/
*sL; r&Sdrjzpfrdk;
]]BudKwifumuG,fNyD; aq;pm;vdkY r&bl;vm;Asm}}
]]&wmaygh? pm;aewmyJav? 'gayr,fh...}}
pcef;wm0efcH udkwdk;atmifu ycHk;wGefYum jyHK;onf/
]]uRefrwdkYpcef;rSm trsm;qHk;aq;0g;u iSufzsm;aq;yJ? tpHk&Sdw,f/ uDGeif; pm;aq;&Sdw,f?

y½dkifrmuGif;&Sdw,f? ydkif&ufZif; &Sdw,f? uvdk½dkuGif;&Sdw,f? xdk;aq;awGvnf; &Sdw,fav/ bDyDtdkifu
tpHkay;xm;wmyg/ aemufNyD; q&m0ef r&Sdayr,fh usef;rma&;rSL;&Sdygw,f? pdwfrylygeJY OD;rif;xif&JU}}
rar,kcdkifu rsufvHk;omjyL;vsuf cyfwnfwnf rsufESmay;vkyfí rif;xifausmfudk pdwfMunhfajym

awmh ol b,fvdkaerSef; rodatmifjzpfoGm;onf/ awmfygao;&JU? rar,kcdkifu rcifrdk;jrifhudk
apmif;iJhrMunhfayvdkY/ Munhfrsm;MunhfvQif rif;xif xdkif&mrS jAKef;ceJ xajy;rdrnf/
]]tHr,f 'gxuf ta&;BuD;wJh umuG,fypönf; &Sdao;w,fav rmrD&JU? OD;rif;xifudk

ajymvdkufygOD;}} cifarmifOD;u a&nd§tdwfxJrS a&awGudk tm;ESifhrmefESifh n§pfcs&if; cyfaemufaemuf
ajymjyefavonf/
ol rcifrdk;jrihf\ rsufESmudk vSrf;rMunhfrdatmif xdef;csKyfxm;&\/
ighrsufvHk;awGursm; odyfodomaeavovm;/ 'ku©ygvm;/ 'Davmuf ESpfntdyf &ufydkif;uav;

twGif;rSm olwdkY &dyfrdoGm;NyD qdk&ifawmh igudku nHhvGef;vdkY jzpfrSmyJ/ a[m...bmqdkifvJ? ig
ukrÜPDtwGuf tvkyfeJY vmwmyJ? rdef;r vmydk;wmrS r[kwfwm/ ol rsufESmudk cyfwnfwnf
jzpfatmif xdef;xm;&if;u [efaqmifyd&drSm r[kwfrSef; odaejyefonf/
]][kwfwmaygh? umuG,fzdkYtwGuf jcifaq;acG txkyfvdkuf &Sdw,fav/ rif;om; jcifEdkifaq;acGawG

vpOfcGJwrf;xJrSm jcifaq;acG tjrJygw,f? ryleJY}}
xdkYaemuf olwdkYtzGJUom od[efwlaom taMumif;wpfckckjzifh 0g;ceJ atmf[pf&,farmMuonf/

bmrSef; rodaomfvnf; tzGJUom;rsm;\ aysmf&TifrIu olYxH ul;pufoGm;\/ ol a&ma,mifí
jyHK;rdonf/ rcifrdk;jrifhuawmh cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSm olr\ zef>yefrsm;jzifh tvkyf½Iyfum jyHK;½HkjyHK;aeonf/
]]jcifrudkufatmif vdrf;wJhaq;awG &Sdw,fr[kwfvm;}} ol tMuHay;rdawmh cifarmiftkef;u

vufumjy\/
]]&DyDwdk ajymwm r[kwfvm;? uRefawmfwdkY r&wm MumvSNyD/ tckawmh jcifaxmifxJ

a&mufraercsif; rvHkjcHKawmhbl;aygh/ jzpf&if aq;aomufvdkufwmyJav}}
ol pdwfroufrom jzpfoGm;onf/
urf;ajcrSm tvkyfvkyfae&if; aomfvnf;aumif;? a&xJrSm (Oyrm...aEG&moD) avSjzifh a&nd§awG

