Thermal Expansion

CEU 327
January 2024

Continuing Education from the

American Society of Plumbing Engineers
education.aspe.org/RLE
 READ, LEARN, EARN: Thermal Expansion

Note: In determining your answers to the CE questions, use only the material presented in the corresponding continuing education article. Using information from other
materials may result in a wrong answer.

Thermal Expansion
Chapter 11 ThermalReprint from PEDH Volume 4 – Chapter 11
Expansion
All rights reserved.
All piping materials undergo dimensional changes due to temperature variations in
amount of change depends on the material’s characteristics (the linear coefficient o
contraction) and the temperature change. The coefficient of expansion or contracti
increase or decrease in length of a material per 1°F (1°C or 1°K) increase or decrea
Coefficients of thermal expansion or contraction for a number of commonly used p
All piping materials undergo dimensional changes due to illustrated
temperatureinvariations in a and
Figure 11-1 givenenumerated
system. Thein
amount
Table of change depends on the
11-1.
material’s characteristics (the linear coefficient of thermal expansion or contraction) and the temperature change. The coefficient of expansion
or contraction is defined as the unit increase or decrease in
length of a material per 1°F (1°C or 1°K) increase or de- Figure 11-1 Comparison of Pipe Material Expansion Rates, 100 ft of
Pipe, 50°F Temperature Rise
crease in temperature. Coefficients of thermal expansion or
contraction for a number of commonly used pipe materials
are illustrated in Figure 11-1 and enumerated in Table 11-1.
If the coefficient of thermal expansion or contraction
is known, the total change in length may be calculated as
follows:
Equation 11-1
L2 – L1 = L1(T2 – T1)
where
L1 = Original pipe length, in.
L2 = Final pipe length, in.
T1 = Original temperature, °F
T2 = Final temperature, °F
 = Coefficient of expansion or contraction, in./in./°F (μm/m/°K)
A typical range of temperature change in a hot water piping system is from 40°F (4.4°C) entering water to 120°F (48.9°C) distribution water,
Table
for an 80°F (44.5°C) temperature differential. A typical range 11-1 Linear
of temperature Coefficients
change in a drain,ofwaste,
Thermal Expansion
and vent and Moduli
(DWV) system is fromof Elasticity for
100°F
(37.8°C) (the highest temperature expected) to 50°F (10.0°C) (the lowest temperature expected), for a 50°F (27.8°C) temperature differential.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Modulus of Elasticity, psi
Table 11-1 Linear Coefficients of ThermalMaterial
Expansion and Moduli of Elasticity
in./in./˚F x 10-6for(µm/m/°K)
Common Piping Materials
x 106 (GPa)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion or
Modulus of Elasticity,
Material Expansion, in./in./˚F x 10 -6 Contraction, in./100
Carbon steel psi
6.33x 10 (GPa)
(11.4)
6
27.5m/10°K)
(190)
(μm/m/°K) ft/10˚F (mm/100
Carbon steel 6.33 (11.4) 27.5 (190) 0.08 (11.4)
Austenitic
Austenitic stainless steel 9.27 (16.7) 9.27(200)
29.0 (16.7) 0.11 (16.7) 29.0 (200)
stainless steel
Gray cast iron 5.76 (10.4) 13.0 (90) 0.07 (10.4)
Ductile iron 5.97 (10.7) Gray cast iron 5.76(165)
24.0 (10.4) 0.07 (10.7) 13.0 (90)
Copper C12200 (99.9Cu) 9.5 (17.1) Ductile iron 17.0
5.97(117)
(10.7) 0.11 (17.1)
Copper CA 23000 (red brass 85Cu) 10.4 (18.7) 17.0 (117) 0.12 (18.7)
ABS 1210 55.0 (99.0) Copper C12200 0.25
9.5 (1.72)
(17.1) 0.66 (99.0) 17.0 (117)
ABS 1316 40.0 (72.0) (99.9Cu) 0.34 (2.34) 0.48 (72.0)
ABS 2112 40.0 (72.0) Copper CA — 0.48 (72.0)
CPVC 4120 35.0 (63.0) 23000 (red brass 0.42
10.4(2.92)
(18.7) 0.42 (63.0) 17.0 (117)
85Cu)
ABS 1210 55.0 (99.0) 0.25 (1.72)
2 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024
ABS 1316 40.0 (72.0) 0.34 (2.34)
 READ, LEARN, EARN: Thermal Expansion

Table 11-1 Linear Coefficients of Thermal Expansion and Moduli of Elasticity for Common Piping Materials (continued)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion or
Modulus of Elasticity,
Material Expansion, in./in./˚F x 10 -6 Contraction, in./100
psi x 10 6 (GPa)
(μm/m/°K) ft/10˚F (mm/100 m/10°K)
PVC 1120 30.0 (54.0) 0.42 (2.90) 0.36 (54.0)
PVC 1220 35.0 (63.0) 0.41 (2.83) 0.42 (63.0)
PVC 2110 50.0 (90.0) 0.34 (2.34) 0.60 (90.0)
PVC 2120 30.0 (54.0) — 0.36 (54.0)
PB 2110 72.0 (130) — 0.86 (130)
PE 2306 80.0 (144) 0.09 (0.62) 0.96 (144)
PE 2708 100.0 (180) 0.10 (0.69) 1.20 (180)
PE 3306 70.0 (126) 0.13 (0.90) 0.84 (126)
PE 3406 60.0 (108) 0.15 (1.03) 0.72 (108)
PE 3608 90.0 (162) 0.125 (0.86) 1.08 (162)
PE 3708 90.0 (162) 0.125 (0.86) 1.08 (162)
PE 4708 80.0 (144) 0.130 (0.90) 0.96 (144)
PE 4710 A 80.0
typical range
(144) of temperature 0.130
change in
(0.90) a hot water piping system is from 40°F (4.4°C) entering
0.96 (144)
PP 1110 48.0 (86.4) — 0.58 (86.4)
120°F (48.9°C) distribution water, for an 80°F (44.5°C) temperature differential. A typical range
PP 1208 43.0 (77.4) change in a drain, —
temperature waste, and vent (DWV) 0.52 (77.4)
system is from 100°F (37.8°C) (the highe
PP 2105 40.0 (72.0) expected) to 50°F —
temperature 0.48 (72.0) expected), for a 50°F (27.8°C) te
(10.0°C) (the lowest temperature
PVDF (GF) 79 (142)
differential. 0.125 (0.86) 0.79 (142)
Source: ASME B31.9-2017 (GF)
THERMAL STRESS
A restrained straight piece of pipe can build up large internal stresses, depending on the material
THERMAL STRESS temperature difference. For example, consider a straight piece of 2 inch (DN-50) Schedule 40 ste
A restrained straight piece of pipe can buildfeet (15.2internal
up large m) long, restrained
stresses, at both
depending ends
on the and exposed
material to a temperature
and the temperature riseFor
difference. of example,
100°F (55.6°C). T
consider a straight piece of 2-inch (DN-50) of
Schedule 40 steel pipe, 50
thermal expansion would be: feet (15.2 m) long, restrained at both ends and exposed to a temperature
rise of 100°F (55.6°C). The amount of thermal expansion would be:
Equation 11-2 Equation 11-2
S = Eµ∆T S = E∆T
where where
E = Elastic modulus, 27.5 x 106 pounds per square inch (psi) (190 GPa) 6
E = Elastic modulus, 27.5 x 10 psi (190 GPa)
 = 6.33 x 10-6 in./in./°F (11.4 μm/m/°C)
∆T = 100°F (55.6°C) µ = 6.33 x 10-6 in./in./°F (11.4 µm/m/°C)
S = 17,400 psi (120 MPa) ∆T = 100°F (55.6°C)
The load on the anchor would be the stress multiplied
S by the cross-sectional
= 17,400 poundsarea, as follows
per square (see(psi)
inch Figure 11-2):
(120 MPa)
• Cross-sectional area = 1.075 in. (694 mm ) for a 2-inch (DN-2) Schedule 40 pipe
2 2

