PRESENT SIMPLE It's used for rutines, free time, daily actions. With: e Adverbs of frecuency; always, asually, often, sometimes, hardy, ever, never. e Time expression; once a week, a day, a month, twice. ON monday, sunday, etc. IN the morning, afternoon, evening. AT night - Things that are always true. Example: The sun rises in the East. Yes/no questions (I/We/They/You) Do + S +Verb? (She/He/It) Does Yes, | do./ No, | don't. Yes, she does./ No, she doesn't. Questions with questions words. question + Auxiliary + S +Verb ? word (do/does) Where do you play football? | play football in the club.I, you, we, they talk, eat, learn, do, go She, he, it __ talks, eats, learns, does, goes PRESENT CONTINUOS It's used for actions happening now at the moment. 0 (Is/Are/Am) be + ing verb They are playing football now. He's wearing a green coat. Negative They aren't playing football now. He isn't wearing a green coat. Question Are they playing football now? Is he wearing a green coat? Spelling changes Dance -> dancing Write -> writing Chat —-> chatting Sit —> sitting Swim -> swimmingSIMPLE PAST | played football Negative | didn't play Interrogative Did you play football? Irregulars verbs Wear - wore Drink - drunk Give - gave Say — said Write — wrote Think - thought Buy — bought Run — ran Read - read Regulars verbs Study — studied Travel - travelled Play — played Live — livedLike - liked COMPARISON Comparative form: The Amazon river (1) is bigger than the Thames river (2). Superlative form: Brazil (1) is the largest country in South America (the rest). Comparative: adj +er+than \ 1 syllable Superlative: adj + est / adjetives Comparative adj Superlative adj big - bigger than the biggest small - smaller than the smallest large - larger than the largest long — longer than the longest Long adjetives Adj comparative superlative interesting moreinteresting the most Irregular adj. Adj comparative superlative good better the best bad worse the worstOne / ones Wich watch do you like? | really like the black one. (one:a gps watch) Wich torches do you like? These ones look good. (ones: the torches) Clothes belt, dress, hat, jacket, jeans, jumper, leggins, scarf, shirt, shoes, shorts, skirt, socks, suit, sweatshirt, trousers, t-shirt. Adjetives to describe clothes baggy - thight big - small new - old casual — smart long - short old fashioned — stylish Too + adj It's too casual. It's too small. Adj + enough They aren't smart enough. I'm not old enough for suits.HAVE TO positive I/you/we/they Have + to travel He/she/it Has | have to vacumm my bedroom. She only has to feed the cat. negative |/you/we/they don't + have + to travel He/she/it doesn't | don't have to feed the cat. She doesn't have to do anything else. yes/no questions Do + 1/you/we/they + have + to travel Does ___ He/she/it Do you have to do any jobs around the house? Yes, i do / No, i don't. Yes, she does / No, she doesn't. PRESENT CONTINUOS for future arragements PositiveWe're going to the funfair. My cousin's arriving on Saturday. Negative I'm not doing anything. He isn't comming on the trip. Questions Are you comming to the zoo on Saturday? Yes, | am / No, I'm not. What are you doing on Sunday? I'm visiting the Science museum on Sunday. Places of entretenimient Aquarium, Art gallery, Bowling alley, Cinema, Funfair, Ice rink, Museum, Zoo, Safari park, Sports centre, Shopping centre. CAN/CAN'T Can for requests. Can you say hi to Filipe for me? Yes, of course. / Ok. No, sorry, | can't. / No now sorry. Can/can't for permission. Can | email my friends? Yes, you can. / No, you can't.You can email but you can't go out. ADVERBS OF MANNER regular adj adverb careful carefully correct correctly loud loudly polite politely quiet quietly safe safely slow slowly Irregular adj adverb fast fast good well Rules with MUST/MUSTN'T/CAN You must wear school uniform. (!) It's essential to do this. You mustn't take photos when you see the "no photos" sign. (x) It's essential to don't do this. You can have lunch in the picnic area. (./) It's ok to do this.PAST CONTINUOS It's used for an action in progress at a specific time in the past. (She/he/it) Was + ing verb (I/you/we/they) Were Yesterday we were (be in the past) walking (ing verb) home and we met Gwen Stefani. What was she doing? She was sitting in a white car. Was she driving? No, she wasn't Afirmative She was driving a white car. We were walking home. Negative She wasn't driving We werent studying Questions Was she driving? Were they going home? What were they doing?PAST SIMPLE vs PAST CONTINUOS While the woman was buying her ticket, he shouted "hello". Red: Past continuos Orange: Past simple When the police stopped him, he was shouting "I love you". PRESENT PERFECT e Unfinished action e Recent actions Just e