AP" STATISTICS UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE Inference for Means ©) BIG PICTURE IDEAS #1, Aone sample t-interval for a mean isthe appropriate confidence interval procedure for estimating a population mean when the. standard deviation is unknown, #2. In order to calculate confidence intervals to estimate a population mean, we must check for independence and thatthe sampling Aistribution is approximately #3. To check for independence data must be collected through a sample or a experiment. #4, When sampling without replacement the sample size n must be less than of the larger population it came from. 445, To check thatthe sampling distribution is approximately normal, the sample size n must be of size or greater ifthe population that the sample came from is skewed or non-normal #8. Ifthe sample size is less than 30, the population the sample came from must be known tobe normal or the observed sample must be free of strong skewness and 7 The critical value t* with n=1 of freedom can be found using technology or ttables. #8. For a one sample interval the margin of error is the critical * multiplied by the standard of the sample mean, 149. The point estimate for a population mean is the sample : #10. When the p-value i below the chosen level of significance you ‘the null hypothesis and claim evidence thatthe alternative hypothesis is rue UtimateReviewPacket.com KEY VOCAB | One Sample t-interval Level of Confidence Significance Level Two Sample t-interval Critical Value (One Sample t-test Test Statistic Two Sample t-test Standard Error ofa Statistic Null Hypothesis p-value Type | Error Margin or Error Alternative Hypothesis Nigh Level Type i Error Confidence interval: statistic + (critical value)( standard error of statistic) $ Fle [ zl Key FORMULAS statistic Standardized test statisti: Standard error of the statistic ‘TOPICS 7.2 & 7.3 - Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean ea 1. What are the three conditions that must be checked or assumed true to construct a confidence interval for a population mean: Condition 1 Conditions #2 Condition #3 {©Copyright UtimatoReviewPackel com. Annual iconso required Do not use unless you have purchased a licenseUNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE Tor Inference for Means y— STOPICS 7.2 & 7.3 - Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean For each of the following levels of confidence and sample size, find the critical t-score,t. 2. 90% confident andn=35 [3.94% confident andn=15 —|4, 99% confident andn=50 |5. 98% confident and n=5 UtimateReviewPacket.com [a veterinary association wished to estimate the mean number of times dog owners walk their dog per week. They asked 220 random {dog owners how many times they walk their dog per week. They constructed a 98% confidence interval tobe 5.6 + 0.22. 6. Interpret this interval in context. 7. What is meant by 88% confidence? Explain, 8. An internet aticle claimed that on average dog owners walk their dog on average less than times per week. Does your interval support this claim? Explain [The National Education Association wants to estimate the mean square footage of kindergarten classrooms in public schools {throughout the United States. They select a random sample of 85 kindergarten classrooms. The sample mean reported was. fr = 440 fe” and the standard deviation was s = 80.6 ft”. A95% confidence interval is to he created. 8. Name the procedure required to create this interval and check the 10. Build the 95% interval and interpret it in context. necessary conditions to ensure the interval can be calculated ‘©Copyright UtimatoReviewPackel com. Annual iconso required ‘Do not use unless you have purchased a licenseUNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE Tor Inference for Means y— STOPICS 7.2 & 7.3 - Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean UtimateReviewPacket.com While visiting Yellowstone National Park, Megg wanted to find an estimate for the mean duration of an eruption from Old Faithful, a famous geyser within the park. Soe sets up a video camera to record the eruptions over the course of a week. From those eruptions, he randomly selects 8 to use in his sample. The lengths of those 8 random eruptions (in seconds) are given below. 234, 168, 108, 246, 162, 180, 144, 96 TL Use his data to create a 96% confidence interval for the true mean eruption time of the geyser. 12, Awebsite with detals about the geyser says that the mean duration of eruptions is more than 2 minutes. Does the interval you created support this claim? Explain, 18. Accompany that builds batteries wants to estimate the mean number of hours its batteries last to within Thour with 95% confidence. Assuming the standard deviation ofthe amount of time all batteries last is 105 hours, how many batteries should be sampled to achieve this goal? ‘©Copyright UtimatoReviewPackel com. Annual iconso required Do not use unless you have purchased a licenseUNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE Tor Inference for Means — = TOPICS 74 & 75 - Setting Up and Carrying Out a Test for a Population Mean «= UtimateReviewPacket.com For each of the fallowing scenarios first label and identity the parameter for which a claim has been made, then write the nul and alternative hypotheses. 