• Anchor load = 1.075 in.2 × 17,400 lb/in.2 = 18,700 lbs (694 mm2 × 120 MPa = 83,500 newtons)
This exceeds the allowable stress of 15,000 The load on the anchor would be the stress multiplied by the cross-sectional area, as foll
Figure 11-2 Compression Created Between Two Anchors
psi (103 MPa) from ASME B31.9: Building
Services Piping. If the pipe material is PVC (α 18,700 lbs 14,700 psi
= 30 × 10 /°F, E = 0.42 × 10 psi) [α = 54 ×
-6 6 83,500 N 120 MPa
10 /°C, E = 2.90 GPa]), the stress for the same
-6 Compression Compression
size pipe would be 1,260 psi (8.7 MPa) and the
anchor load would be 1,355 pounds (6,035 new- Expansion
tons). Depending on the temperature, this could
exceed the allowable stresses for PVC pipe. Pipe Metal Area: 1.075 in2/694 mm2
The purpose of this example is to illustrate Anchor Anchor
the magnitude of forces and stresses that can 2-inch Sch 40 Steel Pipe - 100°F/55.6°C Temp Rise
occur in a restrained straight pipe. Two options
are available to relieve the stresses and restraint forces: expansion loops and offsets may be added between the restraints, or expansion joints
may be installed in the piping. • Cross-sectional area = 1.075 in.2 (694 mm2)for a 2-inch (DN-2) Schedule 40 pipe
• Anchor load = 1.075 in2 × 17,400 lb/in.2 = 18,700 lb
(694 mm2 × 120 MPa = 83,500 newtons)
3 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024 This exceeds the allowable stress of 15,000 psi (103 MPa) from ASME B31.9: Building Se
-6 6 -6
 READ, LEARN, EARN: Thermal Expansion
To not exceed the maximum allowable str
OFFSETS AND EXPANSION LOOPS Figure 11-3 Offset Referenced
the following equation11-3
in Equation (see Figure 11-3):
Offsets "∆" "P" "∆"
To not exceed the maximum allowable strain in the piping, the developed length can also be calculated M
from the following equation, with the load P being placed at L/2 and the deflection = Δ/2, since there
will be equal and opposite moments on both ends of the cantilever (see also Figure 11-3): "∆/2"

"L"
Equations 11-3 and 11-3a (Standard Cantilevered Beam Formula)

"L/2"
PL3 12EIΔ "P"
∆= and P= M
12EI L 3

where
∆ = Maximum deflection at the end of a cantilever beam, in. (m) Equations 11-3 and 11-3a (Standard Canti
P = Force at end, lbs (newtons) and the “deflection” = “Δ/2”, since there
L = Length of pipe subjected to flexible stress, in. (m) cantilever)
E = Flexural modulus of elasticity, psi (GPa)
I = Moment of inertia, in.4 (m4) PL3 12EIΔ
∆ =of inertia and the sectionalPmodulus
For pipes in which the wall thickness is not large with respect to the outside diameter, the moment =
can be calculated as follows: 12EI L3
Equations 11-4 and 11-4a (Moment of Inertia Formula) Where:
I = πR3t and I = πD3t/8 ∆ = Maximum deflection a
P = Force at end, lbs (newt
Equations 11-5 and 11-5a (Section Modulus Formula)
L = Length of pipe subject
Z = πR2t and Z = πD2t/4
E = Flexural modulus of el
where
R = Outside radius, in. I = Moment of inertia, in.4
D = Outside diameter, in.
t = Wall thickness, in.
For pipes in which the wall thickness is no
Z = Sectional modulus, in.3
and the sectional
For thin-walled pipes, the maximum allowable stress and the maximum allowable strain can be calculated as follows modulus can be calculate
Equations 11-6 and 11-6a (Stress Formula) Equations 11-4 and 11-4a (Moment of Ine
I = πR3t and I = πD3t/8
M PL 4 2PL Merge equations M = P × L/2
S= = × = (definition of M)Equations
and Equation11-5 and 11-5a (Section Modul
Z 2 πD2t πD2t Z = πR2t and Z = πD2t/4
11-5a.
where
Equations 11-7 and 11-7a (Strain Formula)
R = Outside radius, in.
S 3ΔD Merge equations  = S/E (definition of stress)Dand = Outside diameter, inch
= =
E L2 Equation 11-6a and 11-3a, solving for P in both.
t = Wall thickness, in.
where Z = Sectional modulus, in.3
S = Maximum fiber stress in bending = M/Z, psi (MPa)
M = Bending moment = PL/2, in.-lbs (newton-m)
 = Strain, in./in. (m/m) For thin-walled pipes, the maxim
calculated
Substituting the maximum allowable stress and the maximum allowable strain into Equation 11-3, as follows:
the developed length of piping can be
estimated by Equations 11-8 and 11-9 respectively.
Equation 11-8
3ED∆ Equations
Rearrange Equation 11-6a and solve for 11-6 and 11-6a (Stress Formula
P. Rearrange
L= √ S Equation 11-3a and solve for P. Substitute the
M result
PLof 4 2PL M
S=
Equation 11-4a for I in Equation 11-3a. Set the= to×
Ps = ……
equal. Solve for L. Z 2 πD2t πD2t e
Equations 11-7 and 11-7a (Strain Formula