vdkufq,f,laepOf aomfvnf;aumif; jcifrudkufbl;vdkY b,fhES,fvkyfNyD; pdwfcsEdkifygrnfenf;/
"mwfcGJcef;wGif rdkufu½dkpukwfudk NidrfoufpGm tm½Hkpl;pdkufí MunhfaepOf? a&ppfpifab;wGif
a&nd§yg0ifEIef;udk zef>yefrsm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;pGm wdkif;wmaepOf? a&nd§pifwGif a&nd§rsm;udk
a&n§pfxkwfNyD; a&csdKjzifh oefYpifaepOf b,fae&rSmrqdk jcifudkufEdkifonf/
]]uRefawmf tMuHay;r,fAsm? cifAsm;wdkY tvkyfcGif0wfpkHudk wwfEdkiforQ udk,fcE¨mtom;udk

zHk;atmif 0wfMuaygh}}
*sL; r&Sdrjzpfrdk;
onfwpfcg atmfí &,farmolu rar,kcdkif jzpf\/
]]tr,fav;...&Sif 'Du jciftaMumif; rodvdkY/ 'Du jcifuav t0wfpudk azmufNyD; tom;udk

udkufwJhae&mrSm uRrf;usifaeNyD&Sifh/ olwdkYu yvwfpwpfpawmif azmufEdkifrvm; rodbl;? tyfeJY
xdk;ovdkyJ}}
]]rmrDa& aemufxyf tMuHOmPfaumif;uav; awmif;prf;ygOD;? OD;rif;xifu tMuHaumif;awG

awmfawmf xGufwwfw,f}} rcifrdk;jrifhu vSrf;ajymcsdefrSm ol rsufESmenf;enf; yloGm;NyD;
&,faevdkuf&\/
]]uJ...OD;rif;xif? uRefrwdkY 0efxrf;awG iSufzsm;a&m*g rjzpfatmif umuG,fzdkY aemufxyf

tMuHuav;rsm;...}}
ol cyf[uf[uf &,fvsuf acgif;ndwfvdkuf\/
]]vG,fygw,f rmrD&m? jcifvHkpumwyf wdkufcef;taqmufttHkawG aqmufay;zdkY 0ef;BuD;qDudk

tpD&ifcHpm wifvdkufaygh}}
tm;vHk; 0dkif;&,fMuavonf/
eHeuf 10em&D xdk;awmh a'gufwmOD;rif;odef;ESifh bDyDtdkifvlBuD;rsm; ajrmufbuf a&ppfpifrS

jyefvmMuonf/
]]q&m aeYv,fpm pm;roGm;bl;qdkvkdY uRefawmfwdkY aeYv,fpm rcsufxm;bl;aemf}}
cifarmiftkef;u OD;rif;odef;udk awGUawGUcsif; today;onf/
]]at;yguGm? bkwvifusrS pm;MurSmyg/ b,fhES,fvJ rif;xif? awmfawmf avhvmNyD;NyDvm;}}
]][kwfuJh q&m}}
ol wu,fwrf; avhvmxm;onfrSm tvkyfESifhwGJaeaom rcifrdk;jrifhom jzpfonf/ a&nd§xkxnf

wdkif;aepOf rcifrdk;jrihf\ pl;pdkufaom rsuf0ef;rsm;? wpfcsufwpfcsuf rsufarSmifcsDxm;aom rsufcHk;rsm;?
"mwfcGJcef;wGif olr arG;jrLxm;aom pyD½lvdkif;em; rSefavSmifuefuav;xJrS a&wpfpufudk
tPkMunhfrSefajymif;jzifh MunhfpOf wif;wif;aphxm;aom EIwfcrf;rsm;? wpfcgwpfcg rausreyfjzifh
bmrSef;roJuGJaom pum;vHk;udk cyfwdk;wdk; a&&GwfpOf vIyf&Sm;oGm;aom EIwfcrf;yg;uav;rsm;?
"mwfcGJcef; rSefavSmifuefxJrS a&udk yDtdyfcsfwdkif;onfh puúLud&d,mav;jzihf wpfpufcsif;
ta&mifcGJjcm;wdkif;aepOf uRrf;usifoG,fvsaom vufacsmif;rsm;/
&efukef jyefa&mufonfhwdkif arhypfzdkY cJ,Of;aom olr\ tao;pdwf trlt&mrsm; jzpfonf/
rdef;rwpfa,muf\ vTrf;rdk;rIudk wGef;vSef rypfEdkifaom olYtodpdwfudk oljyefí