14, Amember ofthe Mentor City Council says that the meantime for | 15. Abaker has a machine that, with ingredients added, makes dough ‘the local ie station to respond toa Sallis more than 7 that weighs a mean of 1 pound. The baker is concerned tha the minutes. An investigator laoked ata sample of 45 random SM machine is not working properly ane thatthe dough isnot calls and noted the response time for each call. The mean ofthe | weighing’ pound on average ary more. To test her claim she sample of calls was 7.10 minutes witha standard deviation of 0.48] took 14 random samples of dough made by the machine. Her minutes. The investigator wishes to see if there is evidence to sample mean weight was 108 pounds with a standard deviation of support the member ofthe city councils claim, 0.15 pounds. The baker wishes to see if the sample provided convincing evidence that the machine is not working properly. The owner of a company that makes super-eficient motors wanted to He selected a sample of 32 mators and gata sample mean gas, test a claim that his motors on average get more than 35 miles per [mileage of 38.26 miles per gallon witha standard deviation of 5.022 gallon. His null and alternative hypatheses are below. ites per gallon, He ran a significance test and gota p-value of 0.00045. H,: 2 =35 mpg H,:u>35 mpg 1. Interpret the p-value of 0.00046 in context to this problem, TL. What conclusion should he make at the 1% significance level? Explain in context 18. Use the information from the sample to quickly create a 98% confidence interval forthe true mean fuel efficiency ofthe engines. Does the interval agree with your conclusion from question 172 Explain. ‘@Copyright UlimaloReviewPackel com. Annual cones required Do not use unless you have purchased a licenseAP" STATISTICS UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE Inference for Means r— STOPICS 7.4 & 7.5 - Setting Up and Carrying Out a Test for a Matched Pair Test ex UliimateReviewPacketcom Fora certain brand of canned soup, a company claims thatthe mean weight ofthe contents is 18.8 ounces. A random sample of 49 cans was selected. The mean weight ofthe sample was 18.85 ounces witha standard deviation of 0.78 ounces. A significance test isto be conducted to determine if there is evidence to suggest that the mean is more than 18.5 ounces. 1B, White the hypotheses to be used for this | 20. What isthe test statisti tt-score) for the | Z1. What isthe appropriate p-value fr this test significance test? test? Suppose that a random sample of 20 college students was selected from those taking freshman level English. They were given a diagnostic test prior to a new unitin their English class and then again after completing the unit. The teacher wants to find out if @ new teaching strategy used while teaching the unit wil lead to significant improvement in student test scores. Investigators can use the results from the sample to raw conclusions about the impact ofthe new teaching strategy in general. The pre and post test data is given in the chart below. 22. Find the mean and standard deviation of the diferences. Subject] Pre-Unit_] Post Unit Diference ‘est Score | Test Score |(Post-Pre) i 65 7% 3 | 2 55 70 15 a 55 71 15 z ra a Z| %. Whatisthe null and alternative hypothesis the investigators can use to 5 78 81 3 determine if these scars provide evidence of ameandiference inthe 6 68 75 7 test sores before and after the unit? 7 70 82 2 8 25 96 1 3 40 52 2 i0_| 74 70. 4 “| 60 68 8 | 74 85 i in fa a 7 24, What i the test statistic -score) an p-value forthe sample meen is) 6s 60 5 ference in this significance test? 16 | 78 73 ° 17 [99 92 2 18 | 87 88 4 19_| ar 52 3 20 [64 39 5 28, Based on the p-value you calculated, do these scores provide evidence of a mean difference inthe test scores before and after the unit? Explain ‘©Copyright UtimatoReviewPackel com. Annual iconso required 'Do not use unless you have purchased a licenseUNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE Inference for Means School administrators set out to see what the citference is between per night and the mean number of minutes high school seniors spen spend on homework (freshmen - seniors) was (-7.2, 5.2) 26, Interpret the meaning of this interval in context tothe problem. Who is faster at solving ajigsaw puzzle, men or women? Researchers same jigsaw puzzle as fast as they could. The women had a mean tim 28. Calculate the standard error forthe difference in the mean times. 30, Interpret your interval in context r— ®Topic 7.6 & 77 Confidence Intervals for the Difference of Two Means i and seniors had them track the number af minutes they spent on homework each night forthe week. The 98% confidence interval they constructed forthe difference between the mean number of minutes freshmen spend on homework and the mean number of minutes seniors had a mean time of 188.8 seconds with a standard deviation of 18.9 seconds. AP" STATISTICS UtimateReviewPacket.com the mean number of minutes high school freshmen spend on homework 1d on homework per night. They selected a random sample of freshmen 21. Does this interval prove evidence that ther isa difference between the mean number of minutes freshmen spend on homework per night and seniors spend on homework per night? Explain ‘asked separate random samples of 140 men and 156 women to solve the of T74.3 seconds with a standard deviation of 12.3 seconds, and the men| 128. What is a 95% confidence interval forthe difference between the mean time i takes men and the mean time it takes women to complete this jgsam puzzle? {©Copyright UtimatoReviewPackel com. Annual iconso required Do not use unless you have purchased a licenseUNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE Tor Inference for Means y~ STOPIC 7.8 & 7.9 Significance Test for the Difference of Two Means «= Mark wanted to investigate whether there isa difference inthe time i takes to apply for@ home loan at two diferent banks. He frst went to Bank A and selected a random sample of 30 home oan applicants and recorded the time (in minutes) that it took each to apply fora home loan, Then, he went to Bank B and selected a random sample of 30 home loan applicants and recorded the time (in minutes) that it took each to apply for ahome Ioan. The data is provided in the table below. UtimateReviewPacket.com SampleSize [Mean [Standard Deviation Banka [30 289 minutes | 2.4minutes BankB[ 30 ‘UB minutes | 19 minutes 5. Write the hypotheses used for this test 52. What isthe tes statistic (t-score) for this hypothesis test? lan experiment was conducted to determine if a new plant fertilizer could cause an increase inthe growth of flowers. The researchers got 80 tulips to use in the study. Al were planted inthe same type of container with the same typeof soll. All were watered twice per day and were in a controlled laboratory to ensure they all got the same amount of shade. 