4 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Thermal Expansion

Equation 11-9
3D∆ Per equation 11-7,  = S/E (definition of stress). Substi-
L= √  tute  × E for S in Equation 11-8 and cancel the Es. Or
simply rearrange Equation 11-7a and solve for L.
Equation 11-8 is used when the maximum allowable stress is fixed, and Equation 11-9 is used when the maximum allowable strain is fixed.
When Equation 11-8 is used, the flexural modulus of elasticity must be known. In cases where the modulus of the specific compound is not
available, the following approximately average values (per ASME B31.9) are usually adequate, with S at 73°F (23°C):
• Steel: 14,600 psi (100.7 MPa)
• Copper (type L): 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa)
• Brass (red): 8,000 psi (55.2 MPa)
• ABS 1210: 1,000 psi (6.89 MPa)
• ABS 1316: 1,600 psi (11.0 MPa)
• PVC 1120: 2,000 psi (13.8 MPa)
• PVC 1220: 2,000 psi (13.8 MPa)
• PVC 2110: 1,000 psi (6.89 MPa)
• PE 2306: 630 psi (4.34 MPa)
• PE 3306: 630 psi (4.34 MPa)
• PE 3406: 630 psi (4.34 MPa)
Equation 11-8 can be factored to yield the following equation:
Equation 11-10
3E
L=( )½ (D∆)½
S
where
E and S = Constants for any given material
L is measured in inches (mm or meters). The units for D, L, and ∆ need to be the same.

Using the values for E and S, Equation 11-3 or Equation 11-10 reduces to the following (the values work out the same for I-P and SI units):
• Steel pipe: L = 75.2(D∆)½
• Copper pipe: L = 92.2(D∆)½
• Brass pipe: L = 79.8(D∆)½
• ABS 1210: L = 27.4(D∆)½
• ABS 1316: L = 25.2(D∆)½
• PVC 1120: L = 25.1(D∆)½
• PVC 1220: L = 24.8(D∆)½
• PVC 2110: L = 31.9(D∆)½
• PE 2306: L = 20.7(D∆)½
• PE 3306: L = 24.9(D∆)½
• PE 3406: L = 26.7(D∆)½
Software is available that solves these equations and addresses the various installation configurations. Also, refer to the material manufac-
turer for specific information regarding expansion and contraction.
Provisions must be made for the expansion and contraction of all hot water circulation mains, risers, and branches. Provisions also must
be made in drainage lines with solid joint connections. If the piping is restrained from moving, it will be subjected to compressive stress when
the temperature rises and tensile stress when the temperature drops.

Expansion Loops
The total movement to be absorbed by any expansion loop or offset often is limited to a maximum of 1½ inches (38 mm) for metallic pipes.
Thus, by anchoring at the points on the length of run that produce 1½-inch (38 mm) movement and placing expansion loops or joints midway
between the anchors, the maximum movement that must be accommodated is limited to ±¾ inch (±19 mm). The piping configuration used
to absorb the movement can be in the form of a U bend, a single-elbow offset (L bend), a two-elbow offset (Z bend), or a three-, five-, or
six-elbow swing loop. In the majority of piping systems, the loop or joint can be eliminated by taking advantage of the changes in direction
typically required in the layout.
Table 11-2 provides the total developed length required to accommodate a 1½-inch (38-mm) expansion. The developed lengths are mea-
sured from the first elbow to the last elbow, as shown in Figures 11-4 and 11-5.

Forces Generated
The anchor forces generated by expansion loops are as follows:

5 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024

 Provisions must be made for the expansion and contraction of all hot water and circulation ma
READ,
risers, and branches. If the piping is LEARN,
1.50 (40)
restrained EARN:
10.6
from (3.22) itThermal
moving, will12.0 (3.66)Expansion
be subjected 3.9 (1.17) stress 4w
to compressive
the temperature rises and tensile stress when the temperature drops.
2 (50) 11.8 (3.61) 13.7 (4.18) 4.3 (1.31) 5
Equation 11-11 (same as Equation 11-3a) Figure 11-4 L Bend and Z Bend Expansion Loops
"L2" 2.5 (65) 13.0
"L1" (3.97) 15.2(Typical)
"∆" (4.65) 4.7 (1.45) 5
12 E I Δ
F= 3 (80) 14.4 (4.38) 16.6 (5.07) 5.2 (1.59) 6
L3
Guide Anchor Guide Z-Bend Loop5.9 (1.81)
where 4 (100)
16.3 (4.96) 19.1 (5.83) 6
Use L1 = 0.65 x L

"L2"
F = Force generated, L-Bend Loop5 (125) 18.1 (5.52) 21.3 (6.49) 6.6 (2.01) 7

"L1"
lbs (newtons) Use L2 = 1.0 x "L"
E = Constants for any Guide for longer leg
6 (150) 19.8 (6.02) 23.3 (7.10) 7.2 (2.19) 8
"L1"
given material, psi (GPa)
Calculate "L" from8 equations
(200) 22.5 (6.87) 26.8 (8.18) 8.2 (2.50) 9
I = Moment of inertia 11-8, 11-9, or 11-10
(see Equation 11-4 or Anchor Note: Loop sizes based on actual pipe Outside Diameters. Although formu
Guide Anchor
11-4a), in.4 (mm4) and mm’s, the results have been converted to feet and meters.
Δ = Displacement of movement of concern, in. (mm)
L = Length of moment arm, Expansion
in. (mm orLoops
m) (Units Figure 11-5 Loop Type Expansion Loop
for D, L, and ∆ need to beThe
the total movement to be absorbed by any expansion loop"W"
same.) or offset often is limited to a maximum of 1
Expansion Joints inches (38 mm) for metallic pipes. Thus, by anchoring at the points on the length of run that produce 1
Expansion loops and offsets should be used wherever inch (38possible;
mm) movement
however,and placing the expansion loops or joints midway between the anchors, the
maximum movement
when movements are too large and not enough space is available to provide that must be accommodated is "W" limited to +/-
= 0.2 x "L"¾ inch (+/- 19 mm). The piping
configuration used
an expansion loop (especially for risers in high-rise buildings), expansion to absorb the movement can be "H"
in =
the 0.4
form x "L"a U bend, a single-elbow offset (L-B
of