pdwfqdk;aerdonf/
þtrsdK;orD;onf b,folYudkrqdk txufpD;rS tuJcwfí pum;ajymrnfh trsdK;orD;jzpfonf/

pl;&S&J0Hhaom rsufvHk;rsm;u rnfolYudkrQ tm;emvdrfhrnf r[kwfaMumif; azmfjyaeonf/
wif;wif;aphxm;aom EIwfcrf;rsm;u udk,hfudk,fudkrSwpfyg; tjcm; rnfolYudkrQ tm;udk;vdrfhrnf
r[kwfaMumif; tenf;i,f &efvdkpGm azmfjyaeonf/
*sL; r&Sdrjzpfrdk;
olrudkrS ol bmjzpfvdkY a&G;cs,fí csOf;uyfaerdygvdrhf/
olUtawG;xJ a&mufvmaom a&G;cs,frI...[laom pum;udk ol taotcsm pOf;pm;rdaomtcg

av;vHaeaom &ifu enf;enf;ayghyg;oGm;ovdk &Sdonf/ a&G;cs,frI...[k oHk;EIef;NyD qdkuwnf;u 'g
tcspfr[kwfEdkifyg/ OD;aESmuf\ tvkyfwpfckom jzpfonf/ OD;aESmufqdkvQif ol\ qifjcifOmPfudk ol
jyeftm;udk;Edkifao;onf/ roifhawmfbl;? oifhawmfw,fqdkwmudk qifjcifOmPfjzifh tvdktavsmuf
qHk;jzwfay;vdrhfrnf/ ol tenf;i,f pdwfoufom&m &oGm;\/
odkYaomf xdkpdwfoufomrIrSm wm&SnfrcHyg/
aeYv,f 11em&DwGif olwdkYvlpk jyefvnfxGufcGm&ef um;ay:odkY wufMuonf/
a&ppfpifESpfckESifh a&n§pfpifwGif wm0efusaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;u vGJvQif tm;vHk;u

olwdkYq&mudk EIwfqufMu\/ cyfvSrf;vSrf; tajcmufvSrf;pifwGif eef;qGJNyD;om; a&nd§rQifrsm;udk
tajcmufvSef;aeaom tkyfpku vufjyEIwfquf½Hkom jzpfonf/ aeYv,f 2em&Dtxd tm;vyfaeaom
tkyfpkuawmh um;ab;em;txd avQmufvmí EIwfqufonf/ xdktkyfpkxJwGif rcifrdk;jrifh
yg0ifaeaomtcg wGif;pcef;rS rjyefrD usef&SdaeorQ rdepfydkif;uav;onf vGrf;qGwf atmufarhzG,f&m
umvuav; jzpfoGm;avonf/
um;ab; cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif rwfwwf&yfvsuf vufESpfzuf wif;wif;ydkufum ajcvSrf;udk cyfcsJcsJ

taetxm;vkyfí um;qDodkY pl;pdkufpGm vSrf;Munhfaeaom trsdK;orD;uav;udk ol wpfcPrQ
ai;armMunhfrd\/ rdk;&dyfrdk;aiGUjzifh tHkYysrIefrdIif;aeaom aumif;uifatmifwGif olr &yfaeyHku
tm;rmefwif;xm;yHk ay:aeonf/ tm;vHk;u jyHK;&,fí vufjyEIwfqufcsdefwGif olr tenf;i,frQ
rjyHK;yg/ olr\ tMunhfonf olUxHodkY a&mufvm\/ olr rjyHK;yg/ vufvnf; rjyyg/ odkYaomf
olESifh rsufvHk;csif; qHkrdpOf olr\ taetxm; rqdkpavmufuav; ,drf;,dkifoGm;\/ olr
rsufpdvTJvdkufNyD; ajcvSrf; tenf;i,fjyifvdkufavonf/ ol enf;enf;uav; auseyfESpfodrfhoGm;\/
rif;xifausmf[laom a,musfm;wpfa,muf urmÇavmuwGif wnf&SdaeaMumif; rdef;rwpfOD; taejzifh
todtrSwf jyKvdkufjcif; jzpfonf[k ol ,lqonf/
um;teD;wGif uyf&yfaeaom cifarmiftkef;ESifh rar,kcdkifu olwdkYtm;vHk;udk jyHK;&,fí