Have you ever been to Italy? Personal e No, I've never been to Italy. experience e Yet? I've read The little prince | read The little prince when i was in 5th grade Afirmative S$ + Has (she/he/it) + Past participle Have (I/you/we/they) Negative S + Has + not + Past part.Have Interrogative Have + S + Past part. Has Present Perfect with ever and never I've been to "El Chalten" three times. We've never seen a condor. She's had a wonderful experience. He hasn't climbed the fite roy. Have you ever ridden a horse? Yes, | have. / No, | haven't. GOING TO Afirmative We're going to drive to Newquay. She's going to lie on the beach. Negative We aren't going to fly. Questions Are you going to fly somewhere exotic? Yes, | am / No, I'm not.What are you going to do this/next summer/month? S + be + goingto + verb Present perfect tense Affirmative S + have / has + past participle | have tried sushi before. Negative S + have / has + not + past participle | have not tried sushi before Interrogative Have / has + S + past participle Have you tried sushi before? It's used to talk about an event/ a situacion that: x took place in the past and is part of one's experience (they have been in china) x has just finiched at the time of speaking. (I have just read the lastest book) x Is finished at the time of speaking or has completely finished but is important now. (I see,you have bought a new laptop) Present perfect continuos tense Affirmative S + have / has + been + v ing They have been learning english for 2 years Negative S + have / has + not + been + ving They have not been learning english for 2 years Interrogative Have / has + S + been + v ing Have they been learning english for 2 years? It's used for x long actions that started in the past and continue until now (I've been living in Ireland for almost 4 years) x recent actions that have clear evidence or results now (Her eyes are red because she's been crying x typically used for shorter, more temporary situacions (have they been learning english this week?)Gerund or infinitive Some verbs are always followed by a gerund (admit, avoid, etc). Others verbs are always followed by an infinitive (want, allow, etc). There're verbs that can be followed either by a gerund or an infinitive without change in meaning: Begin - start - continue — like — love - prefer - hate - can't stand - can't bear - Example: "| began to rain / raining as soon as we left" Others verbs can be followed either by a gerund or an infinitive with change in meaning: x Remember / forget + infinitive (A task, responsability) "Don't forget to lock the door" x Remember / forget + gerund (Recall something from the past) "| remember meeting Steve when | was 16..." x Regret + infinitive (To tell, inform of bad news) | regret to tell you that your flight has beencancelled" x Regret + gerund (Regret a past event) "I'll always regret not accepting that job" x Stop + infinitive (Stop an action to dobsomething else) "| stopped the car to use the mobile phone" x Stop + gerund (Not longer doing something) "She stopped talking to me when she knew I had been given her former job" Conditionals We use conditional sentences to say one thing depends on another. They can be used to talk about real or imaginaru situations. One of the clauses strats with if (or a similar word) — this is the conditional clause. The other clause talks about the result of the conditional cause happening. Zero ConditionalIf + Present Simple, Present Simple If you freeze water, it turns to ice. It's used to talk about things that are always true. Fisrt Conditional If + Simple Present, Simple Future (S + will/won't + V (base form)) If it rains, | will stay at home. It's use to talk about real possibilities in the present or in the future Other words to connect the clauses: xUnless, means: except on the condition that. Unless needs a main clause to make a complete sentence. Example: She will be sick unless she stops eating. x Even if, mens whether or not. It is used to emphasize that something will still be true if another thing happens. Example: Even if you take a taxi, you'll still missyour plane. x Provided, means if or only if. It means that somw condition has to be me in order for something else to be true. Example: Thay can listen to music provided they disturb nobody. x Only if, expresses the idea that there is only one condition that will cause a particular result. Example: Only if you like pop music is it worth coming in the night. Second conditional If + Past Simple, Present Conditional (To be use were) (would/not + V (bare form)) If | won a million dollas, | would buy a new car. It's used for imaginary situacions in the present or future. Third Conditional If + Past Perfect, Perfect Conditional(Would/not + have + Past Part) If | had got a gold medal, | would have been happy It's used for imaginary situations in the past Wish / if only + past simple We used wish / if only and the past simple to talk about regrets in the present / past. In this context, wish and if only mean almost the same. If only is a little stronger than wish. | wish | didn't like ice cream so much If only | had my camera with me Talking about the present thinf that haven't come true now and things that might come true in the future: | wish | could speak French. Wish / of only + past perfect We use wish / of only and the past perfect tense to talk about regrets in the past. | wish we'd hired somwbody to do it for us.