"H"
"H"
joints can be used. It should be noted that some two-elbow
expansion offset (Z-Bend),
joints create or a three-, five-, or six-elbow swing loop. In the majority of piping system
2 x"W" 2 x"W"
axial loads significantly higher than expansion loops,
loop orwhich
jointmust be eliminated
can be prop- by taking advantage of the changes in direction typically required in the
erly considered for different piping materials (i.e., copper vs. plastic). For
instance, for a 4-inch (DN-100) pipe operating at 80 psig (552 kPa), the Anchor "W" - "∆"
Guide Guide Anchor
forces developed by various joints are illustrated in Table 11-3. For each Calculate "L" from equations
type of joint it is important to determine the spring constant for the bellows 11-8, 11-9, or 11-10
or the sliding friction for the packed joint, plus the thrust area that will be
acted upon by the pressure developed in the pipe at the joint. These create forces that are not insignificant and that need to be acted upon by
the anchors on both sides of the expansion joint. Ball-type expansion joints (a minimum of two are required per loop) and expansion loops
Forces Generated
using braided hose create significantly less force, but must be installed perpendicular to the line of movement. Various types of mechanical
expansion joints are illustrated in Figure 11-6. The anchor forces generated by expansion loops are as follows:
It should be noted that expansion joints are mechanical devices that present Equation 11-11
a failure (same
risk. asinstalled
If not Equationproperly
11-3a) with guides and anchors,
they can leak, which can be catastrophic if they are located inside an inaccessible chase space. It is recommended that expansion joints be
located in an accessible space to allow maintenance or replacement. The guides allow axial movement, but prevent lateral and angular move-
ment. Without guides and anchors, the pipe may buckle, causing the expansion joint to fail. Most manufacturers of expansion joints require
guides and anchors to be installed properly to ensure the manufacturer’s warranty. The quantity and location of the guides depend on the

Table 11-2 Developed Length, L, of Pipe to Accommodate 1½-in. (38 mm) Movement
Thermoplastic
Nominal Pipe Copper Pipe, ft Sch. 40 ABS Sch. 40 PVC
Steel Pipe, ft (m) Pipe, 0.005 in./
Size, in. (DN) (m) Pipe, ft (m) Pipe, ft (m)
in. criteria, ft (m)
(3D/S)1/2 value 75.2 92.2 27.4 31.9 24.5
0.5 (15) 7.0 (2.14) 7.4 (2.27) 2.6 (0.78) 3.0 (0.91) 2.3 (0.70)
0.75 (20) 7.9 (2.40) 8.8 (2.68) 2.9 (0.87) 3.3 (1.02) 2.6 (0.78)
1 (25) 8.8 (2.68) 10.0 (3.04) 3.2 (0.98) 3.7 (1.14) 2.9 (0.87)
1.25 (32) 9.9 (3.01) 11.0 (3.36) 3.6 (1.10) 4.2 (1.28) 3.2 (0.98)
1.50 (40) 10.6 (3.22) 12.0 (3.66) 3.9 (1.17) 4.5 (1.37) 3.4 (1.05)
2 (50) 11.8 (3.61) 13.7 (4.18) 4.3 (1.31) 5.0 (1.53) 3.9 (1.17)
2.5 (65) 13.0 (3.97) 15.2 (4.65) 4.7 (1.45) 5.5 (1.68) 4.2 (1.29)
3 (80) 14.4 (4.38) 16.6 (5.07) 5.2 (1.59) 6.1 (1.86) 4.7 (1.43)
4 (100) 16.3 (4.96) 19.1 (5.83) 5.9 (1.81) 6.9 (2.11) 5.3 (1.62)
5 (125) 18.1 (5.52) 21.3 (6.49) 6.6 (2.01) 7.7 (2.34) 5.9 (1.80)
6 (150) 19.8 (6.02) 23.3 (7.10) 7.2 (2.19) 8.4 (2.55) 6.4 (1.96)
8 (200) 22.5 (6.87) 26.8 (8.18) 8.2 (2.50) 9.6 (2.91) 7.3 (2.24)
Note: Loop sizes are based on actual pipe outside diameters. Although formulas provide results in inches and millimeters, the results have been converted to feet and meters.

6 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Thermal Expansion

Table 11-3 Forces Developed by Various Types of Expansion Joints Operating for 4-in. (DN-100) pipe at 80 psig (552 kPa),
1½-inch (38-mm) Movement
Spring K Movement Pressure Thrust Pressure Total Thrust
Joint Type Value, lbs/in. Resistance, Action Dia., Area, in. 2 Thrust Force, Force, lbs
(newtons/mm) lbs (newtons) in. (mm) (mm2) lbs (newtons) (newtons)
Packed N/A 4,000 (17,781) 4.5 (114) 15.9 (10,258) 1,272 (5,654) 5,272 (23,435)
Externally pressurized 200 (35.1) 300 (1,334) 6.77 (172) 36 (23,226) 2,880 (12,802) 3,180 (14,136)
Internally pressurized 467 (81.9) 700 (3,112) 6.08 (154) 29 (18,710) 2,320 (10,313) 3,020 (13,424)
Compensator 341 (59.8) 512 (2,274) 4.77 (121) 17.9 (11,548) 1,432 (6,365) 1,944 (8,639)

type of expansion joint, pipe size, pipe material, operating pressure, proximity of the Figure 11-6
expansion joint to the anchor, and length of pipe run. Mechanical Thermal Expansion Joints
Source: Courtesy of Metraflex
An expansion joint should be installed according to the manufacturer’s recommenda-
tions. Typically, the expansion joint is installed in the thermal neutral position. For cold
water, expansion joints may be installed in a compressed position. As the pipe contracts,
the expansion joint moves to the neutral position.
Two types of expansion joints accommodate axial movement. The packed slip type
depends on slipping or sliding to accommodate movement and requires an elastomeric
seal with packing and lubrication. The packless bellows has a thin-wall convoluted sec- High-Pressure Externally Pressurized Expansion
Compensator
tion that allows movement by bending or flexing. Another type of expansion joint is
corrugated metal hose with an external braid. Assemblies constructed of two or more
hose and braid elements allow movement in all directions. A single hose and braid ele-
ment permits lateral motion only.