EIwfquf&if;
]]aemufvnf; vmvnfOD;aemf OD;rif;xif}}[k olYudk cGifhay;BudKqdkonfh tcsdefwGif rcifrdk;jrifh

EIwfcrf;rsm;u wif;wif;aphxm;qJom jzpfonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif um;u pwif xGufcgonf/
xdktcsdefwGif rcifrdk;jrifh\ rsufvHk;rsm; olYxHodkY aemufwpfBudrf a&mufvm\/ onfwpfcgawmh

ol xdef;csKyfr&awmhojzifh olrudk ai;armMunhf&if;u olr wpfOD;wnf;udk jyHK;jyvdkufrdonf/ olr
jyefírjyHK;yg/ odkYaomf acgif;nGwfí EIwfqufvdkuf\/ vufESpfzuf wif;wif;ydkufvsuf? EIwfcrf;
wif;wif;aphxm;&if;u acgif;udknGwfí EIwfqufvdkufaom olr\ [eftrlt&mudk ol b,fawmhrS
arhaysmufEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfyg/
tjyefc&D; um;ay:wGif aemufwpfBudrf b,fvdkqHkawGUEdkifatmif zefwD;&yghrvJ[laom tawG;jzifh

&ifwpfckvHk; jynfhMuyf av;vHvsuf&Sdavonf/
*sL; r&Sdrjzpfrdk;
tcef; (8)
wevFmaeY eHeuf 10em&DcGJwGif ol &efukef jyefa&mufonf/
tdrfrSma&csdK;? xrif;pm;NyD; ½Hk;odkY xGufchJ&\/ ½Hk;a&mufawmh aeYv,f 12em&D cGJNyD;aeNyD/
azaztygt0if vlBuD;rsm; aeYv,fpm oGm;pm;aeMucsdefjzpfí olUpm;yGJwGif wifxm;aom

ig;pmxkwfvkyfrI pm&if;Z,m;udk pdwfrygpGm zwfaevdkufavonf/
azaz þukrÜPDodkY 0ifa&mufvmcsdefrSpí ,cifu olYtcef;uav;rSm azazhtcef;

jzpfoGm;onf/ xdktcg olUtvkyfpm;yGJonf pk'gvDwdkY pm;yGJrsm;enf;wl ½Hk;cef;rxJwGif
a&mufoGm;avonf/
cPMumawmh azazESihftwl pk'gvDwdkY om;tzyg twlwl 0ifvmMuonf/
pm;yGJrSm ol xdkifaewm jrifawmh pk'gvDu csdKjrpGm jyHK;&,fEIwfqufavonf/
]][m...q&m jyefvmNyD/ 'gvDhzdkY rEÅav;xdk;rkefY yg&JUvm;[if}}
ol tenf;i,fjyHK;í acgif;,rf;vdkuf\/
]]wGif;awmif oGm;wm rEÅav;oGm;wmrS r[kwfbJ}}
pk'gvDu rsufESmuav; ½HIUNyD; &,f\/
]]'gayr,fh rEÅav;uae jzwfoGm;&wmyJ Opöm q&muvnf;}}
'gvDhtazu cyfjyHK;jyHK;yif olYorD;acgif;udk ykwfvsuf tcef;xJ 0ifoGm;\/ rif;xif\

pm;yGJem;rSm &yfusefcJholu azazjzpfonf/
]]tqifajy&JUvm; om;}}
]][kwfuJh}}
azaz xGufroGm;ao;yg/ olYudk pl;prf;ovdk iHkYMunhfvsuf&Sdonf/
&efukefrSmuwnf;u Nitex Filtre Cloth udkwpfq,frDwm 0,f,lrnfjzpfaMumif; azaz

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To Essential Moe...
With Love.
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" Oceans, Marine Geology, Chemical Oceanography, The Structure and

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