‘REPORTED SPEECH IT we use reported speech to tll people what somebody said or though inthe past, or what happened. But be carefull Tenses change only when the time and speaker are diferent TENSE CHART DIRECT SPEECH | _ INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT SIMPLE-PAST SIMPLE Tworkn Pars Tie sid he worked in Pare | PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONT. Te sod he war woring PAST SIMPLE-PAST PERFECT Te sid he Rad worked |] PAST CONTINUOUS-PAST PERFECT CONT ‘He said he had been working | PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE-PAST PERFECT [have worked [Te nah ad worked] [PRESENT PERF CONT-PAST PERFECT CONT [have Been wring | He sade Rad been worting_| |Tpast penrect no cance | tad worked [esac had worked’ ——] | [PAST PERFECT CONT-NO CHANGE He sade Red been wortng | ‘OTHER VERS FORMS, REFERENCES Taawouw Tiiwark He ad he would work ‘| caw-coun |] con sng He sid ne could sig. i] musr-nAD To {] most work He sid he had to work 1) mayer 1] oy np you? -He asked he might he me SHALLSHOUD | Lwwnat sno 1.40? -He asked what he should do. PRONOUNS SOMETIMES CHANGE {TBE caREFULt “Tom soi he had done Reported Speech Gives the exact meaning of what someone said but not the exact words. We don't use inverted commas in Reported Speech. He said it was a nice song. Direct Speech Gives the exact words someone said. We useinverted commas in Direct Speech. "It's a nice song’, he said. Say - Tell - Ask - Speak - Talk ‘® Say is used in Direct Speech. It is also used in Reported Speech when It is not followed by the Person the words were spoken to. “She won't come,” he sald. = He said (that) she wouldn't come. '® Tell is used in Reported Speech when It is followed by the person the words were spoken to. “she won't come,” he said 10 me. = He told me (that) she woukin’t come. '® Ask Is used in reported questions and commands or in direct questions. He said to me, “Please leave.” = Ho asked me io leave. “He asked, “Have you got any money?" = Ho asked me if | had ary money. © We use say + to - infinitive but never say-about. We use tell sb, speak/talk about instead. Ann said to call her at 12.00. He told them/spoke/taiked about tne incident Expressions with say, tell and ask Expressions with say say good morning/evening etc, say something, say one’s prayers, say! few words, say so, say no more, say for certain, say for sure ete Expressions with tell tell the truth, tell a lie, tell (sb) the time, tell sb one’s name, tell a story. tell sb a secret, tell sb the way, tell one from another, tell sb's fortune, tell sb 80, tell the difference etc Expressions with ask ‘ask a favour, ask the time, ask a question, ask the price ete Reported Commands/Requests/Suggestions # Reported Commands / Requests / Suggestions are introduced with a special introductory verb (advise, ask, beg, suggest etc) (see pages 103-104) followed by a to-infinitive, an -ing form or a | that-clause depending on the introductory verb. “Watch out,” he said to me. = He told me to watch out. (command) ‘Please, don't move," he said tome. = He asked me not to move. (request) “Lal's play chess,” he said. = He suggested playing chess. (suggestion) “You'd better see a doctor,” he said. = He suggested that I (should) see a doctor. (suggestion) Direct speech “Yes, 11 help you.” “Shall | open the door?” “OF course It wat for you.” “No, | wont go with you.” ‘He refused to go wit us. "Be quiet orl sond you out.” He threatened to send me out | wasnt quiet “You should sea lewyer.” ‘He advised me to see a lawyer. “Could you help me?” He asked me to help him. “Please, please help me!” He begged me to help him. “Wil you have diner with me?” He invited me to (have) dinner with him. “Leave the cat alone!” She ordered me to leave the cat alone. “Don't forget toring Arr.” ‘She reminded me to ring Ann. “Dont go near the rocks.” He wamed me not to go near the rocks. “Yes, told her the secret.” He admitted (to) teling / having told her the secret “You broke the vase!” He accused me of breaking | having broken the vase. Wine ntint tee ite. | Me Ee i