ABOVEGROUND PIPING
Two examples of aboveground piping are hot water pipe that carries domestic hot water
intermittently with a gradual cooling in between and DWV pipe into which water ranging Externally Pressurized Expansion Joint
from 50 to 100°F (27.8 to 55.6°C) is intermittently discharged. These greater temperature
changes are offset by the fact that most aboveground piping involves short runs with
several changes in direction. Thus, for many installations, such as one- or two-family
dwellings, no special precautions need to be taken. Of particular concern are hot water
and DWV systems in high-rise buildings.
Pressure Piping
Aboveground pressure piping incorporating short runs and several changes in direc-
tion normally accommodates expansion or contraction. Precaution should be taken to
ensure that pipe hangers or clamps allow longitudinal movement of the pipe and that
the 90-degree bends are not butted against a wall or similar structure that restricts move-
ment. If runs in excess of 20 feet (6 m) for flexible pipe or 50 feet (15 m) for rigid pipe
are required, flexural offsets or loops should be provided. Expansion Joint

Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping

Expansion or contraction usually does not present a problem in DWV installations in
one- and two-family dwellings due to the short lengths of piping involved. It does cre-
ate problems in high-rise buildings where long stacks are installed. Three methods of
accommodating expansion or contraction are described below.
• Offsets may be provided. The developed length of the offset that should be Flanged Weld
provided can be calculated in accordance with the appropriate formula. For Bellows Expansion Joint
example, for a 50°F (27.8°C) temperature differential in the straight run, the
amount to be accommodated at the branch connection is approximately ⅜ inch
(10 mm). To accommodate this amount of expansion, the branch pipe must have
sufficient developed length to overcome a bending twist without being subjected
to excessive strain.
• Where allowed by applicable codes, expansion joints may be used.
• Engineering studies have shown that by restraining the pipe every 30 feet (9.2
m) to prevent movement, satisfactory installations can be made. Tensile or com-
pressive stresses developed by contraction or expansion are readily absorbed by Packed Expansion Joint

7 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024

 approximately ⅜ inch (10 mm). To acco
READ, LEARN, EARN:haveThermal Expansion
sufficient developed length to over
strain.
the piping without any damage. Special stack anchors are available and should be installed • Where Figure allowed11-7 by applicable codes, exp
according to the manufacturer’s recommendations (see Figure 11-7). Method of Clamping Pipe at Each
Engineering
•Floor, Using a FrictionstudiesClamp
have shownor that by
Thermoplastic Piping Floor Clamp
movement, satisfactory installations can
Thermoplastic piping (ABS, PVC, PE, and CPVC) expands and contracts in reaction to tempera- Source: (top) Anvil International, (bottom) Cast Iron Soil
ture changes at a much faster rate, up to 10 times faster, than metallic pipe. Because of this, some
contraction
Pipe Handbook, reprintedor
withexpansion
permission fromare
CISPIreadily abs

manufacturers of plastic piping use a maximum allowable strain of 0.005 inch per inch (0.005 mm/ anchors are available and should be inst
mm). When this is the case, Equation 11-9 reduces to L = 24.5(D∆)½. (See column 6 in Table 11-2.)
Using plastic piping in high-rise buildings requires careful calculation to minimize expansion and
contraction.

UNDERGROUND PIPING
Underground piping temperature changes are less drastic than aboveground piping changes because
the insulating nature of the soil prevents rapid temperature changes, and the temperature of the
transported medium can have a stabilizing effect on the pipe’s temperature.
stic Piping
Contraction
tic piping (ABS, PVC, PE,or expansion
and CPVC) of flexible
expandspipeand
can be accommodated
contracts by snaking
in reaction the pipe in the
to temperature trench.
changes
An approximate sine wave configuration with a displacement from the centerline and a maximum
ster rate,offset
up toas10shown
timesinfaster,
Tablethan
11-4 metallic pipe. Because
accommodates of this,The
most situations. some manufacturers
installation should of
be plastic
brought
maximum to allowable
the servicestrain of 0.005
temperature inch
prior to per inch (0.005
backfilling. Aftermm/mm). Whenis this
increased length takenis up
thebycase,
snaking, the
-9 reduces to Lcan
trench = 24.5D∆) ½. (See
be backfilled column
in the normal6manner.
in Table 11-2.)
ng plastic piping in high-rise buildings requiresrigid
Up to 3-inch (DN-80) nominal size, pipe calculation
careful can be handled by snakingexpansion
to minimize in the sameandmanner
used for flexible pipe. Offsets and loop lengths under specific temperature variations are shown in
Table 11-4. For distances of less than 300 feet (91 m), 90-degree changes in direction take up any
ROUNDexpansion
PIPINGor contraction that occurs.
d piping temperature changes
For larger sizes are less
of pipe, drastic
snaking is notthan aboveground
practical or possiblepiping
in mostchanges because
installations. the cases,
In such
the pipe is brought to within 15°F (8.3°C) of the service temperature, and
ature of the soil prevents rapid temperature changes, and the temperature of the transported the final connection is made. This can be accomplished by shade
backfilling, allowing the pipe to cool at night and then connecting early in the morning, or cooling the pipe with water. The thermal stresses
have a stabilizing effect on the pipe’s temperature.
produced by the final 15°F (8.3°C) service temperature are absorbed by the piping.
ntraction or expansion of flexible pipe can be accommodated by snaking the pipe in the trench.
mate sineEXPANSION
wave configuration
TANKSwith a displacement from the centerline and a maximum offset as
able 11-4 When
accommodate most situations.
water is heated, it expands. The installation
If this expansionshould
occurs bein abrought to the dangerous
closed system, service water pressures can be created. A domestic hot
water system can be a closed system when the hot water fixtures are closed (not being
prior to backfilling. After increased length is taken up by snaking, the trench can be backfilled used) andinthe cold water supply piping has a backflow
preventer, a check valve, or any other device that can isolate the domestic hot water system from the rest of the domestic water supply, as
manner.
shown in Figure 11-8(A).

Approximate Sine Wave Configuration with11-4

Table Displacement
Approximate Sine Wave Configuration with Displacement

Maximum Temperature Variation (Between Installation and Service), °F

Maximum Temperature Variation
10 (Between
20 Installation
30 and Service),
40 °F
50 60 70 80 90 100
Offset for Contraction, in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Loop
Flexible Pipe (e.g., HDPE and MDPE)
Length, ft
Offset for Contraction, in.
20 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pe (e.g., HDPE 50
and MDPE) 7½ 10 12½ 15 17½ 20 22½ 25 27½ 30