40 of the tulips were randomly assigned to get the fertilizer once per day, while the remaining 40 only get the wate. After 8 weeks the piants were measured and the mean height of each group was examined Semple Size | Sample Mean Heignt | Sample Standard Deviation Treatment Group 5 ‘withfertizer |" = 40 r= 38 inches Control Group - wo | inches Wath waterenly |e ches Conduct a significance test atthe 5% level to determine ifthe fertilizer helped the tulips grow taler by answering the following questions. 33. What i the name ofthe inference procedure to conduct this test | 34 Chec ‘and what ate the hypatheses? necessary conditions required to conduct this tet. ‘35, Show all work required to calculate the p-value of this test 36, Write a conclusion based on your p-value to determine if the fertilizer helped the tulips grow taller atthe 5% significance level. ‘©Copyright UtimatoReviewPackel com. Annual iconso required Do not use unless you have purchased a licenseUNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE Tor Inference for Means (— alype | and Type Il Error UllimateReviewPacketicom |Accompany that makes loaves of bread needs to check its machine that slices the bread. The slicer shouldbe slicing the bread into slices that are 25 om thick. Ifthe machine is slicing the bread too thick, the machine needs to be shut down and repaired, Investigators plan to sample 40 random slices of bread and measure their thickness. The hypotheses for atest of significance atthe 1% level ae below. Ho : pf = 2.5 Si ieatortto the problem exain a Type error AND desoribeaeonsequencs of such ane. Ay: u>25 38. In context to this problem, explain a Type Il error AND describe a consequence of such an error. 39, Explain what the power ofthis testi in context 40. Explain TWO ways in which the researchers can increase the power oftheir test. ‘©Copyright UtimatoReviewPackel com. Annual iconso required ‘Do not use unless you have purchased a licenseUNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE Inference for Means — sTOPIC7.10 - Selecting an Appropriate Inference Pri For each of the scenarios below, decide what inference procedure is ne ‘ne sample z-interval ora population proportion One sample interval for a population mean Two sample interval for a diference between two population proportions Two sample interval ora cifference between two population means 41, The manager ofan opera house wished to estimate what proportion of his audiences purchase @ program. An audience of 535 people attended an Opera, The venue manager conducts @ sample of 45 randomly selected audience members and finds that 18 of them purchased a program. 43, A manufacturer claims that batteries it produces can power a ‘Omi LED bulb on average for more than 20 hours. To test this claim, a consumer group selects 36 batteries at random and connects them each to a single LED bulb of the correct power and runs them unt the batteries die. The mean length of time the batteries in the sample is recorded. 45. Assume that i is known that 54% of American men who are over the age of 60 suffer from high blood pressure. A researcher believes that alower proportion of men over 60 who exercise at least twice a week and wha do not eat red meat will have high blood pressure. He selects a random sample of n= 85 men, al ‘aged 64, who exercise at least twice a week and who do not eat red meat. He finds that 4 ofthe men in his sample suffer from high blood pressure. AP" STATISTICS UtimateReviewPacket.com rocedure «3 scessary to help answer the problem. Select fo Ane sample tes fora population proportion Ane sample t-test fora popuaton mean Matched Pairs t-test fora mean dtference Two sample z-test fr acitference between two population proportions Two sample t-test fora ference between two population means 40, list below, ‘researcher wants to estimate the mean amount owed in fines by each member ata library by using a random sample of 20 members. From each ofthe 20 members inthe sample, the ‘amount owed in fines is found and the mean ofthe sample is calculated 44, Gillan is doing some research onthe difference between the proportion of younger people (under 25) and older people (over 50) that use Twitter. To discover what the difference is she selected a random sample of $60 younger people, of which 31 admitted to using Twitter. She aso selected a random sample of 480 older people of which 159 admitted to using Twitter. 48. A study was conducted to see if quiting smoking wl result in weight los on average for people who wish to quit smoking. & random sample of 80 people who want to quit smoking had their weight measured prior to quiting smoking and then again 6 weeks after they quit smoking. Researchers wish to know if there {sa mean difference in weight loss from quiting smoking ‘©Copyright UtimatoReviewPackel com. Annual iconso required Do not use unless you have purchased a license