3 4 100 5 156 207 258 30 9 35 10 40 11 45 12 50 55 60

Loop Rigid Pipe (e.g. ABS, PCV, and CPVC)
7½ 10 12½
Length, ft 15 17½ 20 22½ Source: 25 27½
Asahi and Charlotte Pipe 30
20 3 3½ 4½ 5 6 6½ 7 7 8 8
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
50 7 9 11 13 14 15½ 17 18 19 20
(e.g. ABS, PCV,100
and CPVC) Source:
13 Asahi
18 and Charlotte
22 Pipe
26 29 31½ 36 37 40 42
Note: °C = (F – 32) /1.8; mm = in. × 25.4; m = ft × 0.3048
3 3½ 4½ 5 6 6½ 7 7 8 8
7 8 9 Read, Learn,11
Earn January 2024
13 14 15½ 17 18 19 20
 READ, LEARN, EARN: Thermal Expansion
These pressures can quickly rise to a point at which the relief Figure 11-8 Closed Hot Water System Showing the Effects as
valve on the water heater unseats, as shown in Figure 11-8(B). Water and Pressure Increase from (A) P1 and T1 to (B) P2 and T2
A relief valve installed on a water heater is not a control valve,
but a safety valve. It is not designed or intended for continuous
usage. Repeated excessive pressures can lead to equipment and
pipe failure and personal injury.
When properly sized, an expansion tank connected to the
closed system provides additional system volume for water expan-
sion while ensuring a maximum desired pressure in a domestic
(A)
hot water system. It does this by utilizing a pressurized cushion
of air (see Figure 11-9).
The following discussion explains how to size an expansion
tank for a domestic hot water system and the theory behind the
design and calculations. It is based on the use of a diaphragm or
bladder-type expansion tank, which is the type most commonly
used in the plumbing industry. This type of expansion tank does
not allow the water and air to be in contact with each other.
Expansion of Water
A pound (kg) of water at 140°F (60°C) has a larger volume than
the same pound (kg) of water at 40°F (4.4°C). To put it another
(B)
way, the specific volume of water increases with an increase in
temperature. If the volume of water at a specific temperature
condition is known, the expansion of water can be calculated
as follows:
Equation 11-12 Figure 11-9 Effects of an Expansion Tank in a Closed System as
Water and Pressure Increase from (A) P1 and T1 to (B) P2 and T2
Vew = Vs2 – Vs1
where
Vew = Expansion of water, gal (L)
Vs1 = System volume of water at tem-
perature 1, gal (L)
Vs2 = System volume of water at tem-
(A)
perature 2, gal (L)
Vs1 is the initial system volume and can be determined by
calculating the volume of the domestic hot water system. This
entails adding the volume of the water-heating equipment to the
volume of the recirculated piping and any other part of the hot
water system.
Vs2 is the expanded system volume of water at the design hot
water temperature. Vs2 can be expressed in terms of Vs1. To do
that, look at the specific volume of the water at both conditions.
The weight (W) of water at temperature 1 (T1) equals the weight (B)
of water at T2, or W1 = W2. At T1, W1 = Vs1/vsp1, and similarly at
T2, W2 = Vs2/vsp2, where vsp equals the specific volume of water
at the two temperature conditions. (See Table 11-5 for specific
volume data.) Since W1 = W2, then:
Equation 11-13
Vs1 Vs2
W1 = = W2 =
vsp1 vsp2
Solving for Vs2:
Equation 11-14
vsp2
Vs2 = Vs1 ×
vsp1

9 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Thermal Expansion
Earlier it was stated that Vew = Vs2 – Vs1 (Equation 11-12). Substituting Vs2 from above, it can be
Table 11-5
calculated that since Vs2 = Vs1(vsp2/vsp1), then: Thermodynamic Properties of
Equation 11-15 Water as a Saturated Liquid
Specific
Temperature,
vsp2 Volume, ft3/
°F (°C)
Vew = Vs1 × ( ) – Vs1 or lb
vsp1
40 (4.4) 0.01602 (1.000)
Equation 11-16 50 (10.0) 0.01602 (1.000)
60 (15.6) 0.01603 (1.001)
vsp2
Vew = Vs1 × [( ) – 1] 70 (21.1) 0.01605 (1.002)
vsp1 80 (26.7) 0.01607 (1.003)

Example 11-1 90 (32.2) 0.01610 (1.005)

A domestic hot water system has 1,000 gallons (3,785 L) of water. How much will the 1,000 gallons (3,785 100 (37.8) 0.01613 (1.007)
L) expand from a temperature of 40°F (4.4°C) to a temperature of 140°F (60°C)? 110 (43.3) 0.01617 (1.009)
From Table 11-5, vsp1 = 0.01602 at 40°F (1.000 at 4.4°C), and vsp2 = 0.01629 at 140°F (1.017 at 120 (48.9) 0.01620 (1.011)
60.0°C). Utilizing Equation 11-16, Vew = 1,000 × [(0.01629 / 0.01602) – 1] = 16.9 gallons (Vew = 3,785 130 (54.4) 0.01625 (1.014)
× [(1.017 / 1.000) – 1] = 63.8 L).
Note that this is the amount of water expansion and should not be confused with the size of the 140 (60.0) 0.01629 (1.017)
expansion tank needed. 150 (65.6) 0.01634 (1.020)

Expansion of Material 160 (71.1) 0.01639 (1.023)

Will the expansion tank receive all of the water expansion? The answer is no, because not just the water is 170 (76.7) 0.01645 (1.027)
expanding. The piping and water-heating equipment expand with an increase in temperature as well. Any 180 (82.2) 0.01651 (1.031)
expansion of these materials results in more water volume in the piping and less of the water expansion
being received by the expansion tank. Another way of looking at it is as follows:
Table 11-6
Equation 11-17 Nominal Volume of Type L Copper
Venet = Vew – Vemat Piping
Volume of Pipe,
where Pipe Size, in. gal/linear ft of
Venet = Net expansion of water received by the expansion tank, gal (L) (DN) pipe (L/lin m of
Vew = Expansion of water, gal (L) pipe)
Vemat = Expansion of material, gal (L) ½ (15) 0.0121 (0.150)
To determine the amount of expansion each material experiences per a certain change in tem-
¾ (20) 0.0251 (0.312)
perature, look at the coefficient of linear expansion for that material. For copper, the coefficient of
linear expansion is 9.5 × 10-6 inch/inch/°F (17.1 μm/m/°K), and for steel it is 6.33 × 10-6 inch/ 1 (25) 0.0429 (0.532)
inch/°F (11.4 μm/m/°K). From the coefficient of linear expansion, a material’s coefficient of 1¼ (32) 0.0653 (0.811)
volumetric expansion can be determined. The coefficient of volumetric expansion is three times 1½ (40) 0.0.0924 (1.15)
the coefficient of linear expansion:
2 (50) 0.161 (2.00)
Equation 11-18 2½ (65) 0.248 (3.08)
ß = 3 3 (80) 0.354 (4.39)
where 4 (100) 0.622 (7.73)
ß = Volumetric coefficient of expansion 5 (125) 0.970 (12.0)
 = Linear coefficient of expansion
6 (150) 1.39 (17.3)
Thus, the volumetric coefficient for copper is 28.5 × 10-6 gallon/gallon/°F (51.3 × 10-6 L/L/°K),
and for steel it is 19.0 × 10-6 gallon/gallon/°F (34.2 × 10-6 L/L/°K). The material will expand 8 (200) 2.43 (30.2)
proportionally with an increase in temperature, as follows:
Equation 11-19
Vemat = Vmat × ß(T2 – T1)
Making the above substitution and solving for Venet,
Equation 11-20
Venet = Vew – [Vmat1 × ß1(T2 – T1) + Vmat2 × ß2(T2 – T1)]

10 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Thermal Expansion

Example 11-2
A domestic hot water system includes a water heater made of steel with a volume of 900 gallons (3,407 L). It has 100 feet of 4-inch piping,
150 feet of 2-inch piping, 150 feet of 1¼-inch piping, and 300 feet of ½-inch piping (30.5 m of DN-100 piping, 45.7 m of DN-50 piping,
45.7 m of DN-32 piping, and 91.4 m of DN-15 piping). All of the piping is copper. Assuming that the initial temperature of the water is
40°F (4.4°C) and the final temperature of the water is 140°F (60°C), how much will each material expand? What is the net expansion of
water that an expansion tank will see?
Utilizing Equation 11-19 for steel (material no. 1), Vmat1 = 900 gallons (3,407 L), and Vemat1 = 900 (19.0 × 10-6)(140 – 40) = 1.7 gallons
(Vemat1 = 3.407 (3.4 × 10-6)(60 – 4.4) = 6.5 L). For copper (material no. 2), first look at Table 11-6 to determine the volume of each size of pipe:
• 4 inches = 100 × 0.622 = 62 gallons (DN-100 = 30.5 × 7.73 = 236 L)
• 2 inches = 150 × 0.161 = 24 gallons (DN-50 = 45.7 × 2.00 = 91 L)
• 1¼ inches = 150 × 0.0653 = 10 gallons (DN-32 = 45.7 × 0.811 = 37 L)
• ½ inch = 300 × 0.0121 = 4 gallons (DN-15 = 91.4 × 0.150 = 14 L)
• Total volume of copper piping = 100 gallons (378 L)
Utilizing Equation 11-19 for copper, Vmat2 = 100 gallons, and Vemat2 = 100 (28.5 × 10-6)(140 – 40) = 0.29 gallon. (In SI, Vmat2 = 378
L, and Vemat2 = 378 (5.13 × 10-6)(60.0 – 4.4) = 1.08 L.)
The initial system volume of water (Vs1) equals Vmat1 + Vmat2, or 900 gallons + 100 gallons. From Example 11-1, 1,000 gallons of water
going from 40°F to 140°F expands 16.9 gallons. Thus, utilizing Equation 11-19, Venet = 16.9 – (1.71 + 0.29) = 14.9, or 15 gallons. (In SI,
the initial system volume of water [Vs1] equals Vmat1 + Vmat2, or 3407 L + 378 L. From Example 11-1, 3,785 L of water going from 4.4°C
to 60°C expands 63.8 L. Thus, utilizing Equation 11-19, Venet = 63.8 – [6.5 + 1.1] = 56.2 L.) This is the net amount of water expansion the
expansion tank will see. Once again, note that this is not the size of the expansion tank needed.

Boyle’s Law
Figure 11-10 Sizing an Expansion Tank
After determining how much water expansion the expansion tank will see, it is Note: Pressure of water = pressure of air
time to look at how the cushion of air in an expansion tank allows the designer
to limit the system pressure. P1 P2
Boyle’s law states that at a constant temperature, the volume occupied by a
given weight of perfect gas (including for practical purposes atmospheric air) V1 =
Volume of air at Venet
varies inversely as the absolute pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pres- Condition #1 =
sure). It is expressed by the following: Size of the expansion V2 =
tank
V1 – Venet
Equation 11-21 (Boyle’s Law)
P1V1 = P2V2 Condition #1 Condition #2

where
P1 = Initial air pressure, pounds per square inch absolute, psia, (kPa)
V1 = Initial volume of air, gal (L)
P2 = Final air pressure, psia (kPa)
V2 = Final volume of air, gal (L)
How does this law relate to sizing expansion tanks in domestic hot water systems? The air cushion in the expansion tank provides a space
into which the expanded water can go. The volume of air in the tank decreases as the water expands and enters the tank. As the air volume
decreases, the air pressure increases.
Utilizing Boyle’s law, the initial volume of air (i.e., the size of the expansion tank) must be based on the initial water pressure, the desired
maximum water pressure, and the change in the initial volume of the air. To utilize Equation 11-21, realize that the pressure of the air equals
the pressure of the water at each condition, and make the assumption that the temperature of the air remains constant at condition #1 and
condition #2 in Figure 11-10. This assumption is reasonably accurate if the expansion tank is installed on the cold water side of the water
heater. Remember, when sizing an expansion tank, the designer is sizing a tank of air, not a tank of water.
Referring to Figure 11-10, at condition #1 the tank’s initial air pressure charge, P1, equals the incoming water pressure on the other side
of the diaphragm. The initial volume of air in the tank, V1, is also the size of the expansion tank. The final volume of air in the tank, V2,
also can be expressed as V1 less the net expansion of water (Venet). The pressure of the air at condition #2, P2, is the same pressure as the
maximum desired pressure of the domestic hot water system at the final temperature, T2. P2 should always be less than the relief valve setting
on the water heater.
Utilizing Boyle’s law, P1V1 = P2V2. Since V2 = V1 – Venet, then:
• P1V1 = P2(V1 – Venet)
• P1V1 = P2V1 – P2Venet
• (P2 – P1)V1 = P2Venet
• V1 = P2Venet/(P2 – P1)
Multiplying both sides of the equation by (1/P2)/(1/P2), or by 1, the equation becomes:

11 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Thermal Expansion

Equation 11-22
Venet
V1 =
1 – (P1 / P2)
where
V1 = Size of expansion tank required to maintain the desired system pressure, P2, gal (L)
Venet = Net expansion of water, gal (L)
P1 = Incoming water pressure, psia. Note: Absolute pressure is gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia
[101.3 kPa]), or 50 psig = 64.7 psia (345 kPa + 101.3 = 446 kPa-abs).
P2 = Maximum desired pressure of water, psia (kPa-abs)
Special consideration should be given to P2 so the maximum pressure at the fixture allowed by code is not exceeded. P2 greatly affects the
size of the expansion tank, and the zone design must have a cushion delta P for expansion. The maximum code requirement is 80 psig (552
kPa), and this will occur at the lowest level of the building.
Example 11-3
Looking again at the domestic hot water system described in Example 11-2, if the cold water supply pressure is 50 psig (345 kPa)/64.7 psia
(446 kPa-abs) and the maximum desired water pressure is 80 psig (552 kPa)/94.7 psia (653 kPa-abs), what size expansion tank is required?
Example 11-2 determined that Venet equals 15 gallons (56 L). Converting the given pressures to absolute and utilizing Equation 11-22,
the size of the expansion tank needed can be determined as V1 = 15/(1 – [64.7/94.7]) = 47 gallons (V1 = 56/(1 – [446/653]) = 177 L).
Note: When selecting the expansion tank, make sure the tank’s diaphragm or bladder can accept 15 gallons (56 L) of water (Venet).

SUMMARY
Earlier in this section, the following were established:
vsp2
Vew = Vs1 × [( ) – 1] (Equation 11-16)
vsp1
Venet = Vew – [Vmat1 × ß1(T2 – T1) + Vmat2 × ß2(T2 – T1)] (Equation 11-20)
In Equation 11-16, Vs1 was defined as the system volume at condition #1. Vs1 also can be expressed in terms of Vmat:
Equation 11-23
Vs1 = Vmat1 + Vmat2
Making this substitution and combining the equations provides the following two equations, which are required to properly size an expan-
sion tank for a domestic hot water system.
Venet
V1 = (Equation 11-22) and
1 – (P1 / P2)

Equation 11-24
Venet = (Vmat1 + Vmat2) [(vsp2/vsp1) – 1] – [Vmat1 × ß1(T2 – T1) + Vmat2 × ß2(T2 – T1)]
where
Venet = Net expansion of water seen by the expansion tank, gal (L)
Vmat = Volume of each material, gal (L)
vsp = Specific volume of water at each condition, ft3/lb (L/kg)
ß = Volumetric coefficient of expansion of each material, gal/gal/°F (L/L/°C)
T = Temperature of water at each condition, °F (°C)
P = Pressure of water at each condition, psia (kPa-abs)
V1 = Size of expansion tank required, gal (L)

Tall Building Design

Tall buildings provide a particular design challenge. When a building is more than approximately 80 to 100 feet (24 to 30 m) tall, pressure
zones are normally provided so the water pressure does not exceed 80 psig (552 kPa). If the designer has the option of installing the hot
water equipment, the hot water expansion tank, or the hydropneumatic tank for the booster pump on an upper floor or in the penthouse, the
numerator and the denominator in Equation 11-22 will cause the fraction to get smaller, and the resulting tank size will be smaller.
For instance, in Example 11-3, the tank’s initial fill pressure was 50 psig (345 kPa). By putting the tank on an upper floor, the fill pressure
would be 30 psig (207 kPa), and the maximum pressure is 60 psig (414 kPa). (Note that the 80-psig [552-kPa] maximum pressure is still a
requirement on the lowest floor.) The equations work out as follows.

12 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Thermal Expansion

Example 11-4
Looking again at the domestic hot water system described in Example 11-3, with lower pressures because the expansion tank is located on an
upper floor, if the cold water supply pressure is 30 psig (207 kPa)/44.7 psia (308 kPa-abs) and the maximum desired water pressure is 60 psig
(414 kPa)/74.7 psia (515 kPa-abs), what size expansion tank is required? This is the same 30-psig (207-kPa) rise in pressure as in Example 11-3.
Example 11-2 determined that Venet equals 15 gallons (56 L). Converting the given pressures to absolute and utilizing Equation 11-22,
the size of the expansion tank needed can be determined as V1 = 15/(1 – [44.7/74.7]) = 37 gallons (V1 = 56/(1 – [308/515]) = 139 L).
As a result of moving the expansion tank to a higher level of the building, the tank size could be reduced by 21 percent (47 gallons initially
and 37 gallons on the upper floor [177 L initially and 139 L on the upper floor]).

13 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024

 READ, LEARN, EARN: Thermal Expansion

ASPE Read, Learn, Earn Continuing Education

In order to receive CEU credit, please complete the below quiz online. If you score 90 percent or higher on the test, you will be notified that you have earned
0.1 CEU, which can be applied toward CPD or CPDT recertification or numerous regulatory-agency CE programs. (Please note that it is your responsibility to
determine the acceptance policy of a particular agency.)

Expiration date: Continuing education credit will be given for this examination through January 31, 2025.

Thank you to Tony Furst, MSEd, CPD, LEED AP, for authoring this month’s quiz.

Thermal Expansion (CEU 327)

1. The coefficient of expansion for any given piping material is defined as: 6. Expansion joints are typically installed in the ____________position.
a. Unit increase or decrease in length per 1 Deg Change in temperature a. thermally compressed
b. Unit increase or decrease in length per 10 Deg Change in temperature b. thermally neutral
c. Unit increase or decrease in length per 5 Deg Change in temperature c. thermally expanded
d. Unit increase or decrease in length per 2 Deg Change in temperature d. thermally active

2. Allowable pipe stresses for building piping systems and various piping 7. Engineering studies have shown that restraining DWV piping in high
materials can be found in ASME _______. rise installation every _______ feet is often times satisfactory.
a. B31.9 Building Services Piping a. 10
b. B31.1 Power Piping b. 50
c. B31.3 Process Piping c. 30
d. ASME Code Section I d. 20

3. Expansion loops are often employed to minimize expansion. How else 8. Thermoplastic piping expands and contracts up to _____ faster rate
can expansion be offset in the majority of piping systems without the than metallic pipe.
use of an expansion loop? a. 10 times
a. Expansion joints b. 15 times
b. Swing joints c. 20 times
c. Normal directional changes in the piping system d. 5 times
d. Flexible connectors
9. A properly sized expansion tank when applied to a domestic hot water
4. Some expansion joints create ________ loads that are _______ than system provides ____________ for water expansion.
expansion loops. a. additonal volume and an air cusion
a. radial, higher b. additional storage volume
b. axial, lower c. an air cushion
c. radial, lower d. additional system volume
d. axial, higher
10. The volume of air in the expansion tank _________ as water enters
5. Expansion joints must installed with properly designed guides and the tank and the air pressure ____________.
anchors. These guides allow ________ movement but prevent a. decreases, increases
__________ movement. b. increases, increases
a. axial, lateral and angular c. decreases, decreases
b. radial, lateral and angular d. increases stays neutral
c. axial, radial and perpendicular
d. axial radial and perpendicular

14 Read, Learn, Earn January 2024